G Otic- The period in the development of medieval art in the territory of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe.

The word comes from Ital. Gotico is unusual, barbaric - (Goten - Varvars; To the historical goths, this style does not have a relationship), and first used as a branch. For the first time, the concept of modern sense applied Georgio Vazari in order to separate the Renaissance era from the Middle Ages.

The origin of the term

However, the barbaric in this style nothing turned out to be: on the contrary, it is distinguished by a great grace, harmoniousness and compliance with logical laws. The more correct name would be "fit", because The arc shape is a substantial belonging of gothic art. And, indeed, in France, in the place of the birth of this style, the French gave him a completely appropriate name - the "style of revival" (from Ogive - Arrow).

Three main periods:
- Ralnal XII-XIII century.
- High Gothic - 1300-1420. (conditional)
- Late Gothic - XV century (1420-1500) is often called "Flaming"

Architecture

Gothic style, mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. Developed on the basis of Romance, more precisely, the Burgundian architecture. Unlike Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, for Gothic characterized Arches with pointed riding, narrow and high towers and columns, richly decorated facade with carved items (vimpergi, tympany, archived) and multicolor stained glass windows . All style elements are emphasized vertical.

art

Sculpture He played a huge role in creating an image of the Gothic Cathedral. In France, she made it basically its outer walls. Tens of thousands of sculptures, from the base to the Pinakly, inhabit the cathedral of mature gothic.

Round monumental plastic is actively developing in Gothic. But at the same time, the gothic sculpture is an integral part of the ensemble of the cathedral, it is part of the architectural form, since together with the architectural elements there is a movement of the building, its tectonic meaning. And, creating an impulsive black and white game, it in turn lives, spiritually evins the architectural masses and contributes to their interaction with the air environment.

Painting. One of the main directions of gothic painting was the stained glass window, which gradually pushed the fresco painting. The technique of stained glass remained the same as in the previous era, but the color palette became much richer and more colorful, and the plots are harder - along with images of religious plots there are stained glass windows on household topics. In addition, not only color, but also colorless glass began to use in stained glass windows.

For the period of Gothic, the blooming of book miniatures. With the appearance of secular literature (knightly novels, etc.), the circle of illustrated manuscripts was expanded, richly illustrated chairs and psalti for domestic use were also created. Artists began to strive for more reliable and detailed reproduction of nature. Bright representatives of the Gothic book miniature are the Limburg Brothers, the court miniatures of the Duke de Berry, who created the famous "magnificent hourly of the Duke of Berry" (about 1411-1416).

Ornament

Fashion

Interior

Dressar - dishwasher, late gothic furniture. It was often covered with painting.

Gothic era furniture is simple and heavy in the literal sense of the word. For example, the clothes and household items are first begin to store in cabinets (in antiquity for these purposes only the chest). Thus, by the end of the Middle Ages, prototypes of the main modern furniture items appear: the cabinet, beds, armchairs. One of the most common techniques for the manufacture of furniture was a frame-filing knitting. As a material in the north and west of Europe, they used mainly local wood - oak, nut, and in the south (Tyrol) and east - fir and pine, as well as larch, European cedar, juniper.

And the Gothic architectural style is the direction born in France in the 12th century from the Romanesque style, for a long time known as the "French style" or "Modern Style". A more detailed history of the origin and development of gothic architecture can be found on thematic resources. For example, the site about the architecture of Tartle.net with projects of houses made in a wide variety of architectural styles. Gothic architecture from France spread to the entire Western Europe and continued to develop until the beginning of the 16th century, when a new course in art and architecture was originated - the Renaissance. Thus, the gothic style was the dominant structural and aesthetic direction in Europe for almost 400 years. In the 19th century, Gothic style became popular again, especially for the construction of churches and universities. This style got the name of the architecture of Neoeta.

Basics of gothic architecture

1. Pointed arch. The stroke arc effectively distributed the force of heavy ceilings and cumbersome structures, and could support much more weight than previous, simple poles. Such pointed arches became one of the most recognizable gothic characters.
2. Ribbed arch.
3. Flying support. In addition to practical meaning - the load was distributed on it, he had a large decorative role.
4. Height. All the facilities of this era literally stretch to the sky.
5. Vaulted ceiling.
6. Easy and air interior. Perhaps now it doesn't seem like that, but compared to the Romanesque architecture, this is true.
7. Garguli. Decorative, monstrous little creatures located on the roofs of gothic buildings and castles. Garguli have a practical purpose: they are spouts for draining rainwater. They instilled horror in the hearts of poorly educated medieval peasants. Many Gargulians included grotesque elements, were pompous or threatening poses.

These seven elements changed the world, giving him something completely new, exquisite and sublime. Gothic style emphasizes vertical and light. This was achieved by creating new architectural features that can be called a frame system of gothic architecture. It includes such basic elements as: counterphorts, arkbutans and ribs. An important component of the buildings of gothic architecture can be considered sculptures and stained glass windows, without which no building of this era is required. It is worth noting that during its appearance and heyday, not everyone treated this area positively, many of him were criticized because it was very different from the Romanesque architecture. But at sunset, this style is criticized. It was then, he began to be called Gothic, having in mind that he was the same barbaric as the behavior of the tribes is ready.

Literally every European state boasts its impressive and fascinating cathedrals, basilicists, castles, town halls, universities and other buildings built in the Gothic style. However, as it should be expected from the Middle Ages, it is the cathedrals and temples that embody all the power, the celebration and beauty of the gothic architecture. Samples of classical gothic architecture on the territory of all of Europe, as well as England and Scandinavia, there are no one ten. Among them, it is very difficult to distinguish between the best or most significant, since each such construction is unique, uniquely and always has its own distinctive features. Only in one Spain you can count more than ten very majestic gothic cathedrals, which can be told for hours that do not cease to admire. For example, the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Holy Evlalia in Barcelona; Cathedral of St. Mary in Segovia; Cathedral Avila; catholic cathedral in Toledo and many others. Very many beautiful gothic cathedrals on the territory of the United Kingdom. Some of them, the Gloucester Cathedral, even became the place of filming movies about Harry Potter.

The most beautiful Gothic Cathedrals of Europe:

(Germany). About D. but from the most frequently visited places in Germany, about 8 million tourists are available here. The Cathedral is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cathedral height - 157.25 meters. It is considered the third largest cathedral in the world constructed in the Gothic style. Start of construction dated 1248 year, but everything was built quite slowly. Choir wasconsecrated in 1322. The first bell was installed on one of the towers in 1410. About 1510 construction was stopped. Almost 300 years old Cologne Cathedral stood unfinished. It was completed in 1880.

(France). World Heritage Site, a very popular tourist destination (more than a million visitors per year). He is the residence of the Archbishop of Reims, where almost all the kings of France were crowned. Year of construction: 1211 - 1275. The tops of the facade were completed in the 14th century.

Seville Cathedral(Spain). Located in the list of World Heritage Site. Built in 1401-1507 in the place of the former mosque. Refers to late gothic. Here Stay remainsChristopher Columbus. The cathedral is considered one of the main pearls in the Treasury of Spanish heritage.

• Milan Cathedral (Italy). Milan business card. The cathedral amazes with sculptural wealth - there are about 3,400 statues here. One of the most recognizable places in the world. The cathedral is built of white marble. This is a long-term cathedral: started in 1386 and finished in 1965. The highest point of the cathedral is 108 meters.

Gothic architecture.

Gothic- This is the period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of material culture and developing in the territory of Western, central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV century. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually pusing it. Although the term "Gothic style" is most often applied to architectural structures, Gothic also covered sculpture, painting, book miniature, suit, ornament, etc.

Evolution Gothic.

Gothic originated in the XII century in the north of France, in the XIII century it spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, England. In Italy, Gothic penetrated later, with great difficulty and strong transformation, which led to the appearance of "Italian Gothic." At the end of the XIV century, Europe covered the so-called "international gothic". In the countries of Eastern Europe, Gothic penetrated later and lasted there a little longer - until the XVI century. To buildings and works of art that contained the characteristic gothic elements, but created during the level of eclectic (mixing of different styles of different cultures), in the middle of the XIX century, and later, the term "neo" applies. In the 1980s, the term "Gothic" began to be applied to designate subculture ("Gothic subculture"), including musically directions ("Gothic music"). The word comes from Italian Gotico - unusual, barbaric. At first, this word was used as a branch. It should be noted that many believe that the name of the style happened from Goten - Barbara. But it is not necessary to confuse, this style has nothing to do with the historical goths. For the first time, the concept of modern sense applied Georgio Vazari in order to separate the Renaissance era from the Middle Ages. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, which occurred on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture. Gothic art was cult in appointment and religious on topics. It applied to the highest divine forces, eternity, Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into 3 periods:

1) Early Gothic;

2) a heyday;

3) Late Gothic.

Gothic style.

Mostly, manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romance, more precisely, the Burgundian architecture. Unlike Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, for Gothic characterized Arches with pointed riding, narrow and high towers and columns, richly decorated facade with carved parts (vimpergami, tympanis, archived) and multicolor stained glass windows . All elements of this style emphasize the vertical. As in the whole gothic, three stages of development are distinguished in the Gothic architecture:

1) early;

2) mature (high gothic);

3) Late (Flaming Gothic).

With the arrival at the beginning of the XVI century, Renaissance north and west of the Alps, the Gothic style has lost its value.

Almost the entire architecture of Gothic Cathedrals is due to the same time invention of that time - a new frame structure, which makes these cathedrals easily recognizable.

The system of arcButans and counterphorts.

The frame system of the Gothic architecture is a set of structural construction techniques that appeared in a gothic, which allowed to change the loads in the building and make it easier to alleviate its walls and overlaps. Thanks to the invention, the architects of the Middle Ages were able to significantly increase the area and the height of the erected structures. The main elements of the design are counterphorts, arkbutans and ribs. The main one and, first of all, the feature of the Gothic Cathedrals is their openwork structure, which is a sharp contrast to the massive structures of the preceding Romanesque architecture.

The main one and, first of all, the feature of the Gothic Cathedrals is their openwork structure, which is a sharp contrast to the massive structures of the preceding Romanesque architecture.

Gothic vaults.

The most important element, the invention of which gave the impetus to the other achievements of the engineering thought of Gothic, became a ribbed crusade. He also became the main structural unit when construing cathedrals. The main feature of the Gothic Code is clearly pronounced profiled diagonal ribs, which constitute the main working frame that perceives the main loads.

Load distribution.

The technical breakthrough of the architects of Gothic was their opening of a new method of load distribution. It must be said that any free-standing building is experiencing two types of loads: from their own weight (including overlaps) and weather (wind, rain, snow, etc.). Then it (building) transmits them down the walls - to the foundation, neutralizing then in the ground. That is why stone buildings are built more thoroughly than wooden, as the stone, being heavier than wood, is exposed to a greater threat of collapse in case of error in calculations. In the Romanesque architecture, in part that is the heir of the ancient Roman, carrier parts of the building were all the walls of the whole. If the architect wanted to increase the campaign, it was thus increased its weight, and the wall had to thicken so that she could withstand the weight of such an arch. But in the Gothic architecture from this method refused. Gothic is decisive for the development of Gothic, that the weight and pressure of the stone masonry can be concentrated at certain points, and if they are not sure to be supported by other elements of the construction in these places, other elements are no longer obligatory. It was so a gothic frame - although the prerequisites for him appeared somewhat earlier: "Historically, this constructive admission arose from the improvement of the Romanesque Cross Vault. Already Romanesque architects in some cases laid out the seams between the slats of crusades, protruding outside stones. However, such seds were then purely decorative meaning ; The arch still remained heavy and massive. " The innovation of the technical solution was as follows: the arch stopped working on solid walls of the building, the massive cylindrical arch was replaced with a more easy openwork, the pressure of this camp was transmitted by ribs and arches to the poles (columns). The lateral space arising in this way is perceived by the ArkButans and Counfurbs. "The ribbed arch was significantly easier than Romanesque: the vertical pressure was reduced, and the side distribution. Little Arch with its heels relied on the poles, and not on the wall; it was clearly revealed and strictly localized, and the builder was clear, where and how to stand Must be "redeemed". In addition, the ribbed arch had a known flexibility. Soaring soil, catastrophic for Romanesque arches, was relatively safe for him. Finally, the ribbed arch had an advantage that allowed to overlap the spaces of the wrong shape. " Thus, the design is greatly facilitated by the redistribution of loads. Formerly, the carrier, the thick wall turned into a simple "light" shell whose thickness no longer affects the supporting ability of the building. From a thick-walled building, the cathedral turned into a thin-walled, but the "substracted" all over the perimeter is reliable and elegant "backups". In addition, Gothic abandoned a semi-curvous, ordinary argy, replacing it everywhere, where only can be fitted. The use of a vaulted arch in the arches made it possible to reduce their side space, directing a significant portion of the pressure directly to the support - and the higher the arch of the arch, the less it creates the side space on the walls and supports. The massive arch was replaced by the ribbed arch, these ribs - the ribs diagonally crossed and perceived the load. The space between them was filled with a simple platform - a lung masonry of a brick or stone.

Arkbutan - This is the outer stone stubborn arch, which transmits the rear speakers of the mains of the main neopa on the support pillars, which are located from the main building of the building - counterphorts. Arcticated with an inclined plane in the direction of the roofing rope. In the early period of development, Gothic meets ArkButans hidden under the roofs, but they interfered with the coverage of the cathedrals, so they were soon nominated outside, and became open to review from outside. ArkButans are two span, bunk, and combining both of these options.

Buttress - In the Gothic, a vertical design, a powerful pillar that promotes the stability of the wall in the fact that with its mass oppose the expansion of the arches. In medieval architecture, they guessed not to lean it against the wall of the building, but to bring it out, a distance of several meters, connecting with the building with the crossing arcs - Arkbutans.

This was enough to effectively transfer the load from the wall on the support columns. The outer surface of the counterfort could be vertical, stepped or continuously inclined.

Pinakl - A pointed turret, which was loaded by the top of the counterforts in the place of the adjuncing to Him Arkbutan. This was done to prevent shifting efforts.

Pole-stability - Could be a simple cross section or be a "bunch of columns".

Rib - The edge of the arch of the arch, protruding from the masonry and profiled. The ribus system forms a frame that supports the facilitated laying of the arch. Runs are divided into:

1)Cheek arches - Four arches around the perimeter of the square cell at the base of the arch.

2)Revived - Diagonal arch. Almost always semi-curvy.

3)Thierseron - Additional ribs, coming from support and supporting in the middle of Liernes.

4)Liery - Additional ribs, coming from the intersection point, coming to the right-handled arch.

5)Controlled - Transverse ribs that bind together the main (that is, no more visible, Lierne and Thieroersona).

6)Pokalud. - In a ribbed arch, filling between ribs.

7)Castle stone(socket)

Decor.

The technical solution of constructive problems was not the only task of the gothic architect. The enrichment of textures and design decoration went along with the evolution of constructive solutions and almost inseparable from them. The counterphorts were crowned with lanceal pinakly turrets, in turn decorated with prunes. Water supply with the help of the sculptor turned into a fantastic combination of animals and plant forms. The ledgers flying deep into the lumps of portals are supported by thin columns alternately with the elongated figures of the angels and saints, and the arched circuit of the thymppan above the doors was covered with reliefs on the themes of a terrible court or similar plots and painted in bright colors. Thus, all kinds of art played their role in the enlightenment of the flock, warning believers about the dangers of sinful life and visually depicting the bliss of holy life.

In solving window openings, the same merger of structural evolution and ornamentality took place. Initially, the case was limited to a grouping of two or three small windows in a single architectural frame. Then, the saint between such windows was sequentially decreased, while the number of openings increased until the effect of the completely dissected surface of the walls was reached. Further reduction in stone sizes between smaller windows led to the occurrence of a lace window design, the ornamental pattern of which was created by thin stone ribs. At first collected in the form of the simplest geometric forms, lace windows structures over time became more complicated. In England, such a "decorated" style of the end of 14-15 centuries. Replaced the "perpendicular", which in France corresponded to the style of "Flaming Gothic".

Multicolor stained glass windows in these windows were collected from small glass of glass, sandwiched with a n-shaped lead profile that provided insulation from moisture. However, lead robes did not have sufficient strength to resist the wind pressure on the large surface of the glass, which subsequently demanded the use of frames from iron rods or reinforcement.

Over time, instead of iron reinforcement, curled stone ribs began to use, which opened the path to more free lace compositions. IN stained glass 12 V. The dominant colors were shades of blue, supplemented with red, bringing the warmth to the whole. Yellow, green, white and purple colors were used extremely scoop. In the same century, the builders of the Cistercian churches, abandoning the abundance of flowers, began to use Griezail in the decorative purposes (painting in different shades of the same color, more often gray) on a simple greenish-white surface of the glass. At 13th century The size of pieces of painted glass increases, and the red is as much wider. At 15 in. The decline of stained glass begins.

Gothic rose / socket

Options of ribbed arches.

Schemes of various variants of a ribbed arch.

In Gothic Cathedrals, you can find many options for weave the rib, many of which have no name. Several main types:

1) Krestov arch (QuadRipartite Rib Vault) - the simplest version of a ribbed arch, having six arches and four fields of creasing.

Short cross arch.

2) SHESPARTITE RIB VAULT - The complicated version of the Cross Vault, thanks to the introduction of an additional rib, dividing the arch on 6 cudders.

3) Star arch (Lierne Vauit, Stellar Vault) - Next stage of complications, thanks to the administration of Liron, the number of which can increase. The location of the rib acquires the outlines of the star.

Star arch. Photo from below.

Star arch - shape of a crusade gothic arch. Has auxiliary ribs - thierrseona and liery. The framework is clearly allocated by the main diagonal ribs of the crusades.

4) Fana Vault (Fan Vault) - Created by ribs emanating from one corner having the same curvature that make up the angles equal to each other and forming a funnel-shaped surface resembling a fan. Typical for England ("Belt Gothic").

5) NetVault: NetVault - Rights create a mesh of a rinter with cells, about the same in size.

Castles, manors and residential buildings.

In the civil architecture of the Gothic Epoch, it is necessary to distinguish between the early castle, which served and the housing and citadel, from the later country residence, which was built in the era of the relative reduction in the need for individual defense of each of everyone. And in the first and in the second types, it is possible to detect signs originally developed in church architecture.

Typical structure house 13 V. He had three floors and put on the street or a side wall or an end. The first floor was usually engaged in a bench and warehouse; On the second there were living rooms, of which the main one was facing windows into the street; On the third or in the attic there were sleeping chambers. The shop facing the facade and the kitchen behind were usually separated by the courtyard. Already at 13th century The decorative design of chimneys was included in the fashion, and a carved decor was widely applied.

The most popular materials in housing construction were wood and plaster, however, in some regions, a stone or brick was preferred. Wooden frame usually gathered from powerful bars, whose connections carefully came across and blew. The frame was left open outside, he brought a clear decorative pattern to the facade. The drawing was formed by vertical and horizontal traction, in some places connected diagonal connections (in some regions - cross diagonals). Filling between frame elements was performed from plaster on a wooden dranke or brick, then covered with plaster. Window bounds in general followed the church fashion, but, of course, in simplified forms.

In 14-15 centuries. None in general layout, nor in the design scheme of a residential building does not occur, but the number of windows increases, and they themselves are larger. By 1500 former "lace", the bounds are usually displaced by rectangular windows with straight imposses and traction

Civil architecture.

The Gothic architecture of France is not limited to churches, castles and residential buildings, covering also urban town halls, city bell tower, hospitals, schools of different levels and all other public buildings necessary for the life of a medieval person.

City bell tower usually served as a symbol of the independence of the city. There were several bells on it, among which there was a signal bell, and in the 14th century. It began to set the clock. In Moulin, this kind of tower has been preserved at which the clock is caused by mechanical figures.

Most medieval hospitals are built into the Gothic Epoch. Their founders were the church and feudal seenors, but the management of the hospital was usually transmitted to the Hands of the Church. The then hospitals had wider functions than in modern, as they, along with the treatment of patients, gave shelter and food to pilgrims, old men, homeless and needy. Their layout, the constructive system and the decor were borrowed equally among church architecture and in the architecture of a residential building. The first "Lazarettos", or leproseria for patients with leprosy, were the first hospitals in the narrow sense of the word. In such Lazarets, the lepers lived in separate houses, and those who have looked after them - in a separate building. About 1270 in France there were up to 800 lazarets, but to 15 V. The need for them decreased so much that the funds allocated for their content were directed to other purposes. The Malamman Hospital Du Tortuar allows you to make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe type of this institution. There are three buildings on the rectangular area: a two-storey case for patients, chapel and a two-story building of the personnel, where the kitchen is located. Each of the two floors of the hospital body was one long room, lit by eight windows with lace weave. Fireplaces heated the hall and provided its ventilation, and mobile wooden screens between beds allowed to separate patients from each other.

Monastic orders specializing in the help of patients created another type of hospital. The best preserved medieval hospital in Bona allows you to see the classical planning of the 15th hospital. On the sides of the surrounded Arcade courtyard are large halls (one for men, another for women) and two side wings. Initially, in the end of each hall, an altar was arranged illuminated by a large window. The halls were covered with wooden vaults. The glazed tiles outside, painting and tapestries inside brought intensive color in general solution. Wooden galleries surrounding the courtyard, gave patients the opportunity to walk under the fresh air.

Milan Cathedral. Height from land (with spire) - 108, 50 m; The height of the central facade -56, 50 m.; Length of the main facade: 67, 90 m; Width: 93 m.; Area: 11.700 square meters. m; Spiers: 135; 2245 Statues on the facades.

Cathedral in Reims (Notre-Dame de Reims) in the French champagne province (Champagne). Archbishop Reims Obrist de Umber (Aubre de Humbert) in 1211 laid the cathedral of the Mother of God. Architects Jean Dorba (Jean D "Orbais) 1211 g, Jean Lou (Jean-Le-Loup) 1231-1237, Gaucher Reimsky (Gaucher de Reims) 1247-1255, Bernard Sussonsky (Bernard de Soissons) 1255- 1285

Saint Denis Abbey under Paris. France. 1137-1150.

Gothic style. Cathedral in Chartre - Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres - Catholic Cathedral in the city of Chartres (1194-1260.)

Gothic Ulm Cathedral. Ulm in Germany in a height of 161.5 m. (1377-1890)

Roman Catholic Gothic Cologne Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin and St. Peter (Kölner Dom). 1248-1437; 1842-1880 Was built on the sample of the French Cathedral in Amiene.

Gothic style in architecture has become the final stage in the development of medieval art before the start of the Renaissance. Gothic ruled in Europe from 12 to 16th century, replacing the Romanesque style. The name of the style was given by the barbaric German tribes, who invaded the limits of the Roman Empire from the North (3-5 pcs. AD), which the Romans called "Gotami". The term itself appeared already in the Renaissance Epoch, he was used as a mockery designation of medieval culture. It is believed that the first name "Gothic" used George Vazari.

Roman Catholic Gothic Cologne Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin and St. Peter (Kölner Dom). 1248-1437; 1842-1880 Was built on the sample of the French Cathedral in Amiene.

Georgio Vasari (Giorgio Vasari). 1511-1574 Italian artist, architect, founder of art historical.

Gothic style was born in the middle of the 12th century in the north of France, he was already distributed almost throughout the territory of Central Europe. Several later, he penetrated Italy and to the countries of Eastern Europe. This style was developed in the countries where the Catholic Church was strong, which supported the religious ideology of Gothic. The art of Gothic was a cult, his appointment was to appeal to the highest forces, for eternity. And therefore, the main construction in the style of Gothic was the Cathedral - a temple structure, which provided the synthesis of architecture, sculptures, painting, stained glass. The appearance of the Gothic style coincided with changes in the medieval society: centralized states began to form, the city was growing, urban planning developed. A large cathedral was built in the city center, the main social life was concentrated here. In the cathedrals held meetings of the inhabitants, sermons were held, disputes of theologians, festive mysteries. The temple structure itself became a concentration of the universe, which was emphasized by the Gothic architecture expressing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe power of the Divine Forces. A mountainous stone was used as a building material with thoroughly separated horizontal surfaces. Some places of masonry builders strengthened with iron brackets that were strengthened by molten lead. In North and East Germany, often built from burnt bricks using bricks of different shapes and a variety of masonry.

Gothic and Romanesque Styles

Gothic style replaced Romanesque style. Romanesque and gothic styles seem completely different in their architectural terms, however, Gothic has inherited from Romance style. A feature of Gothic architecture has become a frame system - this constructive receptionist was adopted from the romance crusade. The basis of the vaulted design are ribs - ribs.

Ribs in the Gothic arch.

Thanks to such a design, the pressure on the walls decreased, since the ribs relied on the poles (and not on the walls, like the Romanese style buildings). In addition, the soil shrinkage decreased, which was dangerous for massive Romanesque buildings. Another advantage of a frame arch is the ability to cover the buildings of the wrong shape.

Due to the frame system, the load on the walls significantly decreased in the Gothic Councils.

The median travelers are intersection of the main nef and the sign of the cathedral forming the cross. NEF - rectangular in terms of the internal space of the cathedral, fenced by outer walls. Tracept - transverse oil into cruciform in terms of cathedrals crossing at the right corner of the main nave.

Thanks to the new approach to the construction design, the Romanesque and gothic architecture is very different outwardly. Romanesque structures had smooth thick walls that created a sense of protection and power, closetness, alienation. Gothic structures are an example of complex interaction between the environment and internal space. Such an effect is achieved with the help of large windows, seemingly air and light towers, stone decor.

Romanesque and gothic style are characterized by decor of buildings due to stained glass windows, thousands of sculptures, statues, stucco with natural motifs that have become characteristic elements of gothic and practically absent (or used in small quantities) on the facades of Romanesque structures.

Abbey Maria Laach (Abtei Maria Laach) in the Romanesque style German monastery on the south-west shore of Lake Lake in the mountains of Iifel. The monastery laid in 1093. Palatzgraf Heinrich II background Laah End of construction - 1216 year.

In the photo Gothic Ulm Cathedral. Ulm in Germany in a height of 161.5 m. (1377-1890)

Gothic sculptural compositions differ from Romanesque greater expression, dynamics, ethane tension. The sculpture becomes an integral part of the cathedral, part of the architectural idea, along with other architectural techniques transmits the desire of the construction up. In addition, the sculpture revives and spiritually evins the construction. The walls of the Gothic buildings were decorated with figures of the apostles, saints, prophets, angels, sometimes created plots from biblical history. Gothic architectural style Displays the world in the focus of religious views of society, however, the scenes from the life of ordinary people intervened in religious motifs. The central portal of the facade is usually dedicated to the image of Christ or the Virgin Mary, at the base of the portal, often portrayed a month, the symbols of the time of the year - they portrayed the theme of human labor, the walls were decorated with the figures of the biblical kings, saints, apostles, prophets and ordinary people.

Sculptures in the Cathedral of Saints Mauritius and Katharina in Magdeburg - the first Gothic structure in Germany. (1209 - 1520)

If we consider the Gothic style in the architecture in the photo in different angles, you can present the magnificent scope of the idea of \u200b\u200bmedieval architects, reflecting the sublime religiosity, chanting and worshiping the highest forces. The magnifier of the cathedrals, their magnitude, incommensurable with the sizes of a person, had a strongest emotional impact on a believer. An example of a gothic style in the architecture, which is presented below:

Gothic style. Cathedral in Chartre - Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres - Catholic Cathedral in the city of Chartres (1194-1260.)

Stages of the development of the Gothic style in architecture

In the Gothic architecture there are several stages of development: Early, Mature-High Gothic and Late, the so-called "Flaming" Gothic.

Early Gothic It falls at the beginning of the 12th century and the first quarter of the 13th century. Examples of the gothic style of an early period: Cathedral of the Parisian Mother of God, Cathedrals in Nuyone, Lana. The earliest work with the new design of the arch is considered the Church of the Abbey of Saint Denis under Paris. The old church was rebuilt with Sugeria Abbot architects from southern France. Despite the resistance of monastic architectures, the church was built in the Gothic style (example in the photo). Initially, the facade and the western part of the building were rebuilt, on the facade staged three portals with wide doors so that people were more convenient to enter the building, in 1151 the towers were erected. Sugaryry wrote a book in which the construction was described, which was conducted in the Sepulsen in 1137-1150.

Saint Denis Abbey under Paris. France. 1137-1150.

Mature gothic.

The structures of mature gothic were erected since the 20s of the 13th century and to its end. An example is the cathedrals in Chartres, Reims and Amiene. Mature (high) gothic inherent skeleton design, rich architectural compositions, a large number of sculptures and stained glass windows.

Cathedral in Reims (Notre-Dame de Reims) in the French champagne province (Champagne). Archbishop Reims Obrist de Umber (Aubre de Humbert) in 1211 laid the cathedral of the Mother of God. Architects Jean Dorba (Jean D "Orbais) 1211 g, Jean Lou (Jean-Le-Loup) 1231-1237, Gaucher Reimsky (Gaucher de Reims) 1247-1255, Bernard Sussonsky (Bernard de Soissons) 1255- 1285

Late Gothic covers 14 and 15 centuries.

Sometimes the late decades of the 15th century are isolated in a special period of the so-called "flaming" gothic. For this period, the development of sculptural art is characteristic. Sculpture compositions not only brought up religious feelings in people, depicting the plots from the Bible, but also reflected the life of a simple people.

Sculpture on the facade of the Milan Cathedral

Unlike Germany and England, late Gothic in France, the ruined century war, has not received widespread development and did not create a large number of significant works. The most significant constructions of late gothic include: Church of Saint-McLae (Saint-Little), Rouen, Cathedral in Moulin, Milan Cathedral, Seville Cathedral, Nantes Cathedral.

Milan Cathedral. Height from land (with spire) - 108, 50 m; The height of the central facade -56, 50 m.; Length of the main facade: 67, 90 m; Width: 93 m.; Area: 11.700 square meters. m; Spiers: 135; 2245 statues on facades

The structures of gothic architecture were built and rebuilt for decades, and sometimes much longer. In the architecture of one building, the features of different stages of the development of gothic are intertwined. Therefore, it is difficult to attribute this or that construction to a specific period of gothic style. For the 15th century, a new class - bourgeoisie appeared in Europe, centralized states began to develop, secular sentiments in society were strengthened. Feudalism began to come into decay, and with him and the gothic style began to gradually lose its meaning.

The Gothic Cathedral, with all the richness of the components of its elements, is striking with its extraordinary unity. This can be argued both about its architectural plan and the entire decor system - exterior and interior. Moreover, this unity characterizes the gothic style as a whole. Viktor Hugo in his novel "Collecting Paris Our Lady" there is such a wonderful reasoning: "Art changes here (in different monuments of Gothic. - A. M.) Only a shell. The device of the Christian temple remains unshakable. The inner core is all the same, all the same sequential location of the parts. Whatever sculpture and threads are decorated by the shell of the temple, you always find, at least in the stuffy, initial state, Roman basilica. It is located on the ground by an immutable law. These are all the same two nefes intersecting in the form of a cross, the top end of which, a rounded dome, forms a choir; These are all the same permanent chapels for the crosses inside the temple or for chapels - something like the side passes, with which the central nave is reported through the gaps between the columns. On this permanent basis, the number of chapels, portals, bells, spiers, following the fantasy of the century, people and art, varies infinitely. Provided and providing all the rules of church worship, architecture in the rest acts, as he will do. Structures, stained glass, sockets, arabesque, various decorations, capitals, bas-reliefs - all this combines it to taste and its rules. From here, it stems an amazing exterior diversity of this kind of buildings, which is based on so much order and unity. The trunk of the tree is unchanged, the foliage is good. "

France
Church of Saint-Denis Abbey (XII century)

The current skeleton system of the Gothic Cathedral appeared in the Church of the Abbey of Saint-Denis (12V.). The rector of this monastery, regent and the royal adviser can rightly be called the "godfather" of the Gothic style. It was he who began the construction of the Church of the Abbey "Cartridge and the Apostle France" of St. Donishia (Saint-Denis). The temple was supposed to give the value and the greatness of the monastery as an ancient tomb of the French kings. Unfortunately, a detailed description of all stages of the construction of the temple, the fact that now determines the essence of the Gothic style, is lost.


The temple erected by the Sugarya turned out to be "amazing and continuous light, saturated the beauty of the whole interior." Taking care of strengthening the royal prestige, Louis IX commanded to update and return to Saint-Denis at least sixteen gravestones of French monarchs. These were complex structures or in the form of a canopy, resembling a Gothic Cathedral, or sarcophages with saints around the perimeter. Often, the motive of the funeral procession was used here. Figures of the dead in the XIII century. stereotypes in their idealized elegant aidship; in the XIV century They become more individualized, portrait features appear in the appearance.
Cathedral in Chartra (XII - XIV centuries) .

The initial building of the Cathedral in Chartra was built in the XII century. The western facade of the cathedral was completed in 1170 and happily escaped full destruction during the fire of 1194 (the rest of the building was destroyed). In the Western facade, the transitional nature of architecture is clearly experienced. The early Northern Tower (1134-50) has a base, fully Romanesque in spirit (the crowning tower of the openwork tent was completed at the beginning of the XVI century.). The central part of the facade has retained a heavy romance wall, into which three portals are embedded, the rose window appeared later.


The southern tower, the so-called "old bell tower" (1145-65) closer to the main ideas of Gothic: the vertical of the counterphorts was picked up by a powerful rise of the eight-marched tent. After a fire of 1194, the building was rebuilt again. Chartra architects thought the building was already as a whole, divided into the cooded parts, between which there is a close connection. The interior is revealed towards the viewer as a consistent chain of contrasts and complicating architectural rhythms, which are given clear and clear order.

The wall has a three-part division on the arcade of supports, trifory and windows. Service columns, rising from the base of wealth, are collected in the second tier in the bundles and the almost continuous movement is ascended to the arches. The architects managed to give vertical traction feeling of free and spiritualized lifting. Notre Dame in Chartra is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful cathedrals in Europe.

Chartres is one of the few Gothic Cathedrals of France, which has retained its glazing almost unchanged. This is the largest stained glass ensembles of the XII-XIII centuries that have reached us. Stained glass windows, blind and almost colorless outside, opened all their magic in the interior when the sun's rays, penetrating the colored glasses, gave each paint the greatest sound.


The intangible light that has fallen out of the windows of the temple, in combination with the color of the color of the collar, arches and capitals gave birth to a special sense of the medium in which each item was magically, brought a special shade of jeebery in the solemn and rapidly intense internal space of the cathedral.

In the high charters of the stained glass in the XII century, with bright saturated tones, adjacent to the darkest gamut of the windows of the windows of the XIII century. The overall sirensive-pink tonality of the illumination of the temple is permeated on a sunny day of the spilos of red glasses, intangible blue flicker dominates in cloudy weather. The theme of images in the Chartra windows was extremely diverse.


Along with the scenes from the Old and New Testaments, the Prophets and Saints - in the lower part there are about a hundred plots from the life of artisans who donated the cathedral of stained-glass windows; One of the stained glass roses is devoted to peasants. The skill of execution, the memorable strength of the image is highlighted in the chartra window with the image of Our Lady (Our Lady of the "Beautiful Windows"), the cycle "Life of St. Eustafia, as well as the Cycle "Karl Great".

The sculptural decoration of the "Royal Portal" on the Western facade of the cathedral has been preserved relatively well. In the work of the Chartres of Masters, universal ideas were made to the fore, the picture of the universe as a whole, the essence of the divine space and the place in Him. From the Chartres portal began a consistent humanization of the sacred image, which touched first of all the spiritual world of characters. Inner enlightenment characterizes the "The ancestors of Christ" at the slopes of the "Royal Gate". Thin well-developed spiritualized faces, then trembling and spiritually open, then closed and arrogant, then severely concentrated, open a long way of comprehension by the gothic masters of the spiritual beauty of a person.

Statues of columns in the grooves of the Chartra portals are included in the overall structure of the architectural image. On the one hand, they serve as a physical support, "pillars", also in a figurative sense - in the allegorical and scene plan for tympanov and the newly taverny scenes located in them. On the other hand, elongated, internally stressful figures of the "Ancestors of Christ" are included in the rhythm of the vertical members of the facade. Due to this, the strength lines of the architecture are filled with vital energy, and the spiritual power of a person is compared with the universal scale marked with architecture. From simple decoration and editing a statue turns into a link of an inseparable, holistic shaped system
Vienna Gothic Cathedral .;

Reims Cathedral (1211-1330) .;


Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims .;.

The city in the heart of Champagne has long been the location of the French kings, and from 1179. This rite was accompanied by constantly. Existing in the XII century. Basilica died in a fire 1210. The construction of a new cathedral began immediately, already in 1211, and until 1481, the history of the Cathedral in Reims continued - the story of several generations of architects. Based on the labyrinth inscriptions, the complex mosaic ornament of the floor, the names of the architects and the stages of the construction of a grand building are known. Reims Cathedral, despite the long construction time, retained the unity of the plan: the diversity of the talents of architects and sculptors who worked here, merged into the total, complete inspiration "Stone Symphony".

The complexity of the development of the architectural theme is inherent in the Western facade of the Temple; Separate motifs are intertwined, contrast, complement each other. The mass of the building, heavy and inert near the earth, becomes more and more mobile as the upwards lifted. The movement is beginning to deep portals with fittings and encompassing their triangles of vimpers. In the second tier, the stream is divided, fades in the center and acquires rapid dynamics on the sides: Round "Rose" with a gentle arch over it is opposed by side windows, which predict the victorious taking towers, emphasized by a short splash of the Vimperga between them.

But the facade of the Raim Cathedral is permeated not only by vertical movement - it is in the complex and dynamic interaction with the environment. The portals are separated from the wall and "compete" on the space located in front of them, their funnel-shaped niches seem to involve it.

In the second tier, the pinakli with light columns is permeated with air, the walls are retreating, the windows of the windows make them smelly, the towers are divided into many memberships and openings. Excited facade overture replaces strict the greatness of the measured, but intense rhythms of the interior.

The inner space of the temple in Reims is distinguished by a clear structure, nobility and slightness of proportions of both the whole and separate parts, the naturalness and plasticity of their transitions, high perfection of the stone processing, the thoroughness of the finish of each part, freedom and the thoughtfulness of the architectural picture. The sculpture of the cathedral in Reims is rightfully considered to be the top of the French gothic plastics. The very influence of antiquity in Reims was manifested in the works of 1211-25. Sculpture of St. Peter with the so-called portal of the "Scary Court" on the north-transpetuity is a vivid example of an ancient effect in Reims plastic.
Cathedral in Amiens (1218 - 1260) .;

Almost simultaneously with Reims, the construction of the Cathedral in Amiens began. The first stone was laid in 1220, immediately after a fire that destroyed the Romanesque building. The construction of the building began with the longitudinal part, the choir was built later.

The Western facade was completed mainly in the XIII century, his upper part was completed in the XIV and was updated in the XV centuries. The location of the parts of the facade is picturesque - it is not by chance that in the construction process arose different in height and drawing of the tower. "Labyrinth", disassembled at the beginning of the XIX century, conveyed the names of the builders. From 1220, Robert de Luzarsh worked here, then Tom de Cormon and his son.

The work was mainly completed in 1288. Also as in Reims, an example for architects served as a Cathedral in Chartra, but the sample was noticeably modified. In Amiens, two axial directions interact: the grass of the reeds will be invas with a translat; The average of the seven chalk of the choir, significantly advanced, emphasizes the longitudinal axis of the plan.


Spray the Strelded Arches of Great Complete Interior, giving birth to the feeling of free movement of space, which was also achieved by an absolute increase in the size of the building. Cathedral in Amiens is the largest among the Gothic temples of France and one of the largest in Europe. The width of its oil reaches 33 m, the transput stretches 59 m, the vaults of the central neopa are raised to a height of 42, 3 m.
Cathedral in Bourget (1194) .;


Cathedral of the Paris Mother of God (1163 - XIV century) .;

The Cathedral building is erected on the site of the Temple of Jupiter, who was standing here at the Romans. This place with antiquity was considered sacred, and later the churches of the new Christian God began to build on it. In the XII century, Maurice de Jäilli melted a huge cathedral of the Parisian Our Lady, and in 1163 in the eastern part of the city by King Louis VII and specially arrived in Paris to the ceremony of Pope Alexander III laid the first stone of the foundation. The construction went gradually from the east to the West and lasted more than a hundred years.

The cathedral was supposed to accommodate all residents of the city - 10,000 people. But while it was built, more than one and a half years have passed, and the population of Paris has grown many times. The cathedral in the medieval city was the center of public life. It is all rusked with some shops and stalls, in which everyone sold all. At the entrance, visitors the merchants laid out their goods and concluded transactions. Here, city fashionista came to boast their outfits, and the gossips - to listen to the news. Here dancing and marches were arranged, sometimes even played the ball.

During the danger, residents of surrounding villages were hidden in the cathedral not only with their scharbas, but even with livestock. Professor read lectures to students, interrupting during worship services. The inner space of the Cathedral is the kingdom of vertical lines, the skewed stone columns of the frame, connected by the fitted arches. Here everything is subordinate to the rapid takeoff, to the sky. Inserted glasses inserted in stained glass frames with complex lines.

The scattered light penetrating through the stained glass windows is poured on the statues of men, women, children, kings, bishops, warriors, standing in full growth, crankshaft, equestrian, marble, silver and even wax ... There are no walls at all, they replaced the frame from the United Arches poles. Fill this frame huge string windows, not even windows - and multicolor paintings with dozens of figures. Sunlight makes the glasses play with all the colors of the rainbow and makes stained-glass windows similar to huge gems. The flickering mystical light intoxiously acts on a person, leading it to a pious religious state.

The Cathedral of the Parisian Our Lady is divided into five nears, the average above and wider the rest. Its height is 35 meters. Under such arches, a house in 12 floors could fit. In the middle of the main num-crossed by other non-height nevom, two nef (longitudinal and transverse) form a cross. This is done specifically that the cathedral reminds the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified. Constructions like the Colisury or the terms of Caracalla needed to build quickly and build all the building immediately, entirely. Long suspension of work or the slow construction of individual parts of such structures threatened the fact that different premises would have different strength.


For construction, they needed gigantic funds, the army of slaves were required. There was nothing at Paris. The gothic cathedral was built, as a rule, decades, otherwise to centuries. The townspeople did not rush to collect money, and the building of the cathedral grew slowly. By the middle of the XIX century, the Cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God was significantly different from how he saw Parisians in the XIII century. They disappeared, absorbed by the soil, all eleven steps of the stairs. There was no lower row of statues in the niches of three portals. The top row of statues decorated once a gallery. Inside the cathedral also suffered greatly.


Magnificent statues and colored stained glass windows disappeared, replaced the gothic altar. Instead, crowds of amurists appeared, bronze clouds, marble and metal medallions. The cathedral was spoiled. Moreover, he was threatened with complete destruction. In 1841, a special government decision was adopted to save the Notre Dame, and in 1845 the capital restoration of the cathedral under the guidance of the famous architect E.E. Violla-le-Duke. In its original form, only partially stained glass windows of the Western, southern and northern facades, sculptures on the facades and in the choir have been preserved to this day.

French gothic. Burgundy. Hospice.
Germany .;
Cologne Cathedral (1248. - XIX century) .;

The Grand Five-Friend Cologne Cathedral (1248-1880) was built according to the type of Amiena. Light towers with pointed roofs in Western facade, an unusually high middle net and an elegant architectural decor of all parts of the design characterize its appearance. Replacing roses by a fit window enhances movement rapidness.

The Cologne Cathedral is characterized by dry forms. The western part of it was finished only at 19 V. In the era of Gothic in art, the importance of secular architecture, private, palace and public. Developed political life and growing self-consciousness of citizens were reflected in the construction of monumental counters. Cathedral in Worms (XII century) .;

Cathedral notre ladies in Ulm .;

Naumburg Cathedral .

England .
Cathedral of Westminster Abbey (XII-XIV centuries) in London .
; Central Neft

Cathedral in Salisbury . (1220-1266);




Cathedral in Exeter (1050) .;


Cathedral in Lincoln (end of the XI century) .


Cathedral in Gloucester (XI-XIV centuries) .

Czech Republic .
Gothic architecture Prague .;

St. Vita Cathedral (1344-1929)

Italy .;
Palazzo Doby .;


This is a bright sample of Venetian Gothic, which perceived not design principles, but the decorativeness of this style. The facade of it is unusual in composition: the lower tier of the palace is condensed by a white gramist colonnade with intertwined archery arches. A huge monumental building accurately pressing squat columns into the ground. A solid open loggia with cylinder arches, with thin, frequently located columns forms the second floor, characterized by grace and ease


. Over marble lace threads rises flickering and vibrating pink wall of the third floor with rarely located windows. The entire plane of this part of the wall is covered with a geometric white ornament. Pink-pearly published, the palace nearly admire the dies to the decorative solution that facilitates the form. The architecture of Venice combines the strict magnitude of Byzantium with oriental and gothic decorativeness, with secular cheerfulness.
Milan Cathedral (1386 - XIX century) .

Gothic architecture. Design of the Gothic Cathedral. ArkButans of the Milan Cathedral .
Palazzo D "Oro (Golden Palace) in Venice .


Papal palace
Seville Cathedral

Cathedral in Roskille

Cathedral of Saint-Michel-E-Saint Güdul in Brussels

REGENSBURG. DOM. Regensburg. Saint Paul's Cathedral

Lubeck. Rogermania