home Construction Stage 1 of the statistical study. Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized collection of data on the studied phenomena and processes of public life

Stage 1 of the statistical study. Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized collection of data on the studied phenomena and processes of public life

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Law Institute

Faculty of Law

abstract

by discipline

"Legal statistics"

Methods and main stages of statistical research.

Student performed work

Gribanov A.S.

Moscow

Introduction

1. The concept of statistical research

2. Methods of statistical research

3. Organization and stages of statistical research

Conclusion

List of references

Introduction

Statistics knows everything, ”Ilf and Petrov claimed in their famous novel“ The Twelve Chairs ”and continued:“ It is known how much food the average citizen of the republic eats per year ... It is known how many hunters, ballerinas ... machine tools, bicycles, monuments, lighthouses and sewing machines ... How many lives, full of ardor, passions and thoughts, look at us from statistical tables! .. "Why do we need these tables, how to compile and process them, what conclusions can be drawn from them - statistics answer these questions (from Italian stato - state (Latin status) .Statistics is a science that studies, processes and analyzes quantitative data on the most diverse mass phenomena in life.

Statistical research has firmly entered our daily lives. Government and commercial entities regularly collect extensive information about society and the environment. These data are published in the form of tables and diagrams. Everyone should be well versed in the flow of information. This means that he must extract, analyze and process information, make decisions in a variety of situations.

In my work, I will consider statistical studies, what they are, what are the methods of statistical research, how the research data are organized and what stages they consist of.

1. The concept of statistical research

Observation as the initial stage of the study is associated with the collection of initial data on the issue under study. It is characteristic of many sciences. However, each science has its own specifics, differing in its observations. Therefore, not every observation is statistical.

A statistical study is a collection, summarization and analysis of data (facts) on socio-economic, demographic and other phenomena and processes of public life in a state, scientifically organized according to a single program, with the registration of their most significant features in accounting records.

Distinctive features (specifics) of a statistical study are: purposefulness, organization, mass character, systematic (comprehensiveness), comparability, documentation, controllability, practicality.

In general, a statistical study should:

* have a socially useful goal and universal (state) significance;

* relate to the subject of statistics in the specific conditions of its place and time;

* Express a statistical type of accounting (and not accounting and not operational);

* carried out according to a pre-developed program with its scientifically sound methodological and other support;

* collect mass data (facts), which reflects the totality of causal and other factors that diversify the phenomenon;

* register in the form of accounting documents of a standard form;

* guarantee the absence of observation errors or reduce them to a possible minimum;

* provide for certain quality criteria and ways to control the data collected, ensuring their reliability, completeness and richness;

* focus on cost-effective technology for collecting and processing data;

* be a reliable information base for all subsequent stages of statistical research and all users of statistical information.

Studies that do not meet these requirements are not statistical.

Non-statistical studies, for example,

observation and research: mothers playing with a child (personal question);

the audience behind the theatrical production (there is no record documentation for the spectacle);

researcher for physical and chemical experiments with their measurements, calculations and documentary registration (not mass-public data);

a doctor for patients with medical records (operational records);

accountants for the movement of funds in the bank account of the enterprise (accounting);

journalists for the public and personal life of government officials or other celebrities (not a subject of statistics).

A statistical population is a set of units with mass character, typicality, qualitative uniformity and the presence of variation.

The statistical population consists of materially existing objects (employees, enterprises, countries, regions), is the object of statistical research.

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized collection of data on the studied phenomena and processes of public life.

2. Methods of statistical research

It should be emphasized that statistics that are called materials that are specially created according to predefined principles and methods are subject to further processing by mathematical methods, i.e. will study the quantitative characteristics of the studied object. They are created in two stages:

1) primary documents (primary sources) - questionnaires, brown sheets, questionnaires, etc .;

2) summary statements, summary tables, which are processed by methods of mathematical statistics; these summary documents are usually called "statistics."

Any statistical study involves the following:

1) serious preliminary work;

2) direct data collection;

3) work on the analysis of the data.

The study is conducted according to a specific algorithm, while passing through each stage requires the use of special methods and is closed to the content of the work performed.

The algorithm for conducting statistical research can be represented as follows.

1. Development of a research program or observation program. At this stage, the goals and objectives of the survey are determined, the coverage of the studied objects, the degree of coverage of the objects, chronological and geographical frames, observation units, indicators to be recorded, the primary source form for filling in the data, and mechanisms for collecting information, monitoring the quality of information collection, processing are thought out and analysis of the data.

A surveillance program is a list of signs to be registered. Supervision Registration Records

Observation period - the time during which information is recorded.

Critical observation date - the date on which information is reported.

2. Statistical observation can be short-term or long-term (carried out over a period), continuous or selective. As a result, as a rule, a complex of mass documents appears.

3. Summary and grouping of statistical data - calculation and grouping of collected data, as a result of which the latter are transformed into a system of statistical tables and subtotals.

4. Data analysis, providing for the preliminary formulation of tasks carried out by the methods of statistical analysis.

5. Interpretation of data - an explanation of the results, comparing them with similar indicators.

Types of statistical documents and methods for their subsequent processing are determined in accordance with the methods of data collection, all this is reflected and determined by a previously developed program and depends on the objectives of the study.

At the data collection stage, statistical observation has two main forms:

1) reporting based on current monitoring, current (permanent) registration of facts and events;

2) specially organized statistical monitoring.

Statistical observation can be carried out by the following methods.

1. By time:

1) current (continuous) observation, carried out systematically;

2) periodic observation, repeated after a certain period of time (livestock census);

3) a one-time observation, carried out as necessary, without taking into account the time interval (accounting workflow).

2. In terms of coverage of units of observation:

1) continuous observation, as a result of which all units of the studied population are examined (general population census);

2) not continuous observation, when part of the units of the studied object is examined, selected in a certain way; types of non-continuous observation are:

a) the method of the main array, when part of the units of the population that have the most pronounced studied characteristics are examined;

b) questionnaire observation, when using a survey sheet a set of features is studied, which is then extrapolated to the entire population;

c) monographic observation, i.e. identification of various trends in the development of phenomena and characteristics in one set;

d) selective observation - part of the studied units processed randomly (family budget);

e) direct observation, in which the fact to be registered is established, and on this basis, entries are made in the registration journal (form).

In statistics, there is the following classification of methods for collecting information:

Correspondent, carried out by a staff of voluntary correspondents;

Expeditionary, implemented orally by specially trained employees;

Questionnaire (in the form of questionnaires);

Self-registration (filling out the forms by the respondents themselves);

Apparent (marriages, children, divorces).

Processing information obtained from primary sources usually consists in systematizing information. Over time, information processing methods have changed significantly.

Appearing initially as a system of numerical description, which implied accounting for the population and land, in the XVIII century. which was enshrined in legislative acts, domestic statistics underwent a significant evolution in the 19th and 20th centuries and formed as a complex, ramified system based on scientific mathematical methods and computer technologies.

By the beginning of the 20th century in the field of statistics, there was serious work experience, the basic principles of the collection and analysis of information were formed. The main directions of statistics, its methods (reports, surveys, censuses; the structure of statistical material and the system of statistical studies), laid down and tested in the 19th century, developed throughout the 20th century.

Statistical (quantitative) descriptions within the framework of regional studies, using the simplest arithmetic calculations, have gradually been replaced by complex mathematical and computer methods that allow obtaining detailed statistics, as well as forecasting and modeling the development of statistical indicators on its basis.

The first objects of research were the population and land, taxation problems were solved, for which the total number of inhabitants was calculated, patterns in the development of population were revealed, land censuses were conducted. The main demographic characteristic was the total population. Data on births, deaths, and the number of marriages were given, tables of mortality, survival to a certain age were compiled, by calculating the difference between the number of births and deaths over the year, the average population growth was determined.

Today, statistics uses massive statistical observations, the method of groupings, averages, indices, the balance method, the method of graphic images and other methods of analyzing statistical data.

Gradually changed and types of documents. Military-statistical descriptions and descriptions of the province "in historical, statistical and ethnographic terms", scribe books and revisions were replaced by complex selective and universal censuses ("The First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire in 1897," the Agricultural and Industrial Censuses), a system of multivariate reports and the development of an interbranch balance of the national economy by years.

3. Organization and stages of statistical research

To get an idea about a particular phenomenon, to draw conclusions, it is necessary to conduct a statistical study. The subject of a statistical study in health care and medicine can be public health, the organization of medical care, various sections of the activities of medical institutions, environmental factors that affect the state of health.

The methodological sequence of performing statistical research consists of certain stages.

Stage 1. Drawing up a plan and research program.

2 stage. Material collection (statistical observation).

3 stage. Material development, statistical grouping and summary

4th stage. Statistical analysis of the phenomenon under study, the formulation of conclusions.

5 stage. Literary processing and presentation of the results.

Upon completion of the statistical study, recommendations and managerial decisions are developed, the results of the study are put into practice, and effectiveness is evaluated.

In conducting statistical research, the most important element is the observance of a strict sequence in the implementation of these steps.

The first stage of the statistical study - compiling a plan and program - is preparatory, which defines the purpose and objectives of the study, compiles a plan and a research program, develops a program of summary statistical material and resolves organizational issues.

The goal determines the main direction of research and is, as a rule, not only theoretical, but also practical. The goal is formulated clearly, clearly, unambiguously.

To disclose the goal, the objectives of the study are determined.

An important point in the preparatory phase is the development of an organizational plan. The organizational plan of the study provides for the determination of the place (administrative-territorial boundaries of observation), time (specific dates for monitoring, development and analysis of the material) and the subject of the study (organizers, performers, methodological and organizational guidance, sources of funding for the study).

The research plan includes:

Determination of the object of study (statistical population);

The volume of the study (solid, not solid);

Types (current, one-time);

Ways to collect statistical information. The research program includes:

Definition of a unit of observation;

The list of issues (accounting features) to be registered in relation to each observation unit *

Development of an individual accounting (registration) form with a list of questions and features subject to accounting;

Development of layouts of tables, in which the results of the study are then entered.

A separate form is filled out for each observation unit, it contains the passport part, clearly worded, program questions posed in a certain sequence and the date the document was completed.

To enable statistical development of data from these documents, information is copied onto specially designed accounting forms, the content of which is determined in each individual case in accordance with the objectives of the study.

Currently, in connection with the computer processing of observation results using computers, program questions can be formalized when questions in the accounting document are put in the form of an alternative (yes, no), or ready-made answers are offered, from which a specific answer should be selected.

At the first stage of the statistical study, along with the monitoring program, a program of a summary of the obtained data is compiled, which includes establishing the principles of grouping, identifying grouping features, determining combinations of these features, compiling mock-ups of statistical tables.

The second stage - the collection of statistical material (statistical observation) - consists in registering individual cases of the phenomenon under study and the accounting features characterizing them in registration forms. Before and during the performance of this work, briefing (oral or written) is carried out for the monitoring performers, providing them with registration forms.

In time, statistical observation can be current and one-time.

With current observation, the phenomenon is studied for a certain separate period of time (week, quarter, year, etc.) by daily recording of the phenomenon as each occurrence occurs.

In a one-time observation, statistics are collected at a specific (critical) point in time. A single registration reflects the state of the phenomenon at the time of study. This type of observation is used to study slowly changing phenomena.

The choice of the type of observation over time is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study.

Depending on the completeness of the coverage of the studied phenomenon, continuous and non-continuous research are distinguished.

In a continuous study, all units of observation that are part of the population are studied, i.e. the general population. A continuous study is carried out in order to establish the absolute dimensions of the phenomenon. The continuous method is also used in cases where information is necessary for operational work.

With a non-continuous study, only part of the population is studied. It is divided into several types: questionnaire, monographic, the main array, selective.

Monographic method - gives a detailed description of individual units of the aggregate characteristic in some respect and a deep, comprehensive description of objects.

The main array method - involves the study of those objects in which a large majority of observation units are concentrated. The disadvantage of this method is that it remains unreached by the study part of the population, although small in size, but which can significantly differ from the main array.

The questionnaire method is the collection of statistical data using specially designed questionnaires addressed to a certain circle of people. This study is based on the principle of voluntariness, so returning profiles is often incomplete. Often the answers to these questions are imprinted by subjectivity and randomness. This method is used to obtain an approximate characteristic of the phenomenon under study.

The selective method - is reduced to the study of some specially selected part of the units of observation to characterize the entire population. The advantage of this method is to obtain results of a high degree of reliability, as well as significantly lower cost. The study employs fewer performers; moreover, it requires less time.

According to the method of obtaining information during the statistical observation and the nature of its implementation, several types are distinguished:

1) direct observation

2) sociological methods: interview method (face-to-face survey), questionnaires (correspondence survey - anonymous or non-anonymous), etc .;

3) documentary research.

The third stage - grouping and summarizing the material - begins with checking and clarifying the number of observations, the completeness and accuracy of the information received, identifying and eliminating errors, duplicate entries, etc.

For the correct development of the material, encryption of primary accounting documents is used, i.e. the designation of each sign and its group with a sign - alphanumeric. Encryption is a technical technique that facilitates and accelerates the development of material, increasing the quality and accuracy of development. Ciphers - conventions - are generated arbitrarily. When encrypting diagnoses, it is recommended to use the international nomenclature and classification of diseases; when encrypting professions - vocabulary of professions.

The advantage of encryption is that, if necessary, after the completion of the main development, you can return to the material for development in order to clarify new relationships and dependencies. Encrypted accounting material allows you to do this easier and faster than unencrypted. After verification, a grouping of signs is carried out.

Grouping - the division of the totality of the studied data into homogeneous, typical groups according to the most essential features. Grouping can be carried out on qualitative and quantitative grounds. The choice of a grouping attribute depends on the nature of the studied population and the objectives of the study.

Typological grouping is performed according to qualitative (descriptive, attributive) attributes.

Grouping by quantitative (variational) signs is carried out on the basis of the numerical dimensions of the sign. Quantitative grouping requires solving the question of the size of the grouping interval: the interval can be equal, and in some cases unequal, even include the so-called open groups.

When determining the number of groups proceed from the purpose and objectives of the study. It is necessary that groups can reveal the patterns of the phenomenon under study. A large number of groups can lead to excessive crushing of the material, unnecessary detail. A small number of groups leads to obscuring the characteristic features.

Having finished grouping the material, proceed to the summary.

Summary - a summary of individual cases obtained as a result of a statistical study in certain groups, their calculation and inclusion in the layouts of tables.

A summary of statistical material is carried out using statistical tables. A table that is not filled with numbers is called a layout.

Statistical tables are brown, chronological, territorial.

The table has a subject and a predicate. The statistical subject is usually placed on horizontal lines in the left part of the table and reflects the main, main characteristic. The statistical predicate is placed from left to right in vertical graphs and reflects additional accounting attributes.

Statistical tables are divided into simple, group and combination.

Simple tables show the numerical distribution of the material according to one characteristic, its component parts. A simple table usually contains a simple list or summary of the entire phenomenon being studied.

When compiling tables, certain requirements must be observed:

Each table should have a title reflecting its content;

Inside the table, all columns should also have clear, concise names;

When filling out the table, all cells of the table should contain the corresponding numerical data. The cells of the table that are left blank due to the absence of this combination are crossed out ("-"), and in the absence of information in the cell, "ns" or "...";

After filling out the table in the bottom horizontal row and in the last right vertical column, the results of the vertical graphs and horizontal rows are summarized.

Tables should have uniform consecutive numbering.

In studies with a small volume of observations, a summary is done manually. All accounting documents are divided into groups in accordance with the attribute code. Next, the data are counted and recorded in the corresponding table cell.

The fourth stage - statistical analysis - is the crucial stage of the study. At this stage, the calculation of statistical indicators (frequency, structure, average dimensions of the phenomenon under study) is carried out, their graphic representation is given, dynamics, trends are studied, and relations between the phenomena are established. forecasts are made, etc. Analysis involves the interpretation of the data obtained, the assessment of the reliability of the research results. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn.

The fifth stage - literary processing is final. It involves the finalization of the results of a statistical study. The results can be presented in the form of an article, report, report, dissertation, etc. For each type of design, there are certain requirements that must be observed in the literary processing of the results of a statistical study.

Conclusion

To study various social and socio-economic phenomena, as well as some processes occurring in nature, special statistical studies are carried out. Any statistical study begins with a focused collection of information about the phenomenon or process being studied.

The purpose of a statistical study, like any scientific research, is to reveal the essence of mass phenomena and processes, as well as their inherent patterns. A distinctive feature of these patterns is that they do not apply to each individual unit of the population, but to the entire mass of units as a whole. The general principle underlying the study of statistical laws is the so-called law of large numbers.

To summarize and systematize the data obtained as a result of statistical observation, they are divided into groups by any criterion and the grouping results are tabulated.

When conducting a statistical study after collecting and grouping the data, they proceed to their analysis, using various generalizing indicators for this.

List of references

1. Eliseeva I.I. Social Statistics Textbook 3rd ed., Rev. and add. -M .: Finance and statistics, 2003.

2. Methods of statistical research / Electronic source (http://studme.org/43731/istoriya/metody_statisticheskih_issledovaniy).

3. Legal statistics: textbook / Ed. B.C. Lyalina, A.V. Simonenko. -2nd ed., Revised. and add. M .: UNITY-DANA, 2010.

4. Savyuk L.K. Legal statistics / Textbook, Moscow: Lawyer, 2004.

5. Statistics: textbook for bachelors / ed. I.I. Eliseeva. - 3rd ed., Revised. and add. - M.: Publishing house Yurayt, 2014.

6. Encyclopedia of statistical terms. t.1. Methodological foundations of statistics. FSGS, 2012.

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2 Summary and grouping of materials of statistical observation. The concept of a statistical summary, its objectives and content .............................. 15

3 Rational forms of presentation of statistical material ... ... ... ... .18

3.1 Statistical table and its elements …………… ... ………………… 18

3.2 Graphical method for the study of commercial activities ....... ..... 19

4 Solution of the problem ...................................................................

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… .21

List of references .................................................. 22

Introduction

Sanitary (medical) statistics studies issues related to medicine, hygiene, and healthcare. It is an important part of social hygiene and health care organization and at the same time is one of the branches of statistics.

In health statistics, there are three main sections: population health statistics, health statistics and clinical statistics.

Tasks of sanitary statistics:

identification of the characteristics of the state of health of the population and the factors that determine it;

the study of data on the network, activities and personnel of health facilities, as well as data on the results of therapeutic measures;

the application of sanitary statistics methods in experimental, clinical, hygienic and laboratory studies.

Health statistics materials are aimed at finding ways to improve public health and improve the health system.

Health statistics are used to:

one). Currently, the development of advanced biomedical, physical, and other research methods, the introduction of new diagnostic techniques leads to the accumulation of numerical data characterizing the state of the body and the environment. Given the amount of information about the body, one can understand the need for data synthesis using statistical methods;

2). Determination of sanitary and hygienic standards, calculation of doses of drugs, determination of standards of physical development, evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied methods of prevention and treatment.

Accounting and estimated indicators reflect the volume or level of the phenomenon being studied; analytical indicators are used to characterize the features of the development of the phenomenon, the prevalence in space, the ratio of its parts, the relationship with other phenomena.

Statistical methodology is a combination of general rules (principles) and special techniques and methods of statistical research. The general rules of statistical research are based on the provisions of socio-economic theory and the principle of the dialectical method of cognition. They constitute the theoretical basis of statistics. Based on the theoretical basis, statistics apply specific methods of digital illumination of the phenomenon, which find their expression in three stages (stages) of statistical research:

1. A massive scientifically-organized observation, with the help of which primary information about individual units (factors) of the studied phenomenon is obtained.

2. Grouping and summarizing the material, which is a division of the entire mass of cases (units) into homogeneous groups and subgroups, counting the results for each group and subgroup and formatting the results in a statistical table.

3. Processing of statistical indicators obtained during the summary, and analysis of the results to obtain reasonable conclusions about the state of the phenomenon under study and the laws of its development. This is the concept of science - Statistics. The subject of statistics, as a science, is the study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena inextricably linked with their qualitative characteristics. From this definition, there are three main features of statistics:

1. investigated the quantitative side of the phenomena;

2. investigated mass social phenomena;

3. A quantitative characteristic of mass phenomena based on the study of qualitative parameters is given.

Statistics involves the use of a combination of dialectical methods of cognition. In the process of statistical research, special methods are also used, invented to better represent statistical populations.

A statistical population is a mass of units united by a single qualitative basis, but differing in a number of varying signs. Variation (change) of signs (often quantitative) can occur in time, in space, in the mutual change of one sign from another. For example, the size of a worker’s wages based on the number of products they produce.

1.1 Statistical Observation

Statistical observation is the systematic, scientifically based collection of data or information about socio-economic phenomena and processes. Statistical observation is the initial stage of economic and statistical research.

1) Statistical observation must meet the following requirements: observed phenomena must have scientific or practical value, express certain socio-economic types of phenomena;

2) the direct collection of mass data should ensure the completeness of the facts related to this issue, since the phenomena are in constant change, development. If complete data are not available, the analysis and conclusions may be erroneous;

3) to ensure the reliability of statistical data, a thorough and comprehensive verification of the quality of the collected facts is necessary, which is one of the most important characteristics of statistical observation;

4) the scientific organization of statistical monitoring is necessary in order to create the best conditions for obtaining objective materials.

The tasks facing the manager determine the purpose of the observation. The overall goal of statistical monitoring is to provide information management. the goal determines the object of statistical observation - the totality of phenomena, objects covered by observation. The object of observation consists of certain units. The unit of the aggregate can be a person, fact, subject, process, etc. The unit of observation is the primary element of the object of statistical observation. This element is a carrier of signs recorded during observation. A unit of observation is an element of the population by which the necessary data is collected. The choice of object and units of observation depends on specific conditions. Observation units have many different attributes. The correctness, manifested not in an individual phenomenon, but in a mass of homogeneous phenomena, when summarizing the data of a statistical population is called a statistical regularity. For the study of statistical laws, the law of large numbers is fundamental. In a large number of observations, random bi-directional deviations mutually cancel out. In the observation process, the most significant or interrelated features are used to record data. Clarity in determining the unit of observation makes it possible to reasonably determine the recorded signs of observation with a minimum number of signs related to the studied problem, phenomenon. Refinement and formation of the attributes of a unit of observation is based on the following general rules: These general approaches to determining the attributes of a unit of observation are supplemented by specific features of the processes being studied.

The unit of observation should not be confused with the reporting unit. Reporting is such a unit from which conditional reporting data is obtained according to the approved forms. If the observation is carried out by reporting, then the reporting unit, basically, may coincide with the unit of observation. The reporting unit is also called informative. It may not coincide with the unit of observation.

After determining the object, the researcher must identify the boundaries that determine the studied population, the phenomenon. To limit an object, specific values \u200b\u200bor attribute limits are set. Such quantitative limitations of attributes are called qualifications. This is a series of features, the quantitative value of which during statistical observation serves as the basis for accounting (or non-attribution) of a unit in the studied population.

The moment or period of observation is the time at which data is recorded. The moment of observation is set in accordance with the purpose, features of the phenomenon. In practice, it is also called a critical moment. Some phenomena, processes have seasonal or other cyclic components.

1.1.1 Classification of statistical observation on various grounds

Statistical observation is divided into:

1) by type of observations into 2 groups:

In terms of coverage of aggregate units for continuous and non-continuous;

Statistical study - This is a scientifically organized, according to a single program, collection, summarization and analysis of data (facts) on socio-economic, demographic and other phenomena and processes of public life in the state with the registration of their most significant features in accounting records.

Distinctive features (specifics) of a statistical study are: purposefulness, organization, mass character, systematic (comprehensiveness), comparability, documentation, controllability, practicality.

Statistical research consists of three main stages:

1) collection of primary statistical information (statistical observation) - observation, collection of data on the values \u200b\u200bof the studied attribute of units of the stat-state, CT is the foundation of the future stat-analysis. If an error is made during the collection of primary statistical data or the material is poor-quality, this will affect the correctness and reliability of both theoretical and practical conclusions.

2) statistical summary and processing of primary information - data are systematized and grouped. The results of stat groupings and summaries are presented in the form of stat-x tables. It is the most rational, systematized, compact and visual form of representing mass data.

3) generalization and interpretation of statistical information - analysis of statistical information is carried out ..

All these stages are interconnected, the absence of one of them leads to a break in the integrity of the statistical study.

Stages of Stat Research

1. Goal setting

2. Definition of the object of observation

3. Definition of units of observation

4. Designing a research program

5.Drafting instructions for filling out the form

6. Summary and grouping of data (brief analysis)

Basic concepts and categories of statistical science.

1. Statistical population - this is a set of phenomena that have one or more common features and differ from each other in the values \u200b\u200bof other features. Such, for example, the totality of households, the totality of families, the totality of enterprises, firms, associations, etc.

2. Sign - this property, a characteristic feature of the phenomenon, subject to statistical study

3. Statistical indicator - This is a generalizing quantitative characteristic of the social-economic phenomena and processes in their qualitative certainty in a particular place and time. Statistical indicators can be divided into two main types: accounting and estimated indicators (sizes, volumes, levels of the studied phenomenon) and analytical indicators (relative and average values, indicators of variation, etc.).

4. Unit of Sovi- this is each individual subject to stat-study.

5. Variation - this is the variability of the magnitude of the sign in individual units of the sov-ti phenomena.

6. Pattern - called repeatability and the order of changes in the phenomena.

The main stages of statistical observation.

1st observation - This is a scientifically based collection of data on the social-economical phenomenon of public life.

Stages of CH:

1. Preparation for statistical observation - involves the use of the method of mass observations, which is nothing more than the collection of primary statistical information. (solution of scientific, methodological and organizational-technical issues).

2. Summary and grouping of primary stat data - collected information using the method of stat groupings in a certain way is generalized and distributed. including work, begins with the distribution of census forms, questionnaires, forms, forms of statistical reporting and ends with their submission after filling out the bodies conducting the monitoring.

3. Analysis of stat information - using the method of generalizing indicators, an analysis of stat information is carried out.

4. Development of proposals for improving CH - the reasons are analyzed, which led to the incorrect filling of the stat form and proposals are developed to improve the observation.

Obtaining information during CT SN requires considerable financial labor costs as well as time. (opinion polls)

Grouping statistics.

Grouping - This is a division of Sov-ti into groups according to essential features.

Reasons for the grouping: the uniqueness of the object of stat-research.

Using the grouping method, the following problem is solved: allocation of social economy types and phenomena; studying the structure of the phenomenon and structural changes occurring in it; revealing the connection and dependence between the phenomena.

Solving these problems with the help of typological, structural and analytical groups.

Typological group - identification of types of social-economic phenomena (gr industrial enterprises by ownership)

Structural Group –Study of structure and structural changes. With the help of such groups, the following can be studied: the composition of us by gender, age, place of residence, etc.

Analytical Group - identification of the relationship between signs.

Stages of building SG:

1. choice of grouping characteristic

2. determination of the required number of groups;

3. set the boundaries of the intervals

4. the establishment for each group of indicators or their systems, the selected groups should be characterized.

Grouping systems.

Grouping system - This is a series of interconnected statistical groupings according to the most essential features, comprehensively reflecting the most important aspects of the phenomena studied.

Typological group - this is the division of the studied qualitatively heterogeneous society into classes, social-economic types (gr industrial enterprises by ownership)

Structural Group - characterizes the composition of a homogeneous Council on certain grounds. With the help of such groups, the following can be studied: the composition of us by gender, age, place of residence, etc.

Analytical Group - used in the study of the relationship between the characteristics, one of the factors is CT (affects the change in performance), the other is effective (signs that change under the influence of factors).

Construction and types of distribution series.

Stat distribution series - This is an ordered distribution of units of scoops into groups according to a certain varying attribute.

Distinguish: attributive and variational distribution delights.

Attributive- This is a river site built on quality grounds. R.R. made out in the form of tables. They characterize the composition of the council according to existing features, taken over several periods, these data allow us to study the change in structure.

Variational - This is a river bank built on a quantitative basis. Any variation series consists of 2 elements: variants and frequencies.

Options the individual values \u200b\u200bof the attribute are considered, which he takes in the variation series, i.e. the specific meaning of the varying attribute.

Frequencies - these are the numbers of individual variants or each group of the variation series, i.e. these are numbers showing how often these or those options are encountered in a river

Variation series:

1. discrete - characterizes the distribution of units of units on a discrete basis (distribution of families by the number of rooms in individual apartments).

2. Interval - the sign is presented as an interval; it is advisable primarily with continuous variation of the trait.

Most conveniently analyze with the help of their graphic image, which allows us to judge the form of distribution. A clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe character of the change in the frequencies of the variational series is given by the polygon and the histogram, there is an ogiva and a cumulate.

Statistical tables.

ST - This is a rational and widespread form of representing statistical data.

The table is the most rational, visual and compact form of presentation of the stat-material.

Basic techniques that determine the technique of forming the CT trace:

1. T should be compact and contain only those source data, which directly reflect the studied social-economical phenomenon in the art.

2. The heading of the table and the names of columns and lines should be clear, concise.

3. The information is located in the columns (columns) of the table and ends with a summary line.

5. It is useful to number graphs and lines, etc.

In terms of their logical content, STs constitute a “stat sentence,” based on elements which are subject and predicate.

The subject The name of the object is characterized by numbers. this is m. one or more owls, from units of owls.

Predicate CT are indicators, CT characterize the object of study, i.e. subject table. That being said, these are the top headers and the state of the content of the graph from left to right.

9. The concept of absolute value in statistics .

Stat pok-whether Is a qualitatively defined variable that quantifies the object of study or its properties.

A.v. - this is a general indicator that characterizes the size, scale or volume of a particular phenomenon in specific conditions of place and time.

Ways to Express: natural units (t., pcs., qty); labor dimension (slave. VR, laborious); value expression

Production methods: registration of facts, summary and grouping, calculation according to the methodology definition (GDP, ratings, etc.)

Types of AB: 1.individual AB - characterize individual elements of general phenomena 2. Total AB - characteristic indicators for the total of objects.

The absolute change (/ _ \\) is the difference between 2 AB.

Statistical studies require special training to conduct it at a high scientific level.

Statistical study - This is a scientific and organizational process in which a single program monitors certain phenomena and processes, collects, registers primary data, processes them and analyzes them.

Any research begins with taking into account the facts and collecting the primary material, which, depending on the purpose and task of the work, can be versatile in meaning and methods of obtaining. For example, censuses are needed to study the number and composition of a population. To study the spread of diseases, it is necessary to record and register certain diseases in medical institutions. It is possible to obtain systematic information on the activities of medical institutions only when they organize the proper type of relevant data. Therefore, the task of a statistical study is to collect objective, reliable and complete in terms of basic information.

The process of statistical research can be divided into stages:

Compilation of a statistical research plan, development of its program;

Registration and collection of statistical material;

Development and summary of data;

Statistical analysis;

Putting research results into practice.

Statistical research plan and program

Statistical research is always carried out according to a certain plan, which includes both programs and organizational issues, and is determined by the task of statistical observation, which should provide a complete and comprehensive description of the phenomenon under study. Thus, the preparation of the research plan anticipates the solution of a number of organizational issues that lie in the formation of the goal, tasks of the study, the choice of the object and unit of observation, the place and time of the study, the source of information, the form of practical implementation, as well as methods of statistical research.

goal statistical research answers the question "why study?".

She foresees the determination of the inherent patterns and relationships of this phenomenon with others, the development of measures to reduce the impact of negative factors on health, the introduction of work results in health care practices and measures aimed at improving the quality of medical care.

A taskanswers the question "what to do?".

So, for example, the task of a statistical study may be to study the level and structure of the phenomenon (morbidity, mortality) in certain groups of the population, the frequency of the phenomenon in groups that are influenced by various factors (environment, biological and social), the volume and quality of medical care for certain groups population.

When preparing an observation, in addition to the goal, it is necessary to determine what is subject to examination - to establish it an object, namely, a statistical set of persons or phenomena, which consists of units, facts that are subject to study. So, for example, it can be a combination of individuals (sick, deceased), functional units (bedridden places in a hospital, hospital), contingents which are inherent in certain phenomena (non-working workers), etc.

The object of statistical observation should have the boundaries designated for the study of the population. So, for example, before conducting a statistical study, the activity of medical institutions should be determined by the activity of which institutions will be studied. They are governed by the objectives of the study.

When studying the spread of diseases and mortality, it is also necessary to outline the boundaries of this population, among which population groups this phenomenon should be studied. If you do not determine the exact object and boundaries of the study, then the data obtained will not give a complete understanding of the level and composition of the phenomenon.

When conducting a census, the object of observation will be the totality of people who live permanently in a certain territory. It is important to know who to enumerate: the population that actually lives in the given territory at the time of the census, or who lives permanently. So, it is important to know the data on the actual population for organizing various types of services, including medical, and the number of people who live permanently to determine the composition of different contingents (for example, children of preschool or school age to determine their provision with schools and child care facilities) . Thus, the choice and purpose of an object depends on the purpose and objectives of the statistical study.

Simultaneously with the definition of the object, it is necessary to assign a unit of observation. The unit of observation (unit of account) is an integral part of the statistical population (individual, individual phenomenon), a component of the object, which is characterized by signs that must be registered and studied (gender, age, body weight at birth, length of service, treatment outcome, time spent in hospital, etc.). It must be clearly defined: so when studying diseases, the unit of observation can be like a sick person. So a certain disease, depending on the tasks and research objectives.

When studying diseases according to appeals to outpatient facilities, the unit of observation is taken only for the initial visit. When determining the number of newborns, only the living are taken into account.

However, sometimes there are special instructions for selecting units of observation. So, for example, the concept of dead birth is determined by special rules that define the terms "born alive and dead," or "born dead." The quality of the materials obtained and the possibility of their use for analysis depends on the correct choice of a research unit.

When creating statistical research plans, not only the forms of accounting documents and the rules for filling them out are worked out, but questions about who will fill them out, control the correctness and completeness of the collected data, and other organizational and methodological issues that relate to the collection of statistical materials are also resolved. Thus, at the first stage, performers are appointed and the budget is approved.

Methods (types) of research.

Depending on the nature of the observation in time, current, periodic and one-time observations are distinguished.

If the collection of material is carried out systematically, with a constant registration of facts when they appear, then this will be current observation.

If it is carried out regularly, but not continuously, then it will be periodic observation.

Current statistical study - This is the identification of phenomena that change rapidly over time and are a continuous process that requires ongoing registration. This method determines the incidence of certain groups, fertility, mortality, etc.

One-time observations reflect the state of the phenomenon at a certain point in time, which is called the critical moment of observation. An example would be a population census or a census of people who went to a clinic at a certain point in time, a census of places, health care facilities, timing of the work of doctors or paramedical personnel, etc. Such observations show the statics of phenomena that change relatively freely over time, If necessary, a combination of both forms of statistical research is used. So, data on the number and structure of health care facilities are collected by a one-time method, and on their activities - by current accounting.

From the point of view of the sufficiency (completeness) of accounting for the facts of observation, statistical studies are divided into: continuous (solid) and discontinuous (not continuous) (partial).

Continuous (continuous) research cover all units of observation that are part of the study population (main population). This is necessary if it is necessary to establish the absolute size of the phenomena (population size, number of places with AIDS, etc.). Carrying out such a study is a very cumbersome, economically disadvantageous method that requires significant costs. The development of the material, of course, will require a lot of time, although, at first glance, the method is the most probable,

If continuous observation is impossible or incomplete, then it is necessary to carry out discontinuous. It will not require full consideration of all units of the population, but will be content with a certain part. When studying this part of the material, it is also possible to obtain generalizing conclusions, which with sufficient probability can be extended to the entire set.

Discontinuous studies may be monographic, main array, selective.

Monographic the description is used for a detailed, in-depth description of typical units of the population, for studying the development of an institution, the reasons that contribute to its success or cause shortcomings. A detailed description of the work of some typical or advanced medical institutions is important for the socialization and formation of elements of best practice and its dissemination.

Using method main array allows you to study objects that concentrate more units of observation, For example, if it is known that the majority of patients with tuberculosis (80-90%) are treated in two specialized clinics of the city, then studies of the organization of medical care for these contingents are carried out in these hospitals. The disadvantages of the method are that some patients remain unexplored, and the results may differ from those obtained in the main array.

Selective A study is called in which the characteristic of the totality of facts is given in some part of it, which is selected randomly or by certain criteria.

Selective method, as one of the types intermittent research is possible provided that the sample is representative of the main in quantitative and qualitative terms, i.e., that the sufficiency of the number of cases to be taken into account is determined, and all the versatility of the phenomenon under study is created in the sample. In this case, the results can be extended to the main population.

Representativeness a sample group is achieved by the correct selection of observation units. It is important that each unit of the entire population had the same opportunity to fall into the sample population. In addition, its qualitative characteristic is important, which can be ensured. typological selection method.Its essence lies in the fact that the entire population is divided into several groups of the same type, from which observation units are selected. So, for example, when studying diseases of the urban population, it is necessary to distinguish territorial units (areas). In typologically displayed groups, one can select the units of observation proportionally or disproportionately, respectively, with the size of each group.

The choice of observation units can be carried out by the methods:

Random selection - draw, lottery, random mechanical selection, etc .;

Mechanical choice - according to a certain number of the population, a reliable principle (every fifth, tenth or others);

Nest- from all aggregates form nests (groups), the most typical objects that are studied by a continuous or selective method;

Directional selection, which consists in the fact that individuals with the same experience, age or gender, etc. are selected.

Often, selective statistical studies use comprehensively different selection methods that provide a high probability of results.

Selective research requires less time, staff, funds, can have an in-depth program, which is an advantage over continuousresearch. The sample population will always be different from the main one (general, comprehensive). However, there are methods to establish the degree of discrepancy in their quantitative characteristics and the boundaries of possible fluctuations of indicators for a given number of observations.

Sample size, i.e. the probability of the number of observation units with different selection methods is calculated differently. The basic formulas are given in table 1.

Table 1.

Required sample size for some array forming methods

Legend:

n - required sample size;

σ - standard deviation (characteristic variability);

N - the size of the general population;

T - reliability criterion;

W - part evaluation;

∆ is the marginal error.

The number of observations in this case plays an important role, the larger the number of observations, the more accurately the main set is displayed and the probability error is smaller. The above methods make it possible to select the necessary volume of observations for study with a sufficient degree of probability.

Repeatable or non-repeatable selection is determined by the possibility of multiple or single participation in the formation of sample groups of each of the units of observation.

Thus, the selective method, with its proper organization and implementation, is the most advanced form intermittent observation.

Methods of accounting and collecting medical and statistical information

In a statistical study, various methods can be used:

Direct registration;

documentary accounting;

copying;

questioning;

At direct accounting The facts necessary statistics are obtained by special accounting - inspection, measurement of weighing and recording on an individual observation card.

Documentary accounting, as the primary is based on a systematic registration of facts, for example, in medical institutions. Such data from various official documents are copied to a map for study.

Copy The data in the developed statistical document can be used, for example, to obtain information on the composition of persons seeking medical care, on the medical institutions themselves, their activities, personnel and other issues, respectively, of development programs.

The use of technical methods for recording medical information, its centralization optimizes the mechanism for its further processing and analysis.

The collection of medical and statistical information through a survey is carried out by expeditionary or correspondent methods, self-registration.

At expeditionary method the researcher interviews the patient and, according to his words, fills out the study map independently, which ensures control of the correctness of the answers.

At self-registrationthe examined patient independently fills out the map.

At correspondent method the researcher sends out cards for examination with appropriate instructions for filling them out. Having completed the cards (with answers to questions), the respondent sends them to the address of the researcher.

Questionnaire method used when it is impossible to directly observe the phenomenon under investigation. Questionnaires are sent to specific individuals, but their answers are incomplete, inaccurate. The disadvantage of this method is that the correctness of filling out questionnaires depends on an understanding of the questions formulated.

therefore questionnaire method used as an auxiliary or in the absence of whiter reliable methods of obtaining data. Often it is appropriate in case studies.

The choice of survey methods is determined by the tasks and the monitoring program. The most reliable is expeditionary, but it requires the highest costs. The method of self-registration is less costly, therefore it is used when it is possible to fill out cards by the persons examined. This method is often used in censuses. The correspondent method is the least costly, but the data not always obtained with its help is reliable. It can be used as an auxiliary, taking into account its subjectivity, inaccuracy.

Simultaneously with the development of methods for collecting material, the preparation of grouping and combining of data,

Grouping in statistics is the separation of the units of a population into homogeneous parts with their inherent characteristics. Its tasks are to separate the facts being studied into separate qualitative homogeneous parts, which is a necessary condition for determining generalizing indicators.

The statistical research plan should provide for what groups it is necessary to divide the phenomenon. The significance of such a division of the totality into qualitatively homogeneous groups lies in the need to show their peculiarity, connection with others, and mutual dependence. So, when studying the incidence of nosological forms, patients in these groups are qualitatively heterogeneous: children, youth, and elderly people; therefore, each group of diseases must be divided into even more uniform ones - by sex, age, etc.

The principle of grouping statistical material should be determined by a doctor who knows his methodological basis well. The characteristics of the units of the population that underlie the grouping are called grouped. They are variable (quantitative) and have a quantitative definition. Variable grouping is carried out according to the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the signs (grouping patients by age, time of illness, staying in bed, children by weight, height, etc.).

Qualitatively defined symptoms are called attributive: separation of patients by disease groups, population by gender, occupations, etc.

When grouping by attributive signs that do not have a quantitative expression, the number of groups is determined by the sign itself (gender, profession, disease).

When conducting statistical grouping, it is possible to divide a qualitatively homogeneous group (men) into age groups (according to various attributes) - this will be a combined grouping.

The selection of group characteristics is based on three basic rules:

grouping should be based on the most essential features that meet the objectives of the study;

when choosing group features, it is necessary to go beyond the specific conditions in which this phenomenon is realized;

when studying a phenomenon that is influenced by several different factors, grouping must be carried out not by one, but by several signs (combined).

Grouping is the basis for combining statistical material and, under the conditions of understanding all the rules, allows you to draw the right conclusions and determine the reliable patterns that are inherent in the studied population.

Grouping must be distinguished from the classification, which is based on the division of phenomena and objects into certain groups, classes based on their typicality and difference. Qualitative attribute basis classification. Classifications are standard and unchanged over a long period of time; they are determined and adjusted by state and international statistics bodies. Classifications are the same for any study and are often the basis of groupings.

At the first stage, programs for statistical observation, development and integration of statistical material, and data analysis are developed.

An observation program is a list of characteristics recorded in an accounting document that characterize each observation unit. It must meet the following requirements: include a list of only essential features that reflects the phenomenon being studied, its type, features and property; accuracy of wording and logical order.

Questions about the studied characteristics are resolved after the appointment of a unit, taking into account the objectives of the study. So, when studying diseases, program signs can be gender, age, bad habits, date of seeking medical help, work experience, place of work, etc.

Of great importance is the formulation of program issues, their clarity and unambiguous interpretation. They can be presented in the form of closed questions - alternative (yes, no), or with a choice of three or more answers. To the open question (“Tell me your comments about the work of the department?”), The respondent can give any answer.

To ensure unambiguous data that are recorded for each observation unit, the monitoring program is executed in the form of an accounting document. When conducting a statistical study, information sources may be official accounting records or specially designed accounting documents.

If the research program does not go beyond the boundaries of the existing official accounting documents (statistical coupon for registration of the final diagnosis, medical death certificate, coupon of an outpatient patient, etc.), then after developing a medical institution for writing a report, they can be used for applied statistical research.

If the research program requires the receipt of materials that are not in the official accounting documents, a special accounting document is developed. It can take the form of a form, questionnaire, card, or be recorded in a computer database. On a card or in a computer database, signs are recorded that are recorded for each observation unit: data of one newborn or deceased, one patient, etc. The list documents (journal, statement, account book) provide data of two or more observation units, which are located in separate his ranks. Individual accounting documents may have more questions than paperwork. Therefore, with card or computer forms of accumulation of material, its integration is facilitated, and development is carried out by a more in-depth program.

Development Program (Associations) - addition of table layouts.

Association can be centralized - all primary materials are sent for processing to one analytical center, decentralized - processing is carried out on the spot.

The combination is carried out in the form of statistical tables, which are filled with data from the combined statistical materials. Preliminary, the control of the received statistical data should be carried out.

Statistical Tables - This is a form of a systematic, rational and visual presentation of digital material that characterizes the phenomena and processes under study.

The table has a common name at the top. It briefly outlines its essence, time and place of data acquisition. The statistical table should also have data on the numerical measurement of the phenomenon under study (%, abs. Numbers, etc.) and the calculated results of the studied signs.

The statistical table has a subject and a predicate. The subject is called the object of study. This is m. unit of the statistical population, or their groups (diagnoses, types of diseases of the population by age groups, etc.). Predictable statistical table m. a list of quantitative indicators that characterize the object of study, that is, the subject of the table. The names of units or groups (subject) are made on the left of the table, and the name of the predicate in the headings of the graph. In the upper part above the heading of the table their numbering is given (table 1,2,3 ...).

The statistical subject is divided by horizontal lines into glad, the statistical predicate by vertical lines into graphs. The intersections of horizontal and vertical lines form the cells in which digital data is recorded. Horizontal rows and vertical columns of numbers, and their result should have the same number in the cell in the rows of predicates. In the names of tables, rows and columns indicate the unit of measurement.

Table layouts can be developed when data is given separately for each characteristic. Then they add up analytical tables in which data on group characteristics are generally presented.

The following types of statistical tables are distinguished: simple, group, combined.

Simple table - numerical distribution of data on one basis,

There are no groupings in such a table; it does not characterize the connection between the signs. A simple table gives little information, although it is visual and a post for analysis. An example of a simple table can be table 2.

The intensification of the work of medical workers in the conditions of budget-health insurance makes increased demands on scientific and organizational factors. In these conditions, the role of medical statistics in the scientific and practical activities of a medical institution is growing.

In practical and research activities, the doctor, as a rule, analyzes the results of his activities not only at the individual, but also at the group and population levels. This is necessary for the doctor to confirm the level of qualification, as well as for the purpose of further improvement and professional specialization. Therefore, the ability to properly organize and conduct a statistical study is necessary for all doctors of various profiles, heads of institutions and health authorities. Such knowledge and skills contribute to improving the quality and effectiveness of medical care to the population through continuous training (the most important element of resource provision) and, thus, the competitiveness of medical institutions of various ownership forms in a market economy.

Health care managers constantly use statistics in operational and forecasting work. Only a qualified analysis of statistical data, an assessment of events and relevant conclusions allow us to make the right managerial decision, contribute to better organization of work, more accurate planning and forecasting. Statistics help to monitor the activities of the institution, to quickly manage it, to judge the quality and effectiveness of medical and preventive work. When drawing up current and long-term work plans, the leader should be based on the study and analysis of trends and patterns in the development of both health care and the health status of the population of his region, city, region, etc.

The traditional statistical system in healthcare is based on the receipt of data in the form of reports, which are compiled in grassroots institutions and then summarized at intermediate and higher levels. The reporting system has not only advantages (a single program, ensuring comparability, indicators of the volume of work and resource use, simplicity and low cost of collecting materials), but also certain disadvantages (low efficiency, rigidity, inflexible program, limited set of information, uncontrolled accounting errors, etc. .).

Analysis of the work done should be carried out by doctors not only on the basis of existing reporting documentation, but also through specially conducted selective statistical studies.

The statistical research plan is compiled in accordance with the intended program. The main issues of the plan are:

determination of the purpose of the study;
determination of the object of observation;
determination of the period of work at all stages;
indication of the type of statistical observation and method;
determination of the place where observations will be made;
finding out what forces and under whose methodological and organizational guidance the research will be conducted.

The organization of a statistical study is divided into several stages:

the stage of acquaintance with the literature data, which allows you to get an idea about the problem being studied, choose an adequate research methodology and formulate a working hypothesis
stage of observation;
statistical grouping and summary;
counting processing;
scientific analysis;
literary and graphic design of research data.

The statistical research program provides for the solution of the following issues:

definition of a unit of observation and preparation of a material collection program;
Unit of observation - each primary element of the statistical population.
The unit of observation is endowed with signs of similarity and difference, which are subject to accounting and further observation, therefore these signs are called accounted (accounting).
Considered signs - signs that distinguish the elements of the unit of observation in the statistical population. Signs are classified:
- by nature on:
  a) attributive (descriptive) signs - expressed verbally;
  b) quantitative signs are expressed by number;
- by role in aggregate on:
  a) factor signs affecting the studied phenomenon;
  b) effective signs that change under the influence of factor signs.
Example: in our study, the unit of observation is a student studying at this medical university for all years. Considered features by nature are divided into:
a) attributive - gender, presence of bad habits, state of health, etc .;
b) quantitative - age, number of cigarettes smoked, duration of the disease, smoking experience, etc .;
c) the totality of factor signs - the presence of bad habits and smoking experience;
d) effective signs - state of health, the presence of disease, etc.
The material collection program is a sequential presentation of the characteristics taken into account - questions that need to be answered when conducting this study. This may be a questionnaire, questionnaire, or map specially prepared by the researcher. The document must have a clear title. Questions (signs taken into account) should be clear, concise, consistent with the purpose and objectives of the study; answers to each question should be provided. These variants of ready-made answers are called "grouping."
Grouping of signs is carried out in order to identify homogeneous groups for the study of certain laws of the phenomenon under study. The grouping of responses by attributive signs is called typological, by quantitative signs - variational.
Typological grouping example:
- student grouping by gender:
  - man,
  - woman;
- grouping of students according to their presence or absence of bad habits:
  - smoking students
  - non-smoking students.
An example of a variational grouping:
- grouping of students by the number of cigarettes smoked per day:
  - 10 and less;
  - more than 20
An example of a card filled out by a medical student when studying smoking prevalence is presented below. All questions on the card have groupings and recommendations for filling it out.
Map * for the study of smoking prevalence among medical students
1. Full name of the student ____________________________ (enter completely)
2. Course: I, II, III, IV, V, VI
3. Faculty: medical, medical and preventive, pharmaceutical, faculty of military training
4. Age: up to 20 years old, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and more
5. Gender: Husband / Wives
6. Do you acknowledge that smoking is harmful? Yes no i don't know
7. Who smokes from people living with you: father, mother, brother, sister, husband, wife, comrade, no one smokes
8. Do you smoke? Well no
9. Age at which the first cigarette was smoked: under 15 years old, 16-18 years old, over 18 years old
10. How many cigarettes (cigarettes) do you smoke per day? 5-10, 11-20, more than 20
11. What prompted you to smoke for the first time: the example of parents, the example of teachers, the influence of your comrades, the desire to appear as adults, the desire to lose weight, curiosity, the desire to keep up with fashion?
And other questions in accordance with the purpose and objective of the study.

drawing up a material development program; The program for developing the obtained data provides for the compilation of models of statistical tables taking into account groupings.

Table Requirements. The layouts of statistical tables should have a clear and short title corresponding to their content. The table distinguishes between subject and predicate.

The statistical subject is what the table says. The tabular subject contains the main features that are the subject of the study, and is usually placed vertically on the left side of the table.

A statistical predicate is what characterizes the subject and is placed horizontally.

In the tables, it is necessary to provide the final data, according to which the indicators will be calculated at the third stage of the statistical study when processing the data.

Types of tables. Statistical tables are divided into simple, group, combination.

Plain (table. 1) is called a table that allows you to analyze the data obtained, grouped by only one feature (subject).

Table 1. Distribution of smoking students by faculty (in abs. Numbers and in% of the total)

Group (table. 2) is called a table in which a relationship is established between individual characteristics, i.e. in addition to the subject, there is a predicate represented by one or more groups that are connected (in pairs) with the groups of the subject, but are not related.

Table 2. Distribution of students of various faculties by gender and age at which they smoked the first cigarette

Combinational (table. 3) is called a table in which there are two or more predicates that are associated not only with the subject, but also among themselves.

Table 3. Distribution of smoking students from various departments by gender and average number of cigarettes (cigarettes) smoked per day

Name of faculties

Average number of cigarettes (cigarettes) smoked by students per day

Total

10 and less

11 - 20

more than 20

well

both sexes

well

both sexes

well

both sexes

well

both sexes

1. Therapeutic

2. Medical and preventive

3. Pharmaceutical, etc.

Total:

drawing up a program for analyzing the collected material.
The analysis program provides a list of statistical techniques necessary to identify the patterns of the phenomenon being studied.
The research plan provides for the solution of the following organizational issues:
1. The choice of the object of study
2. Determination of the volume of the statistical population
3. Dates and place (territory) of the study, types and methods of observation and collection of material
4. Characteristics of performers (frames)
5. Description of technical equipment and required material resources
6. The object of statistical research is the aggregate with which the necessary information will be collected. This may be the population, students, patients, hospitalized in hospitals, etc.
Statistical population is a group consisting of relatively homogeneous elements taken together at known boundaries of time and space in accordance with the intended purpose. The structure of the statistical population: the statistical population consists of observation units (see diagram).
On the example of our study - a statistical population - these are students studying in this university throughout the entire period of study.
There are two types of aggregate - general and selective.
General population is a group consisting of all relatively homogeneous elements in accordance with the intended purpose.
Sampling frame - the part of the general population selected for research and intended to characterize the entire general population. It should be representative (representative) in quantity and quality in relation to the general population.
Quantitative representativeness based on the law of large numbers and means a sufficient number of elements of the sample population, calculated according to special formulas and tables.
Quality Representativeness based on the law of probability and means the correspondence (uniformity) of the signs characterizing the elements of the sample population in relation to the general.
In our example, the general population is all students of a medical university; sample set - a part of students of each course and faculty of this university.
The volume of the statistical population - this is the number of elements of the population taken for research.
Dates and place (territory) of the study - This is the preparation of a calendar plan for the implementation of this study for this stage in a specific territory. Example: from April 1 to June 1 of the current year at MMA named after THEM. Sechenov.
Types of observation :
1. current (or permanent) observation - when registration is carried out continuously as units of observation arise. Example: each case of birth, death, treatment in medical institutions.
2. and one-time (or one-time) observation - when the phenomena studied are fixed at any particular moment (hour, day of the week, date). Example: population census, hospital bed staff.
Research methods. It is important for the researcher to determine the method of conducting the study: continuous observation or non-continuous (selective).
1. Continuous observation is the registration of all units of observation that make up the general population.
2. An incomplete (selective) observation is the study of only part of the totality to characterize the whole.
Methods of conducting research on a sample (monographic, main array, questionnaire, etc.).
1. The monographic method is used in the study of any one object, when one of the many objects is selected and examined with the maximum completeness in order to show best practices, identify trends in the development of the phenomenon. Example: Description of a new surgical technology.
2. The main array method is used in the study of those objects in which most of the phenomena studied are concentrated. Its essence is that of all the units of observation included in the composition of this object, their main part is selected, which characterizes the entire statistical population. Example: the plant has 7 main workshops, which employ 1300 workers and two small auxiliary workshops with 100 workers. For observation, you can take only the main workshops and draw conclusions regarding the entire plant.
3. The questionnaire method is used to collect statistical information using specially designed questionnaires. Example: when studying the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases among students of vocational schools in the city of N., a questionnaire was developed with a list of questions of interest to the researcher.

Methods for the selection of the studied phenomena and the formation of a sample

There are the following methods for selecting the phenomena studied: random, mechanical, nesting, directional, typological.

Random selection is a selection conducted by lot (by the initial letter of a surname or by birthday, etc.).
Mechanical selection is selection, when every fifth (20%) or tenth (10%) observation unit is taken from the entire population for study.
Nest (serial) selection - when not individual units are selected from the general population, but nests (series), which are selected by random or mechanical sampling. Example: to study the incidence of the rural population of the M-region, we study the incidence of the rural population of one of the most typical points. The results apply to the entire rural population of the region.
Directional selection is selection, when only those units of observation are selected from the general population in order to identify certain patterns that will allow to identify the influence of unknown factors while eliminating the influence of known ones. Example: when studying the influence of workers' experience on injuries, workers of one profession, one age, one workshop, and one educational level are selected.
Typological selection is the selection of units from pre-grouped similar quality groups. Example: when studying the patterns of mortality among the urban population, the cities under study should be grouped by the population in them.

Characteristics of performers (frames) . How many people and what qualifications do the research. Example: a study on the sanitary-hygienic regime of senior students of secondary schools in a district is carried out by two doctors and two assistant sanitary doctors of the center for hygiene and epidemiology of this administrative district.

Description of technical equipment and required material resources :

laboratory equipment and instruments relevant to the purpose of the study;
stationery (paper, letterhead);
without additional appropriations.

Material collection is the process of registering, filling out officially existing or specially designed accounting documents (coupons, cards, etc.). The collection of material is carried out in accordance with the previously compiled program and research plan. The 3rd stage of the statistical study includes the following actions sequentially performed by the researcher:

control of collected material - this is a check of the collected material in order to select accounting documents that have defects for their subsequent correction, additions or exclusions from the study. For example, the questionnaire does not indicate gender, age or no answers to other questions posed. In this case, additional accounting documents (outpatient records, medical records, etc.) are needed. If these data cannot be obtained from additional accounting documents attracted by the researcher, then poor-quality cards (questionnaires) should be excluded from the study.
encryption - this is the use of symbols for distinguished features. During manual processing of the material, the ciphers can be digital, alphabetic; with the machine - only digital.
Example: letter cipher:
Floor:
husband. M
wives F
digital encryption:
material grouping - this is the distribution of the collected material by attributive or quantitative grounds (typological or variational). Example: grouping students according to the courses of study: I \u200b\u200byear, II year, III year, IV year, V year, VI year.
statistics table summary - entering received after counting digital data in tables
calculation of statistical indicators and statistical processing of material .

Purpose of the study: to develop measures to reduce diseases of the digestive system (BOP) among students of a medical university.

Research Objectives:

To study the prevalence of various diseases of the digestive system (BOP) among students of a medical university.
Identify risk factors for BOP.
Develop proposals for university administration

Research Program:

The unit of observation is a student with a diagnosis of BOP, studying at a medical university at this faculty.
Attributive signs: gender, diagnosis, nature of nutrition.
Quantitative signs: age, duration of the disease, the interactions between meals, the number of meals per day.
Resulting signs: the presence of a disease of the digestive system.
Factor signs: gender, age, nutrition, etc.

Material collection program (student application form)

a) Name
b) Course: 1,2,3,4,5,6
c) Faculty: medical (1), medical and preventive (2), pharmaceutical (3)
d) Age: up to 20 years inclusive - (1), 21-22 - (2), 23-24 - (3), 25 and more (4)
d) Gender: husband (1), women (2)
f) How many times during the day do you eat food? One - (1), two - (2), three or more (3)
g) Meal consists of sandwiches without tea (1), sandwiches with tea (2), a full lunch (3), another (4) (specify)
__________________________
h) What is the interval between meals: up to 1 hour (1), 1-2 hours (2), 3-4 hours (3), 5 hours or more (4)
i) Is there a lunch time in the class schedule: (yes - (1), no - (2)
j) Do you have a disease of the digestive system: yes - (1), no - (2)
k) If you answered yes, then specify the diagnosis: ___________________
m) Duration of the disease: up to 1 year - (1), 2-3 years - (2), 4-5 years - (3), 6 years or more - (4)

And other questions in accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study.

Material Development Program
Typological grouping: grouping students by faculty, gender, and disease diagnosis.
Variation grouping: grouping according to the duration of the disease (up to 1 year, 2-3 years, 4-5 years, 6 years or more), the interval between meals (up to 1 hour, 1-2 hours, 3-4 hours, 5 hours and more).

Statistical table layouts

Simple table
Table 4. Distribution of students with diseases of the digestive system by nosological forms (% of total)

Group table
Table 5. Distribution of students with diseases of the digestive system by gender and age (% of total)

Disease	Floor		Age			Total
Disease	husband	wives	up to 15 years	15 - 18 years old	over 18 years old	Total
1. Gastritis
2. Peptic ulcer
3. Duodenal ulcer
4. Other
Total:

Combination table
Table 6. Distribution of students with diseases of the digestive system by faculty and gender (% of total)

Disease

Medical

Prophylactic

Pharmaceutical

Total

well

both sexes

well

both sexes

well

both sexes

well

both sexes

1. Gastritis

2. Peptic ulcer

3. Peptic ulcer of the duodenum

4. Other

Total:

Research plan

Object of study - a student of a medical university, studying at this medical university at this faculty.
The volume of the statistical population: a sufficient number of observations. Set: selective, representative in quality and quantity.
Dates of the study: February 6 - June 6 of the current year.
Methods of collecting material: questionnaire, copying from medical documents of a student clinic.

Vlasov V.V. Epidemiology. - M .: GEOTAR-MED, 2004 .-- 464 p.
Lisitsyn Yu.P. Public health and healthcare. Textbook for high schools. - M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2007 .-- 512 p.
Medic V.A., Yuryev V.K. Lecture course on public health and public health: Part 1. Public health. - M .: Medicine, 2003 .-- 368 p.
Minyaev V.A., Vishnyakov N.I. et al. Social Medicine and the Organization of Health (Manual in 2 volumes). - St. Petersburg, 1998. -528 s.
Kucherenko V.Z., Agarkov N.M. et al. Social hygiene and organization of health care (Textbook) - Moscow, 2000. - 432 p.
S. Glanz. Biomedical statistics. Per from English. - M., Practice, 1998 .-- 459 p.

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Stage 1 of the statistical study. Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized collection of data on the studied phenomena and processes of public life

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