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Lesson type: Learning new material.
Wall map of the hemispheres, Wall map of Antarctica, video, atlas for 7th grade, educational supplies, lesson presentation. (Presentation 1)
During the classes
Teacher's words:
The epigraph for our lesson will be a line from the poem by the famous English poet Alfred Tennyson “Fight and seek, find and not give up.” How do you understand it?
“And this unknown land of snow and ice lies beyond the southern polar circle, shining dazzlingly in the rays of the sun of the polar day or shrouded in clouds and whirlwinds of the blizzard in the darkness of the polar night. This region is beautiful in its own way, and anyone who has been there once will always remember the great silence of the icy desert.”
What continent do you think will be discussed in this lesson?
We wrote down the topic of the lesson in printed notebooks. (Annex 1)
The word Antarctica is translated as “anti” against, and “Arctic” is the northern polar region of the Earth. That is, against the Arctic.
- What do you already know about Antarctica?
- Why does Antarctica have such features?
Geographical location of Antarctica.
In printed notebooks, the first paragraph provides a plan for describing the geographical location of the continent.
After reading each point, one student comes to the board and answers on the wall map of the hemispheres and Antarctica, and everyone else follows the answer using atlases, and so we will work with each point of the plan.
Let's read it out first point– Determine where the continent is located relative to the equator? – look and answer.
Answer: located further south, meaning in the southern hemisphere.
Regarding the tropics?
Answer: Not intersected by the tropics.
Almost the entire territory of the mainland is within the southern polar circle.
The position of the continent relative to the prime meridian?
Answer: intersected by the prime meridian in the west.
Yes, indeed, most of the continent, more than 70% lies east of the zero hemisphere, that is, in the eastern hemisphere, and only less than 30% lies in the western hemisphere.
We can conclude that the continent is unique, as it lies in three hemispheres. Remember which ones?
Answer: in the south, east and west. Let's mark the southern polar circle and the prime meridian on the outline map in a printed notebook.
Reading second point.
Find the extreme points of the continent.
Due to its geographical location, Antarctica has only one extreme point. Open the atlas “Physical Map of Antarctica” and find it (Cape Sifre). We independently determined the coordinates. Mark the cape on the outline map in your printable notebook.
Reading third point plan.
What oceans and seas wash the continent?
They identified them independently from atlases and signed them on contour maps in a printed notebook in blue.
Reading fourth point plan.
How is the continent located relative to other continents?
Answer: far from other continents, the southern part of South America and Australia are closest to it.
Yes, Antarctica is indeed separated from other continents by vast oceanic expanses.
The position of the continent near the pole led to the formation of a thick ice cover, the average thickness of which is about 2 thousand meters. Due to the thickness of the ice, Antarctica turned out to be the highest continent on Earth. Due to its geographical location, as well as its icy shell, Antarctica is the world's pole of cold, where the lowest temperature on Earth has been recorded. Open your textbook to page 39 and tell me what temperature it is and where it was recorded?
Answer: At Vostok station, - 89.2? C.
We have given a description of the geographical location of the continent, studied its main features, and now we will get acquainted with the history of the discovery of the continent.
History of the discovery of Antarctica.
Under point 2 in the printed workbooks “History of Discovery”, there is a table that we will fill out. There are four columns in the table, look at their names.
Teacher's words:
Antarctica was discovered much later than other continents. Although even ancient scientists expressed the idea of the existence of a continent in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere.
In the second half of the 18th century, an English expedition led by the navigator James Cook set off in search of the southern continent. He searched for Antarctica for more than three years, crossing the southern polar circle more than once, but he was never able to break through the ice to the mainland. Returning, Cook declared: “There is no southern continent! And not a single person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I did...”
Therefore, after Cook's voyage, for 50 years not a single ship set off for those waters where giant impenetrable ice protected the distant approaches to the south pole. Let's write it down in the table under the number 1.
The Russians put an end to a long break in the exploration of southern latitudes.
On the morning of July 5, 1819, the first Russian expedition set off for the southern polar waters on the ships Mirny and Vostok. They were led by sailors Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, who was the head of the expedition, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, look at their portraits. They walked around the mainland and discovered many islands.
January 28, when the expedition reached the shores of the mainland, is considered the day of the discovery of Antarctica. We write it down in the table under number 2:
Do you know who was the first to reach the south pole?
Answer: Amudsen.
Let's look at the fragment. (Presentation slide 6)
How did you feel while watching?
On December 14, 1911, the South Pole was reached by Roald Amudsen, and a month later by Robert Scott.
This was the greatest geographical discovery. They received the first information about the interior of the continent. Let's write it down in the table under number 3:
And under the number 4:
Checking the table:
| Traveler, explorer | Country, homeland of the traveler | opening date | Discoveries and achievements |
| 1. James Cook | Great Britain | 1773-1775 | First crossing of the Antarctic Circle |
| 2.F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev | Russia | 1820 | Discovery of the mainland |
| 3. Raoul Amudsen | Norway | 14.12.1911 | First achievement of the South Pole |
| 4. Robert Scott | Great Britain | 18.01.1912 | Second achievement of the South Pole |
But these achievements came at a high price. Robert Scott's group died on the way back, just a few kilometers short of reaching the base where there were food and fuel. Eight months later, a tent was found, half covered with snow.
At the site of Scott's first wintering place, a cross made of Australian redwood was erected with the names of the five victims, and words were carved into the cross. What do you think? - a catchphrase, which was the epigraph to the lesson, from the novel “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin.
“Fight and search, find and not give up.”
These people are remembered by expressing their feelings in poetry, “In Memory of Captain Scott”:
Square iceberg. Black water.
And white penguins in black tailcoats.
A gloomy bastion of sparkling ice.
And the plains leading to death.
And it’s not the masts of ships that seem strange,
Captivated by presumptuous hope -
Break through the clutches of sparkling fields
To the ground, hidden by armored clothing,
I see a bony hand
Frozen above the persistent and harsh,
The last, unborn word
The last entry of a stingy diary.
Land and people 1962
Throughout the journey, Scott kept a diary where he recorded all his thoughts and feelings. His last words were: “For God’s sake, don’t leave our loved ones.”
And after people died, did they forget about Antarctica? Or, remembering the difficulties, were you preparing for new expeditions?
Exploration of Antarctica.
Report from one of the students. Approximate content: In the 20th century, active exploration of Antarctica began.
During all this time, a large number of stations were opened. Open the atlas and look.
Find the Vostok station, this station was opened in 1957. You and I already know that the lowest temperature of the earth was recorded at this station. Remember which one?
Answer: - 89.2?С
At this temperature, iron also freezes. If you leave two axes on the street overnight, then in the morning, when you hit them against each other, they will break.
In 1957-1958, with the vision of the International Geophysical Year, 12 countries of the world decided to jointly study the continent.
In difficult climatic conditions, several scientific stations were built in a short period of time. Look at the screen and find them - Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Vostok, Molodezhnaya. They are located not only on the coast, but also in the interior, hard-to-reach parts of Antarctica.
The main and largest station at this time is Molodezhnaya - find it on the atlas map. The Antarctic Aerometeorological Center is located here.
Antarctica does not belong to any state. There is no permanent population on the mainland due to the harsh natural conditions. Any weapons tests or nuclear explosions are prohibited on its territory.
Antarctica is called the continent of science and peace.
Consolidation of the studied material.
- A crossword puzzle will help you consolidate what you have learned. (Appendix 2)
- Checking the crossword (Presentation, slide 10-17)
Homework.
- Find an explanation for the expression “Antarctica is the icy heart of the planet!”
Lesson summary on the topic:
"Antarctica. Features of the continent. History of discovery and research"
Lesson objectives:
to form in students an idea of the originality, uniqueness of the nature of the continent, to determine the reasons for the originality;
introduce the history of discovery and exploration of the continent;
activate the cognitive interest of students;
develop students’ ability to work with maps, textbooks, diagrams;
to prove that every expedition to Antarctica is a meeting with the unknown, which requires great heroism from people, full dedication of strength, abilities, and knowledge.
Equipment: geographical maps, table cards, artistic
literature, atlases, textbooks.
During the classes
Updating students' basic knowledge
Which continents of the Southern Hemisphere have we already studied? (Africa,
Australia)
What other continents are located in the Southern Hemisphere? (South
America, Antarctica)
Are there similarities between these continents? If so, why?
(Exists because they were first part of a single land mass called Pangea
(all-earth), which existed on our planet more than 200 million years ago.
Pangea subsequently split into two supercontinents: Laurasia and Gondwana.
The continents of the Southern Hemisphere were part of Gondwana. Final disintegration
it occurred 65-70 million years ago)
What is this similarity? (Firstly, in the structure of the most ancient
crystalline platform foundations; secondly, available on continents
ancient folds; thirdly, in the similarity of the rocks that make up the covers
all Gondwanan platforms; fourthly, there are remains of ancient plants
and animals that are on these continents)
But while studying the continents of Africa and Australia, we realized that they
unique. This means they are different from each other. What is it
How does this difference express itself? (The fact is that each continent has its own
geographical location, its unique features of nature, population,
farms)
Name the main features of the continents. (Africa is the hottest
mainland; Australia is the driest; South America is the wettest;
Antarctica - ice)
Motivation for educational and cognitive activities
The topic of our lesson today will be ANTARCTICA.
Everyone represents this continent in their own way. For some it is a “deserted continent”, for others it is the “queen of the cold”, for others it is “the end of the earth”. And for me it’s similar to a fairy tale.
Antarctica - a fairy tale made of ice!
A burnt out star in the sky.
Sun glare on the snow,
Faces scorched in the blizzard
White spaces hundreds of miles away,
The long-awaited calm as a reward.
Minus fifty is warm!
Summer has passed like a cloud.
The oppressive desert of cold,
And an oasis in the middle of the ice.
And the penguins are in black and white formation.
This is a fairy tale that is always with me!
Antarctica is a continent of international cooperation. There is no permanent population here. The true masters of the continent are scientists from different countries. Man already knows a lot about the nature of the continent, but much has not yet been revealed.
In today's lesson we will try to make our own small discoveries and explorations of the continent, which has always been considered a mystery.
Learning new material
Origin of the name Antarctica
We will start, first of all, with the origin of the name. It comes from the Greek word “anti” - against and “arktikos” - northern, i.e. lying opposite the northern polar region of the globe.
Antarctica
From Greek
Arcticos
Northern
Against the North
Physico-geographical position of the continent
We begin the study of each continent with a description of its physical and geographical position, because this affects the entire natural complex of the continent. Its climate, soils, flora and fauna depend on this.
What does it mean to characterize the physical-geographical position of the continent?
This means determining its position in relation to the equator, the prime meridian, oceans and seas, other continents, and the climatic poles.
So, Antarctica is a relatively small continent, occupying an area
S = 14 million km 2
It is second only to Australia in terms of area.
a) The position of the continent relative to the equator
Antarctica lies almost entirely beyond the Antarctic Circle in polar latitudes. The exception is the Antarctic Peninsula, reaching 63º (63º 11’) S latitude.
The South Pole is located almost in the center, so all the shores of Antarctica “look” to the south.
b) The position of the continent relative to the initial continent
The Prime Meridian crosses Queen Maud Land, the South Pole.
c) Position relative to oceans, seas
Antarctica is washed by the southern waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, which are connected by the cold current of the Western winds.
The mainland is washed by several seas and, together with the adjacent islands, is united under one name: Antarctica.
The name is associated with the name of the English navigator J. Weddell, who in 1823 first sailed in this basin.
The Ross Sea is named after James Clawkey Ross, who mapped the sea and the Melor Glacier.
d) Position relative to other continents
Antarctica is significantly removed from other continents. South America is closest to it.
Exercise. Determine the distance from Antarctica to all continents of tropical latitudes in degrees to them.
1) Antarctica South America
54 0 (53 0 54") S. 63 0 (63 0 11") S.
63 0 - 54 0 = 9 0
111 km 9 = 999 km
2) Antarctica Africa
70 0 S 35 0 (34 0 52’) S
70 0 - 35 0 = 35 0
111 km 35 = 3885 km
3) Antarctica Australia
66 0 S 39 0 (39 0 11’) S
66 0 - 39 0 = 27 0
111 km 27 = 2997 km
SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA AUSTRALIA
999 km 3885 km 2997 km
A N T A R K T I D A
Although South America is closest to Antarctica, it cannot influence the latter due to the characteristics of Antarctica.
e) Position relative to climatic zones
Open the climate map of the world. In what climate zones is Antarctica located?
Antarctica lies predominantly in the Antarctic climate zone (cold summers and cold winters).
Only the islands and part of the Antarctic Peninsula lie in the Arctic zone (cold winters, cool damp summers). The northern part of the peninsula lies in the temperate climate zone.
The physical and geographical position of the continent determines the characteristics of its nature.
Now a “famous polar explorer” will tell us about the features of the continent. And correspondents will ask him questions.
I heard that Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth. Can you prove it?
Antarctica is covered in ice and has the coldest temperatures on earth. At the Vostok inland station, a temperature of -89.2ºC was recorded.
At this temperature, the metal becomes brittle, diesel fuel turns into a dough-like mass, kerosene does not flare up, even if a burning torch is lowered into it.
How thick is the ice in Antarctica?
The average thickness of the Antarctic ice sheet is 2040 m. The highest is 4500m. The ice cover of Antarctica contains 80% of all fresh water on the planet. V ice = 24 million km 2. If all the ice is melted, the level of the World Ocean will rise by 50-60 m.
What conditions are necessary for ice to form?
Glaciers are formed as a result of the interaction of the hydrosphere, which supplies moisture, the atmosphere, which transports it and stores it in solid form, and the lithosphere, on the surface of which ice forms.
Studies of the ice cover of Antarctica have shown that it has existed for 20 million years.
It could have formed only due to the physical-geographical position of the continent, its topography and the presence of water around it.
Antarctica is an ice continent. However, it is called deserted. Why?
A desert is a large area with sparse or no vegetation. Antarctica is practically devoid of vegetation, so it can be considered a desert.
If Antarctica is a desert, then there must be oases there. Is it true?
On the outskirts of the mainland in summer you can find reservoirs with standing water. These are oases. The oases have salt and fresh lakes. The water temperature in oasis lakes in summer is much higher than the air temperature.
It is assumed that the reason for the formation of oases is the flow of ice around individual elevated areas of land. The stones of the oases absorb a large amount of solar heat, the ground temperature reaches +25ºС. The heating of the surface is so great that cumulus clouds appear from the rising currents everywhere over the oases during the day. Therefore, the main reason is solar radiation and topography. The most famous oasis is named after its discoverer - pilot David Bunger (66 0 S, E)
There are different poles on the globe: geographic, geomagnetic, and the pole of cold. Is there a pole of winds? I heard that he is also in Antarctica.
The pole of the winds is located on Adelie Land. The wind speed here reaches 240 km per hour.
Each continent has its own symbol. Lion in Africa, kangaroo in Australia. What animal is the symbol of Antarctica?
The penguin is a unique symbol of Antarctica. There are more than 17 species here. From a distance, penguins, with their upright posture, resemble humans.
As you can see, the ice continent has plenty of features. Therefore, at all times it has attracted the attention of researchers.
How did it all start?
3) Discovery and exploration of Antarctica
Today I have a group of experts working with me in class who “took” a trip into the past in the summer in order to find out: how was Antarctica discovered?
The floor is given to our expert on ancient times.
Expert 1. Geographers of ancient times had no doubt about the existence of the Southern continent. Even Claudius Ptolemy argued that there should be an Earth in the Southern Hemisphere that balances the expanses of land in the Northern Hemisphere. At the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, the idea of the existence of the Southern Earth lost its supporters. This Earth is not depicted on the famous globe of Martin Beheim (1892). But then she appears again on all maps. At the same time, it receives the name Unknown Southern Land.
So, a new name appeared and the assumption that such a continent exists.
And now I want to give the floor to our second medieval expert.
Expert 2. The fantasy of medieval cartographers depicted an Earth that extended to the equator in the basins of the Pacific and Indian oceans.
The map showed details - Cape Zhelanie, the Beautiful River, the Land of Parrots, etc. This is explained by the fact that Antarctica in those days was inaccessible to sailors. These were latitudes of fog and storms. The sailors called them this:
forties latitudes - roaring;
fifties - whistling:
the sixties were crazy;
And only at the southern tip of South America did the sailors reach 54º-55º S latitude. But the famous traveler James Cook penetrated farthest to the south.
The floor is given to our third expert.
Expert 3. Famous navigator James Cook January 17, 1773 crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time. The next day, breaking through the ice fields, he reached 67º 15" S - this was only 75 miles from the goal.
James Cook turns north. And twice more (in 1773, 1774) the expedition penetrates so far to the south that Cook confidently declares: “There is no Terra Austramius Incognito.”
“...Most of the Southern continent (assuming that it exists) should lie within the polar region, above the Antarctic Circle, and there the sea is so densely covered with ice that access to land becomes impossible. The risk involved in sailing these unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the Southern Continent is so great that I can safely say that no man will ever venture further south than I did. The lands that may be in the south will never be explored."
But we all remember from history that starting from the 17th century, by the will of Peter I, Russian sailors began to explore the sea. First, the seas washing Russia, and then the distant expanses.
Moreover, in 1761 Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov wrote the following:
“Near the Strait of Magellan and opposite the Cape of Good Hope near 54º S. large ice floats, so there is no doubt that at a great distance the islands and the mainland are covered with ice.”
And, of course, Russian sailors could not help but go to this Unknown Land.
Now the floor is given to our experts, who will tell us about the voyage of Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingsausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.
Expert 4. I would like to first tell you a little about these outstanding researchers. Thaddeus Bellingsausen was born on the island of Sgaremaa (Estonia), and received his education in the Cadet Corps.
He explained his love for the sea simply: “I was born in the middle of the sea, and just as a fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea.” In 1803-1806. took part in the first Russian trip around the world under the command of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda".
M.P. Lazarev was born in 1788. During his life, he completed three trips around the world, distinguished himself in the Navarino naval battle with the Turks, and commanded the Black Sea Fleet for almost 20 years.
Expert 5. On July 16, 1819, the ships “Vostok” and “Mirny” weighed anchor and left Kronstadt. After 3.5 months they approached Rio de Janeiro and from here headed south. The closer to the south, the colder it became. The researchers met many birds, whales and icebergs swam by.
On January 27, 1820, the expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle, and the next day comes close to the ice barrier of the Southern Continent (68º21"18" S, 2º50'14" W)
The expedition covered about 100 thousand km in two years (751 days), approached the shores of the continent 9 times, discovered 29 islands, described the nature of Antarctic ice for the first time, and tried to determine the exact boundaries of the continent.
But perhaps the most striking and tragic page in the exploration of Antarctica was the discovery of the South Pole.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, many expeditions went to Antarctica, among them there were expeditions to the South Pole, led by the Englishman Robert Scott and the Norwegian Roald Amudsen.
These expeditions set out almost simultaneously for the South Pole.
Roald Amudsen (1872-1928) was born in Norway in Borg. From a young age he decided to devote himself to polar exploration. At first he served as a sailor, sailing in the waters of the Greenland Sea, to the shores of Canada.
Then he decided to go to the North Pole and borrowed his Fram from Nansen. But then news came that the Americans Frederick Cook and Robert Peary had already done this.
Then the Norwegian decides to change his plan. He called out to Robert Scott, "Who's on first?"
On January 13, 1911, the Fram (Forward) stopped at the Ross Barrier in Whale Bay about 150 0 W. The expedition included Russian oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin.
They set up camp 4 km from the edge of the glacier and began preparing for the journey. On February 10, 1911, without waiting for the ship to be completely unloaded, the first group led by Amudsen moved south. The group consisted of 5 people. They had 4 sledges pulled by 52 husky dogs.
Below 80º S. (175 km from the edge of the glacier) they established a food warehouse. Warehouses were laid at almost every degree (81º, 82º, etc.).
The expedition covered 30 km daily. At the 85th parallel the ascent began. At the beginning of the rise, they also stopped the food warehouse with a supply of 30 days.
Along the way, they gave famous names to glaciers and mountains.
The highest peak was named after Fridtjof Nansen, and one of the glaciers was named after his daughter, Liv.
The path was very dangerous. No wonder some places received gloomy names: “Gates of Hell”, “Devil’s Glacier”, “Devil’s Dance Hall”.
But finally, on December 14, 1911, they reached the South Pole, which was located at an altitude of 2700 m above sea level.
The expedition used instruments to observe the height of the Sun every hour during the day and recorded the pole point, hoisting the Norwegian flag.
Then on December 18 she went back and after 39 days she returned safely to the camp (Framheim).
Despite poor visibility, they easily found food warehouses. When arranging them, they prudently marked them with bamboo poles.
The entire journey to the pole took 99 days (round trip).
And on March 7, 1912, Roald Amundsen with Fr. Tasmania notified the world by telegraph of the discovery of the South Pole.
A completely different fate was in store for the famous officer, Knight Commander of the Order of Victoria, Robert Falcon Scott.
On one of the peaks of Antarctica there is a 3-meter cross made of Australian mahogany. It bears the words of the English poet Alfred Tennyson: “Struggle and seek, find and not give up!” And the date: 1868-1912.
This is a monument to Robert Falcon Scott.
What happened during his journey?
In 1920, the British government organized an expedition to Antarctica. It was headed by Robert Scott.
On November 29, 1910, the ship Terra Nova (New Land) set sail from New Zealand. The expedition consisted of 65 people, incl. Ukrainian groom Anton Omelchenko, Russian Cahors Dmitry Gurov.
The main base was established near the Erebus volcano (Ross Peninsula) - 170 east.
On November 1, 1911, they set out on a hike. On his trip to the Pole, Scott took with him a motor sled, sled dogs and short Manchurian ponies. The main bet was on horses, but they turned out to be of little use. The motor sled was damaged. The last team was left at the 82nd parallel. People were pulling sleighs with luggage.
On January 4, 1912, 150 miles from the Pole, Scott sent back 4 comrades, then 3 more at the 87th parallel.
Five went to the pole: doctor Edward Wilson, officers Lawrence Oates, Henry Bowers, Edgar Evans (out of 12) plus Scott.
The entire journey took 79 days.
Imagine their disappointment when they saw that the South Pole, to which they had so strived, had already been conquered.
In front of them stood a tent, in which they found a note that the pole was discovered by Roald Amudsen. And, as Scott writes, an offended English flag was hoisted nearby.
Now there is an even more difficult journey back to Cape Evans, which was 1400 km away.
The completely exhausted people again slowly moved through the loose snow and hard ice, dragging the sleigh with difficulty.
The warehouses were located far from each other. It was impossible to calculate the travel time to the nearest one.
Bowers, and after him Wilson, fell ill with steppe blindness.
Evans died first. Then the completely ill Ots, knowing that he had become a burden to his comrades, left the tent and did not return.
They were only 20 km short of reaching the food warehouse. There was no strength to go further. On March 29, 1912, three Englishmen died from hunger and cold, three brave people who survived never reached the food warehouse. These are Edward Wilston, Henry Bowers and Robert Scott.
Robert Scott was the last to die.
Only one thought worried him: Scott was fighting for his wife and son. Before his death, he had no faith that his homeland would help them. He wrote several letters to powerful friends asking for the necessary assistance for his family and the families of his comrades.
Then he wrote a letter: “To my wife...” After thinking, he crossed it out and wrote: “To my widow...” In the letter, he asked her to take care of her son and raise him to be a worthy man. His wife carried out his order.
In his diary, Scott wrote after falling asleep: “For God’s sake, don’t leave our loved ones.”
Only 8 months later, a tent was found, half covered with snow, with the bodies of brave travelers.
The bodies of Captain Scott and his comrades not only sink deeper into the ice, covered by new layers of snow, but also move with the ice towards the sea. They set off on their last journey - slow, inevitable.
In many, many years, an iceberg with their bodies will break off from the Ross Melor Glacier and, like a huge white sailboat, will move north, driven by winds and currents. Somewhere in the Drake Passage, or in the Pacific Ocean, or maybe in the South Atlantic, the iceberg will collapse under the blows of the waves, its fragments will melt, and brave travelers will finally find peace at the bottom of the sea, as befits real sailors.
So, Amudsen won, but the joy of victory was overshadowed by Scott's death.
“I would sacrifice fame, everything I could, to bring him back to life. My triumph is overshadowed by his tragedy, it haunts me."
Until the end of his life, Amudsen could not forgive himself for the death of his rival and ally. But the South Pole and a wise geographical map united the rivals, who went into immortality.
However, a person would not be a person if he did not strive forward, to where the unknown awaits him behind the veil of fog and blizzard.
And after the end of World War I, some states organized expeditions to Antarctica.
1928-30 - American expedition of Richard Byrd. This is how Mary Byrd's Land was born.
1929-31 - an Australian expedition on the Discovery ship, led by Douglas Mawson, explored the coast and mapped it (Victoria Land).
There were other trips, but they were interrupted for a long time by World War II.
And now we will ask our expert on modern research to provide us with new information.
Expert 6. The most intensive research began in the second half of the twentieth century.
In 1957-59 The International Geographical Year (MIT) took place. 65 countries of the world agreed to send their expeditions to various little-studied parts of the globe, incl. and to Antarctica. 60 research stations were built in Antarctica, and scientists from 12 countries of the world worked there: the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Japan, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, etc. Now 40 stations from 17 countries of the world operate there.
In 1959 The Antarctic Treaty was written. It was proclaimed a zone free from industrial production and military presence. This is a continent of scientists.
"Mirny" is the first Soviet Antarctic station, located on the coast of the Davis Sea.
Antarctica is home to many scientific polar stations and bases from various countries where scientific (including biological, geographical, geological and meteorological) research is conducted.
According to the Antarctic Treaty, any country for scientific purposes has the right to establish its own station south of 60° south latitude.
Scientists are studying the ozone layer, conducting meteorological research, geophysical, geological work and environmental assessments around the station. The study of mineral resources, flora and fauna of the area is of great importance.
Modern research in Antarctica covers the hard-to-reach interior regions of the continent and giant ice shelves. Cartographers compiled the Atlas of Antarctica. Geologists and geographers solve issues of geographical connections of the continent with other continents.
Currently, research in Antarctica is carried out not only under national, but also under international programs.
All research, as already mentioned, is carried out at research stations.
Exercise. Please look at the map of your atlas. Where are the largest number of stations located? Which countries?
Research in Antarctica is of great importance because by studying Antarctica we:
1) we learn the secrets of other continents;
2) we receive information about the past of our planet;
3) we can observe how this continent influences the climate (giant refrigerator)
4) observe changes in the ozonosphere, because The ozone layer has thinned over an area the size of the United States.
5) we have the opportunity to study the unique fauna of the continent;
6) and finally, we can have a continent on the planet where there are no wars, hostility, but there is peace, harmony and cooperation.
Antarctica continues to interest people. Just recently, the pole was re-conquered by participants from 18 countries. The Belarusian all-terrain vehicle took them to the pole in 10 days (1110 km). And the Orthodox priest installed a cross on the pole.
Reinforcing the material learned
Geographical dictation
Antarctica is... (ice continent)
The area of Antarctica is approximately...(14 million km)
Antarctica is located almost entirely behind… (Southern Arctic Circle)
In ancient times, people still suspected the existence of the Southern Continent... (Claudius Ptolemy)
Medieval researchers believed that Antarctica extended almost to... (equator)
Australius Incognito declared that there is no Terra in the 18th century... (James Cook)
For the first time they proved that Antarctica is a continent... (Bellingshausen and Lazarev)
The South Pole was discovered... (Amudsen, Scott)
The International Geophysical Year took place in... (1957-5 8 gg.)
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in... (1959 G.)
Antarctica was declared a continent... (scientists).
Crossword"Antarctica"
Commander of the ship "Mirny".
Commander of the ship "Vostok".
A man whose motto was: “Fight and seek, find and not
give up!"
The famous Norwegian who discovered the south pole.
Sea and ice shelf off the coast of Antarctica.
The man who denied the existence of the Unknown Southern Land.
The sea off the coast of Antarctica.
Symbol of Antarctica.
The sea is named after the famous English navigator.
Floating ice mountain.
Lesson summary
What new things have you learned about Antarctica?
Homework: work with theoretical material from the textbook;
prepare a report on modern
Antarctica research
Hemispheres in which the continent is located: western and eastern.
Position in relation to the prime meridian: intersects.
Position in relation to the equator: south of the equator.
Position in relation to the Southern Tropic: south of the Tropic.
Oceans and seas washing the continent: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans; Weddell, Bellingshausen, Amundsen, Ross seas.
Names and coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland: northern point - Cape Prime 65° S, southern point - South Pole.
The size of the territory and the outlines of the coasts in comparison with other continents: S = 13.8 million km2, S = 16.4 million km2; this is 2 times the S of Australia; The shores are icy and large, only the Antarctic Peninsula stands out.
Position in relation to other continents: south of all continents.
The influence of the geographical location of the continent on the formation of nature: The position of the continent within the southern polar circle led to the formation of a harsh climate and the formation of an ice shell.
2. On the map, mark with numbers: South Pole (1); Weddell Sea (2), Ross Sea (3), Bellingshausen Sea (4); Drake Passage (5); Antarctic Current (6); Mount Vinson (7).
3. Use the arrows to match.
- The discovery of Antarctica was made by F.F. Bellingshausen
- Roald Amundsen was the first to reach the South Pole
- M.P. was the first to land on the shores of Antarctica. Lazarev
4. Indicate what impact the following factors had on the nature of Antarctica:
- a) location in high latitudes: the harsh climate of high latitudes contributed to the formation of natural zones of Antarctic deserts;
- b) distance from other continents: isolation and formation of endemic species (lack of migration of species);
- c) the presence of a thick ice cover: poverty of flora or lack of vegetation cover, respectively poverty of fauna.
Why is the glacier bed in some places below sea level?
The huge mass of the glacial shell submerged the platform into the water, so part of the territory is below sea level; outlet glaciers descend along the slope of the platform.
Why is Antarctica called the “refrigerator” of the Earth?
The continent with the lowest temperatures and max. volume of glaciers.
Why is most of the iceberg hidden under water?
Due to its large size and mass (the density of ice is slightly lower than the density of water).
6. Provide evidence that the territory of Antarctica is characterized by environmental problems.
Interest in the nature of the continent has sparked active research; human activities are expanding and negatively affecting nature; coastal waters are being polluted by active international transport.
7. Fill out the map “Natural zones of Antarctica” using thematic maps and drawings.
- Natural area: Antarctic deserts
- Soils: no or peat bogs
- Plants: algae, mosses, lichens
- Animals: 1, 2, 3, 4
What adaptations help them survive?
Accumulation of a thick fat layer, herd lifestyle, food extraction in the seas, dense, non-wetting cover.
“Geographical position of the southern continents” - Pangea 200 million years ago. Minerals of the southern continents. Soil map. Savannas and woodlands of Africa, Australia, and partly South America. How does geographic location affect the nature of the continent? Equator. Why do many rivers have many waterfalls and rapids? Red-brown soils of savannas.
“Lesson from the continent” - Parallels Equator. Oceans. Australia. Africa. At the very edge of the Sahara Desert are the Egyptian pyramids. South America. The gray opossum is a nocturnal inhabitant of the Australian deserts. The platypus is an aquatic animal, lives in water, lays eggs, but feeds its young with milk. Continents and oceans. North and South America.
“Antarctica 7th grade” - First acquaintance with Antarctica. Modern Antarctica. Coal. Natural resources of Antarctica. Iron, copper, lead ores. Lower plants Mosses, lichens, mushrooms, algae are the most unpretentious plants. Discovery of Antarctica and the South Pole. Countries exploring the mainland. Minerals containing bromine, tin, manganese, molybdenum.
“Flora and fauna of Antarctica” - Cryolophosaurus “ice lizard with a crest.” Make a list of protected areas and protected species. Calanus. Emperor penguin. Penguins. Tardigrade. Anemones. Killer whale. Blue whale. Sea sponges. Adele. Polar station Leningradskaya. Birds of prey Skua Albatross. Flora and fauna of Antarctica.
“Life on different continents” - Life on different continents. The fields with this plant are completely flooded with water. The largest beetle in the world, up to 18 cm long. They cannot fly, but they swim and dive well; eat fish. Eucalyptus. Lesson: Life on different continents. Victoria region. Sequoia. Mosses, lichens. Antarctica. China. Penguin - Antarctica, eucalyptus -….(Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America, Antarctica).
“The World of Antarctica” - Animals: The animal world is connected with the oceans washing the continent. The average daily temperature in summer is no higher than -30 degrees, and in winter below -70 degrees. Ice cover Subglacial relief Climate Organic world. Discoveries and first research. Silent, deserted, mysterious, white, continent. Modern organisms of Antarctica are represented by mosses, lichens, microscopic fungi and algae, etc.
Antarctica Antarctica Concepts Antarctica and Antarctica. The concepts of Antarctica and Antarctica. General information about Antarctica. General information about Antarctica. Iceberg. Iceberg. The history of the discovery of the continent. The history of the discovery of the continent. Geographical location of Antarctica. Geographical location of Antarctica. Discovery of the South Pole. Discovery of the South Pole. Testing students' knowledge. Testing students' knowledge.
General information about the continent The area of Antarctica is 14 million square meters. km. The continent is located within the Antarctic Circle. This continent is the highest and coldest. The thickness of the ice cover is m. The ice of Antarctica contains 80% of the planet's fresh water. Here the strongest winds and frosts reach 89° C. There is no permanent population on the mainland. The area of Antarctica is 14 million square meters. km. The continent is located within the Antarctic Circle. This continent is the highest and coldest. The thickness of the ice cover is m. The ice of Antarctica contains 80% of the planet's fresh water. Here the strongest winds and frosts reach 89° C. There is no permanent population on the mainland.
Iceberg Iceberg Ice is slowly sliding from the continent into the oceans. Ice shelves break off and form icebergs - floating mountains of ice. There are table-shaped and pyramidal icebergs. Ice is slowly sliding from the continent into the oceans. Ice shelves break off and form icebergs - floating mountains of ice. There are table-shaped and pyramidal icebergs.
Scheme of the voyage of the Russian Antarctic expedition.
On January 28, 1820, ships approached the mainland for the first time. As a result of the expedition, the new continent of Antarctica was discovered and 28 objects were mapped and given Russian names. After 751 days of sailing, the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” returned to St. Petersburg on August 5, 1821.
Determine the geographical location of Antarctica Determine how the continent is located relative to the equator, the Arctic Circle and the prime meridian. Determine how the continent is located relative to the equator, the Arctic Circle and the prime meridian. In what climate zones is Antarctica located? In what climate zones is Antarctica located? Determine which oceans and seas wash the continent. Determine which oceans and seas wash the continent. How is Antarctica located relative to other continents? How is Antarctica located relative to other continents?
Discovery of the South Pole Discovery of the South Pole On December 14, 1911, Norwegian explorer Raul Amundsen and four comrades reached the South Pole. The expedition returned home safely. On December 14, 1911, Norwegian explorer Raul Amundsen and four comrades reached the South Pole. The expedition returned home safely. The English expedition was led by Robert Scott. They reached the South Pole on January 18, 1912. On the way back, R. Scott's group died before reaching 18 km. to the base where there were food and fuel. The English expedition was led by Robert Scott. They reached the South Pole on January 18, 1912. On the way back, R. Scott's group died before reaching 18 km. to the base where there were food and fuel.
Test yourself 1. Antarctica is: A) a continent B) an island covered with ice C) drifting ice 2. What influence does Antarctica have on the climate of the Southern Hemisphere? A) warming B) cooling C) moisturizing 3. Discoverers of Antarctica: A) F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev B) Roald Amundsen C) James Cook 4. An iceberg is: A) drifting ice floes of the Arctic B) ice floes rising from the bottom of the ocean C) continental ice sliding into the ocean 5. If the ice of Antarctica is melted, then the level of the World Ocean: A) will not change B) will rise C) will fall Answers: 1 A; 2 B: 3 A; 4 V; 5 B
