Everyone who at least to some extent knows physics, probably heard about "Theory of Relativity" Albert Einstein and the famous formula E \u003d MC2.. This formula began to distribute in science at the very beginning of the twentieth century and its glory was inextricably linked with Einstein theory.
At the time, whoever criticized the new ascending star for the crazy "assumptions", made in his revolutionary theory, believing that Mr. Einstein's fantasies, cut off from reality, do not have anything to do with science.
Here is just one example, as a world-famous scientist criticized the eaten as a confusion that appeared in science. "Is there, however, the need for us to unconditionally agree with these assumptions with which a healthy reason cannot, at least, immediately reconcile. On this we can resolutely reply: No! All conclusions from Einstein's theory, consistent with reality, can be obtained and often obtained much more simple way With the help of theories that do not constitute a decisively nothing incomprehensible - anything similar to those requirements that the theory of Einstein are presented. " These words belong to the Russian Academician Clientee Timiryazev, the author of the fundamental labor "Life of Plants" (1878).
However, all this criticism, and the criticism is definitely fair, it was Einstein, because he had many patrons, as if he was a Jewish scientist! On the contrary, in the media he was provided with such a PR, which no Hollywood pop diva had! Einstein even received the Nobel Prize! True, he received her at all for the "theory of relativity", which caused literally a storm of perturbations in the scientific world, and for the theoretical substantiation of the open A.G. Table of "external photo effect."
Historical reference:"Albert Einstein nominated for the Nobel Prize in PhysicsrepeatedlyHowever, members of the Nobel Committee for a long time They were not solved to award the author of such a revolutionary theory as the theory of relativity. In the end, a diplomatic output was found: the award for 1921 was awarded Einstein for the theory of photo effect, that is, for the most indisputable and well-tested in the experiment; However, the text of the decision contained neutral addition: "And for other works in the field of theoretical physics." On November 10, 1922, the secretary of the Swedish Academy of Sciences Christopher Aurvillius wrote Einstein: "As I have already told you the telegram, the Royal Academy of Sciences at his yesterday's meeting decided to give you a premium in physics for the past (1921) year, thereby noting your work on theoretical physics, in particular the opening of the photoelectric effect law, without taking into account your Work on the theory of relativity and the theory of gravity, which will be assessed after their confirmation in the future. " Naturally, the traditional Nobel speech Einstein dedicated the theory of relativity ... " .
In other words, the Russian scientist Alexander Grigorievich Tshatnov, studying the effect of ultraviolet on electricity, opened the phenomenon external photo effect In practice, Albert Einstein was able to explain the essence of this phenomenon in theory. For this, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Comment:
Teslafreshpower: Einstein received a Nobel Prize even not for the opening of a photo effect, but for his private case ... "Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for ... The opening of the second photo effect of the photo effect, which was a special case of the first photo effect of the photo effect. But, it's curious that Russian signs of the Counters. Alexander Grigorievich (1830-1896) who opened the photo effect itself, no Nobel PrizeYes, and no other, I did not receive my discovery for this, while A. Einstein was given by the "Study" of the particular case of this law of physics. It turns out the complete non-seeing from any point of view. The only explanation for this can be what someone really wanted to make A. Einstein Nobel laureate and searched for any reason in order to implement it. I had to get a little to "genius" with the opening of Russian physics A.G. Stoletova, "studying" photoeffect and now ... "Born" New Nobel laureate.
Incredibly, but the fact: it has 8 conditional assumptions or postulates (conventional agreements), and in these conventions 20! Although physics is an accurate science. "
As for FormulaE \u003d MC2., then the Internet walks such a story.
"On July 20, 1905, Albert Einstein and his wife Mileva Maric decided to celebrate the first to celebrate the opening. It was the first case in the life of the Great Physics, when he got drunk as a simple shoemaker:" ... Drunk six sutured under the table. Your poor friend and his wife", — He also wrote to his friend by Conrad Gabicht (magazine "Geo" from September 2005).And on July 1, 1946, the portrait of Einstein appeared on the cover of the magazine "Time" with the image of the atomic mushroom and formula E \u003d MC2. And almost an indictment heading: "The Destroyer of the World - Einstein: All Matter consists of speed and fire". .
That this formula is not worth it "pound wool", you can learn today from the short article Bogdan Schynkarnayk
To readers did not search for this article on the Internet, it will be shown below.
"Today's article in some wash is the continuation of the two other items on the theoretical physics of magnetic fraud: "Magnetic fraud" and "Two-year fraud in theoretical physics" .
The new article concerns the phenomenon that neither scientists standing at the origins of the study of magnetism and electricity - Hans Christian Ersted and Andre Marie Ampere nor their followers. Nobody, simply, did not occur to the idea that the magnetization of bodies was accompanied by a seal in them with a fine matter! For, indeed, as you can guess that the steel bar after its magnetization has a slightly large mass than it was to magnetization.
If the first explorers of electromagnetism guess the existence of this phenomenon and investigated it, today physics would describe the structure of matter completely differently. First of all, in the description of physical phenomena, the matter of the so-called "physical vacuum" would play a decisive role (the literal translation of this completely ridiculous phrase - "Natural Emptiness").
During long centuryAs far as the science of nature has developed - physics, among scientists, it was dominated by the opinion that "nature does not tolerate emptiness." In the light of this view, the airless space seemed to most scientists not otherwise as the finest matter, in which light and heat applies. This thinnest medium since the time of ancient Greece was called ether. And indivisible particles forming the ether, with the filing of an ancient Greek scientist democritus called atoms.
Open recently phenomenon - an increase in the mass of the magnetized bodies - is in a sense with visual proof that the initial direction of the development of science and philosophical thought was correct, but Albert and Ko, eliminating the light-like ester from the picture of the universe, told science on a false path.
The process of magnetization (or magnetization) bodies not only accompanied by the formation of induced (secondary) magnetic field Around metals, but also associated with a seal of ether in the magnetized area (inside and outside the magnetized bodies).
If the magnetized body easily manifests itself as a magnet when interacting with other magnets or, for example, with iron sawdust, then the seal inside their essential matter is manifested as an increase in their mass.
The foregoing is also true for electromagnets: the mass of the wire coil increases, when a constant electric current begins to flow in it, and the mass of the electromagnet iron core is also increasing.
Using modest home opportunities, the author conducted an experiment, during which he wanted to find out if there is an opportunity in primitive home to detect a change in body weight occurring during its magnetization. In the experiment, household cups were used with a set of giri from 1 g to 20 g and from 10 mg to 500 mg.
A source of a strong magnetic field served a neodymium magnet, having a form of a tablet (diameter - 18 mm, thickness - 5 mm). Magnetic objects served steel ball with a diameter of 18.8 mm and glued from three steel flat washers set. The washers had an outer diameter - 21 mm, the inner diameter is 11 mm, and the thickness is 6 mm each.
The course of the experiment was so.
At the beginning were separately weighed: magnet, rings and ball - they weighed, respectively: 9.38 g; 11.15 g; 27.75 Holding these numbers on the calculator, I received a total weight - 48.28 grams.
Detected increased weight three of these items, two of which were the process of stagnation, could, of course, would like to substantiate the existence measure errors.
However, during the experiment was discovered curious phenomenonthat does not allow to doubt the fact weight change Tel, in the process of their magnetization or demagnetization! And which cannot be written off on the effect of the magnetic field of the Earth on the weighed bodies!
About what it was for curious phenomenon, my subsequent story.
Turn!
After I was created by a design consisting of a magnet, metal washers and balls, and then put on the scale of the scales, I balanced the weight system by the weights of different weights. Next, I began to observe whether the pucks and the ball change the total weight of the design in the process of stubching. After about 15 - 20 minutes, the curious!
The bowl with the design began to slowly drop down. Her weight began to increase! To bring cups to the equilibrium, I began to add to the bowl with the gyms of matches, both, so and broken into pieces.
I did this until the scales' imbalance process did not stop. Then I weighed the matches that added during an experiment on the bowl with the girks - their weight was 0.38 grams! In this way, it was found that the weight of the structure during magnetization (consequently, its mass) increased by these 0.38 grams. That is, during magnetization, there is exactly the amount of fine matter, which component of the vortex magnetic field, penetrated additionally into the atomic substance of the ring and ball, whose joint weight is equal to the magnetization: 11.15g + 27.75g \u003d 38.90 grams.
A simple mathematical calculation shows that the magnitude of the mass of rings and the ball during magnetization in this experiment was about 1% (0.38 * 100% / 38.9).
Make conclusions, gentlemen!
I personally made two outputs for myself:
1. The famous formula of the "theory of relativity" is not worth the "pound of wool".
2. The magnetic field is financially, it is nothing but a vortex movement of that light-sound ether, in the ocean of which we are all staying! Flopping of this ether in the magnetized bodies and causes an increase in their mass and weight.
/ Physical meaning of formula E \u003d MC 2
Physical meaning of formula E \u003d MC 2
It is hardly an adult who does not know this formula. Sometimes it is even called the most famous formula in the world. She became famous mankind after Einstein created his theory of relativity. According to Einstein, his formula shows not just the relationship between matter and energy, but the equivalence of matter and energy. In other words, according to this formula, energy can turn into matter, and the matter can turn into energy.
But I am also known another formula (and not only to me, but all specialists in thermal processes): Q \u003d Mr, where q is the amount of heat, M is a mass, R - heat of the phase transition. Any phase transitions (evaporation and condensation, melting and crystallization, ablation and dry sublimation) are described by this formula. When heat supplying in the amount of Q (or its tap), such a number M substance passes into a new phase state, which is directly proportional to the amount of heat q and inversely proportional to the heat of the phase transition R. And heat is a variety of energy. But no one has ever done the conclusion from this fact, it seems to be in the substance itself heat, that is, energy. Why did such perturbation occurred with the formula E \u003d MC 2?
When I managed to get a physical vacuum energy formula, then I was able to answer this question. It turned out that in the very general The energy of the physical vacuum is described by this well-known formula E \u003d MC 2. And its physical meaning exactly coincides with the physical meaning of the formula Q \u003d Mr: when we are taking to vacuum (or the ether, as it was called before) the energy in the amount of E, the vacuum generates such a matter of substance M, which is directly proportional to the subordinate energy E and inversely proportionally The energy of the phase transition from 2. In other words, no energy transition in a substance or matter is observed.
And the reason for the einstein error relative to the physical meaning of its formula is to negate the actual existence of Ether-Fizvakuum. If we believe that the air does not exist, then we will find that the substance is born in the present sense of the word from the void. But everyone is understandable that something is impossible to get something. Therefore, it is necessary to look for another source of the appearance of a substance. Due to the fact that this process of birth of the substance is described by the formula E \u003d MC 2, physics are so accustomed to dealing with the energy that they begin to perceive it as something really existing, and not the characteristic, which it is only and is. And from here, only one step remains to declare the transformation into the substance of the energy itself.
Skeptics may argue that my reasoning is refuted by the results of experiments. Mall, experiments on accelerators show that the mass of elementary particles increases with increasing speed, that is, with an increase in energy, supplied to the particle to increase its speed. And from this fact, it is concluded that the energy is converted into the mass in these experiments. But when I raised information about how these and other similar experiments were performed, I found an interesting thing: it turns out that in the entire history of scientific research in no experiment measured the mass directly, but always measured energy costs, and then moved energy to the mass According to the formula E \u003d MC 2 and spoke about the increase in the mass. However, it is possible to offer a different explanation of the increased energy costs in the experiments on the accelerator: the energy-supplied to the particle is transformed not into the mass of the particle, but into overcoming the resistance of the ether-physivacum around us. When any object (and elementary particle Also) moves accelerated, it deforms the ether-vacuum with its uneven movement, and he answers it by creating resistance forces, to overcome which it is necessary to spend energy. And the more the speed of the object is, the more the deformation of the ether-vacuum, the more resistance will be, the more energy it will be necessary for overcoming them.
In order to find out which concept is correct (traditional in the form of an increase in mass with an increase in speed or alternative in the form of overcoming the resistance of ether-vacuum resistance), it is necessary to put such an experiment in which the mass of the moving particle would be measured directly without measuring energy costs. But what should be this experiment, I have not yet invented. Maybe someone else will come up with?
I. A. ProkhorovOn the opposite poles of the imaginary world of science are the cry "Eureka!" and formula E \u003d MC 2. The first symbolizes the abilities of the body, damaged through the own body of the archimedes, covered with water droplets; The second is the ability of the Spirit. After all, if Archimedes could experience the laws of nature physically, Einstein is - and in this his essence is a pure spirit. He hung his brain with medical science, while his dust in the presence of just the closest people was dispelled in the wind. In order to avoid boring arguments about the compatibility of thought and about other internal organs of scientists, as well as about the buoyancy of Archimedes, the blindness of Galilee, or about Newton's headaches, consider sufficient to recognize that the brain is an old myth that managed to embody (?) Perfectly Stephen Hawking, jarred in a wheelchair, a symbol of the legend about the attractiveness of great minds: he divorced to marry his former nurse. According to another myth, less recognized, pure idea is achievable only through the unwitting body, the body should carry the traces of thought. After analyzing one of the great Albert neurons, as once analyzed the retina of John Dalton (from here Daltonism), they hope to find some insufficiency or an anomaly in neurons, such as the lack of sensitive cells of the cells in the eye of Dalton.
It is an endless and ridiculous activity, with the involvement of scanners and electron microscopes, has become the final chord in a long series of suspicion and tests that Einstein was subjected. During the First World War, some thirsty revenge and hostile to Jews the French tirelessly emphasized his German-Jewish origin; Then the cynical observers were talking about snobsm, and the scientists who tormented envy accused the theory of relativity in the fact that it is a clean game of the mind ... until many confirming experiments have accumulated. Then from Einstein removed to make a father atomic bombs - Obviously, beyond the inability to be the father of his own children, inflated on the mercy of fate. Finally, "looking for a woman" - and found his first love to Mileu Maric, who tried to attribute the motherhood theory of relativity. The last episode is associated with a hearing lusted on the salons that Einstein was allegedly crazy - it was all explained, and the world was able to sigh with relief.
Why so much hate to our glorious Albert, who did not wear socks, who had a safe of secular life and above all the pleasure of smoke the phone in the corner at the fireplace? Because he dreamed to doubt the obvious. Refuse the most reliable truths rooted in the consciousness of the average man transmitted from generation to generation as well as genetic information, the truths on which the holy of holy rational thought was. Wambying matter and energy, stirring time with space, he prepared everything necessary for feeding a bitch, which rests (barely keeps?) Our spiritual health. If the time is no longer the one before, what will happen to us? After that, Einstein becomes the enemy of the number one enemy to be destroyed by at any cost in an ordinary subconscious. He is either more mulk, which wants to seem (real Faust-impostor!), Or arrived at us from another planet (and his E \u003d MC 2 Sounds like four notes from the "third-type contacts"), or madman, which managed to locate until the end of the days in Princeton University. In any case, it was necessary to mysteriously from the head to heaters, including its language (dried), its brain (dismembered) and its formula (magical).
From AGU! \u003d MC 2 to E \u003d M6. through E \u003d C-17 (blue jeans) and HP \u003d MC2. (Employment proposals) Do not consider examples of glory of the famous formula that expresses energy equivalence and mass. Roland Barth in the "Brain Einstein" discovers the archetype of revelation in it:
Historical formula E \u003d MC 2 With his unexpected simplicity, it is the almost pure idea of \u200b\u200ba key, a bare, linear, made from a solid piece of metal, with a completely magical simplicity of the opening door, which was broken throughout the centuries.
However, the success of the formula was not immediate. The equation for a long time was hidden in the shadow of the phrase "all relative", quite suitable and much more accessible to common sense, and became truly famous only after his genuine power was discovered, namely, his connection with a bomb, independent of fact that neither it itself nor his author is in no way involved in its creation. The impetus to the construction of the bomb was the discovery of radioactivity and the clarification of the structure of the atom, and not the theory of relativity at all. But it was necessary to choose the atomic apocalypse a proportionate formula and some fallen archangel for the role of a patron. Casting was quickly: on the scale of one Einsteening for this role.
"The unexpected simplicity" of the formula clearly doubled aesthetic attractiveness. Although, in general, the equations seem disgusting, no one will deny the grace of some of them. Yes, forgive us Newton, but in his f \u003d gmm "/ R 2 attractiveness not much; U \u003d RI already better, just gives pawn, and P \u003d Mg. somewhat hard. From Einstein would be good R ick \u003d 0, glorifying both relativity at the same time, unanimously recognized as the most beautiful of physical theories, but only the Tensor of Crimisons is not amenable to understanding the uninitiated. And what is a mass and energy, everyone knows everything in the world, or think that they know. E \u003d MC 2... here is the equation, excessing light, and even the light in the square! It does not matter what it means. Probably E. Maybe the energy emitted by the Sun when it loses the mass m. In the course of a nuclear reaction forcing it to shine, or the energy allocated as a result of an atomic bomb explosion, when the fissile uranium loses its mass. In truth, it is better to forget that all and contemplate E \u003d MC 2 As something ultimately incomprehensible. It is only important that a kind of human being could gain access to a similar secret.
The hypothesis of revelation is undoubtedly interesting, but it is equally applied to Newton or Leonardo da Vinci. The American historian of Science Gerald Holton, a major specialist in Einstein, offered another, less common. It follows from it that the thought of Einstein, the genius of which was in the ability to detect assimmetry in physical laws, allow paradoxes and unite the polar opposites, is absolutely inseparable from his personality, to the extreme paradoxical: he was simultaneously wise older and a mischievous boy, a public figure and hermit, rationalist and man relying on his intuition, atheist and believing. He is asking for the role of the emblem of the game in my swelling, and any of his subject immediately causes another opposite in his mind. On the other hand, Holton tells us, "his lifestyle was scalded with the laws of nature." In fact, if Guillaume (William) of the Okka (1285-1349) became famous for its razor ("Don't use more entities. If you can do it smaller"), Einstein shaved it: "I shave with soap. Two soaps are too difficult. " In the end, Einstein did not open anything, it could not be more correct - he could not resist discoveries. He was so natural that it cost him to immerse himself as nature revealed its laws, methods and secrets, and old polarities were blurred, although we could fully consider them eternal: space and time turned out to be something united, matter and energy also. And then E \u003d MC 2 It turns out nothing more than a mathematical expression of a person, Einstein concentrate ( E.enstein \u003d MC 2.And it looks plausible, especially if you remember that a little Albert had a speech problem for quite a while. He spoke very late and all his life then experienced difficulties in expressing his thoughts. According to Einstein himself, it may be explained by his talent for manipulating with concepts, to the game with ideas and mental images, to the ability to surprise - unconsciously and without trying to formulate them - with new connections between them. After mine E \u003d MC 2, unusually effective, but incomprehensible, Einstein proposes to think over the last formula: what is well conceived cannot be expressed at all.
Notes:
Happened! (eng.)
Presented quotes from French advertising. M6. - Music and entertainment TV channel, C-17 - American military aircraft based on aircraft carriers, HP. - Computer company Hewlett-Packard, MC2 - Specialized software. (Approx. Trans.)
f \u003d gmm "/ R 2 - the formula of the law of world gravity; U \u003d RI - Ohm law, bonding voltage, current strength and resistance; P \u003d Mg. - Determination of gravity through acceleration of free fall. (Approx. Trans.)
Buing a model of space and time, Einstein paved the way to understand how the stars light up and shine, opened the depth reasons for the operation of electric motors and generators electric current And, in fact, laid the foundation of all modern physics. In his book "Why e \u003d mc2?" Scientists Brian Cox and Jeff Forshow do not question Einstein's theory, and learn not to trust what we call common sense. We publish chapters about space and time, but rather, why we need to abandon the presences of ideas.
What do the words "space" and "time" mean for you? Perhaps you imagine the space how to darkness between the stars you see, looking at the sky with a cold winter night? Or as the emptiness between the land and the Moon, in which the spacecraft is rushing with the stars and stripes, piloted by a guy named Basz (Buzz Aldrin, the pilot of the Moon module "Apollo-11")? Time can be represented as ticking your watches or autumn conversion of leaves from green in red and yellow when the sun passes through the sky and lower in five minutes. We all intuitively feel space and time; They are an integral part of our existence. We are moving through the space on the surface of the blue planet, while the time leads its countdown.
Row scientific discoveriesMade B. last years The XIX century at first glance in completely unlightened areas, prompted physicists to revise simple and intuitive paintings of space and time. At the beginning of the 20th century, Herman Minkowski, colleague and teacher Albert Einstein, wrote his famous necrolologist an ancient sphere with orbits, for which the planet traveled: "From now on, the space in itself and the time in itself turned into no more than in the shadows, and there is only a kind of Mixing these two concepts. " What did Minkowski mean by mixing space and time? To understand the essence of this almost mystical statement, it is necessary to understand the special theory of the relativity of Einstein, which introduced the world the most famous of all equations, E \u003d MC2, and forever placed in the center of our understanding of the device of the universe, denoted by the symbol of C - the speed of light.
The special theory of Einstein's relativity is actually a description of space and time. The central place in it occupies the concept of special speed, which it is impossible to exceed any acceleration, no matter how strong it is. This speed is the speed of light in vacuo, component of 299,792,458 meters per second. Traveling at such a speed, a ray of light, who left the Earth, will fly past the sun after eight minutes, for 100 thousand years it will cross our galaxy of the Milky Way, and in two million years will reach the nearest neighboring galaxy - Andromeda nebula. Tonight, the largest telescopes of the Earth will be peering into the blackness of the interstellar space and catch the ancient rays of light from the distant, long dead stars on the edge of the observed universe. These rays began their journey over 10 billion years ago, a few billion years old before the emergence of Earth from the compressive cloud of interstellar dust. The speed of light is large, but not infinite. Compared with huge distances between stars and galaxies, it may seem depressingly low - so much that we are able to speed up very small objects to speeds that differ from the speed of light on the interest share, with the help of such equipment as a 27-kilometer large adronle collider in the European Center for nuclear research in Geneva.
If it were possible to exceed the speed of light, we could build a time machine carrying us at any point of history
The existence of a special, limit space speed is a rather strange concept. As we learn later from this book, the connection of this speed at the speed of light is a kind of substitution of concepts. Limit space speed It plays a much more important role in the Einstein Universe, and there is a good reason for which the beam of light moves at a given speed. However, we will return to this. In the meantime, it is enough to say that in achieving objects of this special speed, strange things begin to occur. How can I prevent excess of this speed? It looks as if there is a universal physics law, which does not allow your car to accelerate over 90 kilometers per hour, regardless of the engine power. But in contrast to limiting the velocity of the car, the implementation of this law is ensured by some kind of unearthly police. Its violation becomes absolutely impossible thanks to the very constructing of the tissue of space and time, and this is an exceptional luck, since otherwise we would have dealt with very unpleasant consequences. Later we will see that if you could exceed the speed of the world, we could build a time machine carrying us at any point of history. For example, we could go to our birth and accidentally or deliberately prevent the meeting of the parents.
This is a good plot for fantastic literature, but not to create the universe. And indeed, Einstein found out that the universe was not so good. The space and time is so thinly intertwined that such paradoxes are not allowed. However, everything has its price, and in this case this price is our refusal of deeply rooted ideas about space and time. In Einstein's universe, moving hours are slower, moving objects are reduced in the amount and we can travel to billions of years to the future. This is the Universe, where human life can stretch almost indefinitely. We could observe the extinction of the Sun, the evaporation of the oceans, dive Solar system In the eternal night, the birth of stars from the clouds of interstellar dust, the formation of planets and, perhaps, the birth of life in new, not yet formed worlds. The Einstein Universe allows us to travel to a distant future, at the same time holding the door to the past tightly closed.
By the end of this book, we will see how Einstein was forced to come to such a fantastic picture of the Universe and how her correctness was repeatedly proven during large number scientific experiments and technological use. For example, a satellite navigation system in the car is designed with the fact that the time in the orbit of satellites and on the earth's surface moves at different speeds. Einstein radical painting: space and time - not at all what they seem.
Imagine that you are reading a book while flying online. At 12:00 you looked at the clock and decided to take a break and stroll through the salon to talk to a friend sitting at ten rows ahead. At 12:15 you returned to the place, sat down and again took the book. Common sense suggests that you returned to the same place: that is, there are the same ten rows ago, and when you returned, your book was there the same place where you left her. And now let's think about the concept of "the same place." Since it is intuitive that we mean, speaking about a certain place, all this can be perceived as an excessive pedantry. We can invite a friend on a glass of beer in the bar, and the bar will never move by the time when we reach it. He will be in the same place where we left it, it is quite possible, on the eve of the evening. In this introductory chapter, many things will probably seem to you too pedantic, but still continue to read. Careful thinking of these at first glance obvious concepts will hold us in the footsteps of Aristotle, Galileo Galileo, Isaac Newton and Einstein.
If you fall in the evening in bed and ship out eight hours, then by the time of awakening, move more than 800 thousand kilometers.
So how exactly determine what we mean by the "the same place"? We already know how to do it on the surface of the earth. Earth Covered with imaginary lines of parallels and meridians, so any place on its surface can be described by two numbers representing the coordinates. For example, the British city of Manchester is located at a point with coordinates of 53 degrees 30 minutes of northern latitude and 2 degrees 15 minutes of Western longitude. These two numbers tell us about the manchester, subject to the condition of the situation of the equator and zero meridian. Consequently, the position of any point both on the ground surface and beyond its limits can be fixed using an imaginary three-dimensional mesh propagating from the surface of the Earth. In fact, such a grid can go down, through the center of the Earth, and go on another side. With it, you can describe the position of any point - on the surface of the earth, underground or in the air. In fact, we do not need to stop on our planet. The grid can be stretched to the moon, Jupiter, Neptune, beyond the Milky Way, up to the very edge of the observed universe. Such a big, perhaps an infinitely large grid allows you to calculate the location of any object in the universe, which, paraphrasing Woody Allen, can be very useful to someone who is unable to remember where it put. Therefore, this grid determines the area where everything is located, a kind of giant box containing all the objects of the universe. We can even have a temptation to name this gigantic area.
But back to the question, which means "same place", and for example with a plane. It can be assumed that at 12:00 and 12:15 you were in the same point of space. Now imagine what the sequence of events looks like a person who is watching the plane from the surface of the Earth. If the plane flies over his head at speed, say, about a thousand kilometers per hour, then for the period from 12:00 to 12:15 you have moved from its point of view, 250 kilometers. In other words, at 12:00 and 12:15 you were in different points of space. So who is right? Who moved, and who remained at the same place?
If you are not able to answer this as if a simple question, then you were in a good company. Aristotle, one of the greatest thinkers of ancient Greece, would be absolutely wrong, because it would definitely say that the passenger of the aircraft moves. Aristotle believed that the earth was stationary and is located in the center of the universe, and the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars rotate around the Earth, being fixed on 55 concentric transparent spheres embedded in each other as a nesting. Thus, Aristotle shared our intuitive idea of \u200b\u200bspace as a certain area in which land and celestial spheres were placed. For modern man The picture of the universe consisting of the Earth and rotating celestial areas, looks completely ridiculous. But think about what conclusion you could come if no one told you that the Earth rotates around the Sun, and the stars are nothing but very remote sun, among which there are stars in thousands of times brighter the stars brighter Although they are located in billions of kilometers from the ground? Of course, we would not have the feeling that the earth drifts in an unimaginably huge universe. Our modern worldview has been formed by the price of great effort and often contradicts common sense. If the picture of the world, which we created for thousands of years of experiments and reflections, was obvious, then the great minds of the past (such as Aristotle) \u200b\u200bwould solve this riddle. It is worth remembering this when any of the concepts described in the book will seem too complicated. The greatest minds of the past would agree with you.
einstein's table a few hours after his death
To find a flaw in Answer Aristotle, let's take his picture of the world for a moment and see what it will lead to. According to Aristotle, we must fill the space of the imaginary grid lines associated with the Earth, and determine with it, who is where and who is moving, and who is not. If you imagine the space as a box filled with objects, with the ground fixed in the center, it will be obvious that it is you, the passenger of the aircraft, change your location in the box, while watching your flight a person stands without moving on the surface of the Earth, motionlessly hanging in space. In other words, there is an absolute movement, which means that the absolute space. The object is in absolute movement, if over time changes its location in space, which is calculated using an imaginary grid tied to the center of the Earth.
Of course, the problem of such a picture is that the earth does not rest still in the center of the universe, but is a rotating ball moving in the orbit around the Sun. In fact, the Earth moves relative to the sun at a speed of about 107 thousand kilometers per hour. If you fall into bed in the evening and wake up eight hours, then by the time awakening, move more than 800 thousand kilometers. You even have the right to declare that about 365 days your bedroom will again turn out to be at the same point of space, as the earth will complete the full turn around the Sun. Consequently, you can only decide to change the picture of Aristotle, leaving the spirit of his teachings being untouched. Why not move the center of the coordinate grid in the sun? Alas, this sufficiently simple thought is also incorrect, because the sun is also moving in orbit around the center of the Milky Way. The Milky Way is our local island in the Universe, consisting of more than 200 billion stars. Just imagine how big our galaxy and how much time is required to get around it. The sun with the land in tow moves along the Milky Way at a speed of about 782 thousand kilometers per hour at a distance of about 250 kvadrillion kilometers from the center of the Galaxy. At similar speed, it will be necessary about 226 million years to make a complete turn. In this case, maybe it will be enough for another step to keep the picture of the world of Aristotle? Place the beginning of the grid in the center of the Milky Way and see what was in your bedroom when the place in which it is located in this point of space last time. And last time in this place dinosaur, the leaves of prehistoric trees absorbed the dinosaur. But this picture is erroneous. In fact, the galaxy "run up", removing from each other, and the farther from us there is a galaxy, the faster it is removed. Our movement among the Miriada Galaxies, forming the Universe, is extremely difficult to imagine.
Science welcomes uncertainty and recognizes that this is the key to new discoveries
So in the picture of the world of Aristotle there is a clear problem, since it does not allow you to accurately determine what it means to "stay in immobility." In other words, it is impossible to calculate where you need to place the center of the imaginary coordinate grid, and it became, and decide what is in motion, and what stands on the spot. The Aristotle itself did not have to face this problem, because his picture of a stationary land surrounded by rotating areas was not disputed for almost two thousand years. Probably, it should be done, but as we said, such things are not always obvious even for the greatest minds. Claudius Ptolemy, whom we know as just Ptolemy, worked in the second century in the Great Alexandria library and carefully studied the night sky. The scientist was disturbed at first glance an unusual movement of five planets known at that time, or the "wandering stars" (the name from which the word "planet" occurred). Multi-month observations from the Earth showed that the planets do not move against the background of stars on the level path, but they write out strange loops. This unusual movement denoted by the term "retrograde" was known for many millennia to Ptolemy. The ancient Egyptians described Mars as a planet, which "moves back". Ptolemy was agreed with Aristotle that the planets rotate around the stationary land, but to explain the retrograde movement, he had to attach the planets to the eccentric rotating wheels, which, in turn, were attached to the rotating areas. Such a very complex, but far from an elegant model made it possible to explain the movement of the planets across the sky. The true explanation of the retrograde movement had to wait until the middle of the XVI century, when Nikolai Copernicus proposed a more elegant (and more accurate) version that the Earth does not rest in the center of the Universe, but rotates around the Sun along with the rest of the planets. The work of Copernicus had serious opponents, so it was banned by the Catholic Church, and the ban was removed only in 1835. The exact measurements of the Quiet Brage and the work of Johann Kepler, Galileo Galileo and Isaac Newton not only fully confirmed the correctness of Copernicus, but also led to the creation of the theory of movement of the planets in the form of Newton's laws on movement and gravity. These laws were the best description of the motion of the "wandering stars" and in general of all objects (from rotating galaxies to artillery shells) under the influence of gravity. Such a picture of the world was not questioned until 1915, when the overall theory of Einstein's relativity was formulated.
The constantly changing idea of \u200b\u200bthe position of the Earth, the planets and their movement in the sky should serve as a lesson for those who are absolutely convinced of some kind of knowledge. There are many theories about the world around the world, which at first glance seem self-evident truth, and one of them is about our immobility. Future observations can surprise us and pose that in many cases and happens. Although we should not be painful to respond to the fact that nature often confesses with the intuitive representations of the tribe of observational descendants of primates, which are a carbon shape of life on a small stone planet, rotating around an unremarkable elder star on the backyards of the Milky Way. The theories of the space and the time we are discussing in this book can actually be (and most likely will be) no more than special cases have not yet formulated a deeper theory. Science welcomes uncertainty and recognizes that this is the key to new discoveries.