Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation
Parliamentary system:	Congress of People's Deputies
State:	Russian Federation (RSFSR)
Deputies:
Year of foundation:
Previous Parliament:	Powers exercised by the Supreme Council
Subsequent Parliament:	Federal Assembly
Year of abolition:
Last election:
Conference Room Address:	House of Soviets I Congress was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace

Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR / Russian Federation  - the supreme body of state power of Russia from May 16, 1990 to September 21, 1993. The activities of the congress were regulated by temporary regulations, there was no permanent one. Elected on March 4, 1990 for a five-year term. In 1993, the activities of the Congress ceased after the decree of President Yeltsin on gradual constitutional reform of September 21, 1993 and the storming of the House of Soviets. The dispersal of the Supreme Council and Congress led to armed clashes in central Moscow on October 3-4, 1993.

He was elected by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation - a permanent bicameral parliament, and the Chairman of the Supreme Council - the highest official of the RSFSR before the introduction of the presidency.

He approved the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, the Prosecutor General, and elected the judges of the Constitutional Court. Amended the Constitution.

Composition of the Congress of People's Deputies

Composition: by state - 1068 deputies of the RSFSR

• 900 - by territorial district: in proportion to the population;
• 168 - in national-territorial districts: 4 from 16 autonomous republics (64), 2 from 5 autonomous regions (10), 1 from 10 autonomous regions (10), 84 from the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and Leningrad.

Congresses of People's Deputies

The Congress of People's Deputies was convened 2-3 times a year (there were 10 congresses in total, the Tenth - after the decree on dissolution).

• I Congress - May 16 - June 22, 1990. Election of B. N. Yeltsin as Chairman of the Supreme Council, adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty. Approval of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers I.S. Silaev.

The People’s Deputy, a member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the first convocation, Artyom Mikhailovich Tarasov, in his book "The Millionaire," described what was happening at the congress:

• II Congress - November 27 - December 15, 1990. Amendments to the Constitution were adopted: conferring constitutional status on the Declaration on State Sovereignty, introducing private property at the republican (RSFSR) level, establishing the Constitutional Court (elected in 1991).
• III Congress - (extraordinary) March 12 - March 15, 1991. Amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the establishment of the post of President of the RSFSR, according to the results of the referendum.
• IV Congress - December 17 - 27, 1990.
• V Congress - July 10-17, October 28 - November 2, 1991. Oath of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin, election of a new Chairman R.I. Khasbulatov.
• VI Congress - April 6 - 21, 1992. Unsatisfactory assessment of the work of the Gaidar government, provision of additional powers to the President.
• VII Congress - December 1 - 14, 1992. Criticism of the Gaidar government, harsh speech by President B. N. Yeltsin, approval of the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. S. Chernomyrdin. Amendments to the Constitution were adopted restricting the powers of the President (Law of the Russian Federation of December 9, 1992 N 4061-I)
• VIII Congress - March 1993. Amendments to the Constitution, limiting the powers of the Government and the President, were introduced in full.
• IX (Extraordinary) Congress - March 1993. It was convened in connection with the televised address of President B. N. Yeltsin, in which he announced the introduction of a "special order of government" in the country. The Constitutional Court ruled that Yeltsin’s actions related to the television appeal were unconstitutional, however, as it turned out later, the unconstitutional decree announced by the President was never signed. The congress attempted to remove B. N. Yeltsin from the post of President. At the same time, a vote was held on the resignation of the Chairman of the Supreme Council, R. I. Khasbulatov. Neither proposal passed. On April 25, a nationwide referendum was called on the early re-election of the President and Congress, and on trust in the socio-economic policy of the President.
• X (Extraordinary) Congress, September 23 - October 4, 1993. 689 deputies were present (with a quorum of 628). He approved the decisions of the Supreme Council on the termination of the presidential powers of B. N. Yeltsin, and their transfer to the vice-president. He announced Yeltsin’s coup. It was dispersed on October 4 with the use of weapons and armored vehicles. After that, the system of Soviets, the supreme body of which was the Congress, was completely liquidated; Russia became a presidential republic.

Fractions and Blocks

The composition and number of fractions and blocks were constantly changing. But constantly, at each congress, 10-12 fractions were registered.

Reform coalition

• Democratic Russia
• Radical democrats
• United Faction of Social Democrats and Republicans

Democratic Center

• Consent for progress
• Left Center Cooperation
• Free Russia (Communists for Democracy)
• Sovereignty and Equality
• Non-Party Deputies

Outside the blocks

• Homeland (SND fraction)

Creative forces

• Industrial union
• Worker Union Reforms without shock
• Change-New Policy

Russian unity

• Communists of Russia
• Agricultural union
• Russia
• Homeland
• Russian Union
• Civil society

After a two-week confrontation in the center of Moscow, the Congress and the Supreme Council were dispersed by troops using weapons and armored vehicles.

  December 12, 1993 new, which also abolished the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, replacing these bodies.

Powers of the Congress

The Constitution of the RSFSR (Russian Federation) enshrined the right of the Congress to decide any issue referred to the competence of the Russian Federation (Article 104, part 2). The exclusive competence of the Congress of People's Deputies included:

Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, introduction of amendments and additions to it; - definition of domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation; - ratification and denunciation of international treaties entailing amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Russian Federation; - decision-making on issues of the national-state structure attributed to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation; - determination of the procedure for resolving issues of the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation; - resolving issues of changing the borders of the Russian Federation; - approval of promising state plans and the most important republican programs of economic and social development of the Russian Federation, its military construction; - Formation of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation; - election of the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation; - election of the first deputy and three deputy chairmen of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation; - approval of the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation; - approval of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the chairman of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation; - election of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; - decision-making on the removal from office of the President of the Russian Federation; - the cancellation of acts adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, as well as decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation.

The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation adopted the laws of the Russian Federation and decisions by a majority of the total number of people's deputies of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The decisions of the Congress of People’s Deputies, adopted by a simple majority of votes, had the highest legal force in relation to the laws adopted by the Supreme Council, and often redistributed the powers of the authorities in derogation from the norms adopted by two-thirds of the Constitution.

The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation decided to hold a popular vote (referendum).

The meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies were usually led by the chairman of the Supreme Council. The activities of the Congress were regulated by temporary regulations, and there was no permanent one.

According to the Constitution, meetings of the Congress were to be held annually, but actually were held 2-3 times a year. A total of 10 congresses took place (I-II - 1990, III-V - 1991, VI-VII - 1992, VIII-X - 1993).

In total, 1068 people's deputies of the RSFSR were elected to the congress:

By the beginning of the First Congress, 1,059 deputies were elected. The number of deputies by September 21, 1993 - 1037, by October 4, 1993 - 938.

Story

• 1989 year
  • October 29 - The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR, which established the Congress of People's Deputies.
• 1990 year
• 1991 year
  • March 17 - at a national referendum, a decision was made to introduce the post of president of the RSFSR, elected by popular vote (for - 54% of the total number of voters).
  • March 28 - April 5 - III (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.
  • May 21 - 25 - IV Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.
  • June 12 - B. N. Yeltsin was elected the first president of the RSFSR in the popular elections (57% in the first round). He went to the polls together with the vice-presidential candidate A.V. Rutsky.
  • July 10 - Yeltsin took office as president.
  • July 10-17 - V (extraordinary) congress of people's deputies. Following the results of six rounds of election of a new chairman of the Supreme Council (the main candidates are S. N. Baburin, R. I. Khasbulatov, S. M. Shakhrai, V. P. Lukin), the chairman was not elected. The acting deputy chairman of the Supreme Council is the first deputy chairman of the Supreme Council, Khasbulatov.
  • August 19 - 21 - putsch GKChP.
  • October 28 - November 2 - V (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies (stage 2).
  • October 29 - Khasbulatov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council.
  • November 1 - The Congress gives President Yeltsin additional powers for a period of 13 months and allows him to personally head the government.
  • December 12 - The Supreme Council ratified the Bialowieza Agreement on the termination of the USSR.
  • December 25 - The Supreme Council adopted the law on renaming the RSFSR into Russian Federation (Russia).
• 1992 year
  • April 6 - 21 - VI Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.
  • December 1 - 14 - VII Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.
  • In response to the refusal to extend the president’s additional powers and approve the appointment of Ye. T. Gaidar as prime minister, President Yeltsin for the first time threatens the Congress with a popular referendum on confidence. As a result of the compromise reached through the mediation of the President of the Constitutional Court, the Congress appoints a referendum on the main provisions of the new Constitution on April 11, 1993 and freezes part of the just adopted constitutional amendments that limit the powers of the president. V.S. Chernomyrdin is elected Chairman of the Government. The constitutional crisis begins, lasting until the end of 1993.
• 1993 year
  • March 10 - 13 - VIII (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. The Congress enters into force the amendments to the Constitution in full and cancels the referendum. The Chairman of the Armed Forces, Ruslan Khasbulatov, describes the December compromise with the words “ demon beguiled».
  • March 20 - Yeltsin announces the introduction of a "special order of governing the country" and the appointment of a referendum on self-confidence, declaring that it will be interpreted as distrust of the Congress.
  • March 26 - 29 - IX (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. Voting on the question of the removal of President Yeltsin from office, the congress does not gain the necessary majority of 2/3 of the vote (for - 617 out of 1033 votes, 60%). After that, the congress calls for a referendum on 4 issues: on trust in the president, his economic policy, and on early elections of the president and people's deputies.
  • April 25 - at a referendum on all four issues more votes were cast “for” than “against”, but less than half of the total number of voters. Decisions were made on trusting the president (59%) and approval of his economic policy (53%), requiring a majority of the number of participants. No decisions have been taken on the early election of the president (32%) and deputies (43%) requiring a majority from the payroll.
  • June 5 - The Constitutional Conference begins to work - the body formed by presidential decree to develop the text of the new Constitution.
  • September 18 - leaders of the executive and legislative powers of the constituent entities of the Federation convened by the president refuse to proclaim themselves the Federation Council and appropriate the powers of the upper house of the new parliament.
  • September 21 — President Yeltsin issues Decree No. 1400 “On Phased Constitutional Reform in the Russian Federation,” ordering the Congress of People’s Deputies and the Supreme Council to cease operations, approves the “Regulations on the Federal Transitional Authorities” and sets the elections for December 12 By decree, the new parliament - the Federal Assembly. The Presidium of the Supreme Council notes the automatic termination of the presidential powers of Yeltsin in connection with the violation of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the same day declares Decree No. 1400 contrary to the Constitution.
  • September 22 - The Supreme Council adopts a decision on the termination of the powers of President Yeltsin from the moment of issuance of Decree No. 1400 and their transfer to Vice President Rutsky, announces the convening of the X Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies.
  • On September 24, the Congress of People’s Deputies, upon reaching the necessary quorum, approves the decision of the Supreme Council on the termination of the presidential powers of Boris Yeltsin and their transfer to Vice President Alexander Rutsky, and qualifies Yeltsin’s actions as a coup. Alexander Rutskoi takes the presidential oath. The congress decides to hold simultaneous early elections of the president and people's deputies no later than March 1994, approves alternative ministers of defense, security and internal affairs, and becomes the headquarters of the resistance. The approaches to the House of Soviets of Russia are blocked by the forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
  • On October 3, demonstrators gathered outside the building break through the blockade from the outside, after which armed supporters of the Supreme Council storm the building of the Moscow City Hall on Novy Arbat and try to capture the Ostankino television center. Boris Yeltsin signs a decree imposing a state of emergency in Moscow.
  • On October 4, troops brought into the center of Moscow bombard the House of Soviets with tank guns and storm the building, which, together with the inconsistency of troops, leads to numerous casualties. Rutskoi, Khasbulatov, and a number of other leaders of the Supreme Council were detained and placed in the Lefortovo pre-trial detention center (see Events of September - October 1993 in Moscow.
  • The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was finally abolished in connection with the adoption on December 12 of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation, which also abolished the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, replacing these bodies with the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

Deputy groups, factions and blocs

At the First Congress of People's Deputies (May 1990), groups of at least 50 deputies were subject to registration (groups created to protect the national interests of small peoples were subject to registration, regardless of size). By May 25, 24 deputy groups of 51 to 355 deputies had registered, mostly professional and regional in nature, and membership in several groups was allowed. The most numerous were the blocs “Democratic Russia” (about 300 deputies) and “Communists of Russia” (355).

The fundamental decision to create a system of fractions without double membership was adopted by the IV Congress (May 1991). The faction should have consisted of no less than 50 deputies; the bloc should have included at least three factions.

People’s deputy, member of the State Duma of the first convocation Artyom Tarasov in his book "Millionaire" described what was happening at the congress:

The first congress of people's deputies of Russia, held in the Kremlin, was an absolutely uncontrollable mass of motley people. The deputies tried to get to the podium at any cost, while they did not listen to the speakers at all: everyone shouted, waved their hands and shouted some slogans and calls directly from the audience.

II Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR (Extraordinary)

Fractions

• Food and Health: 216 deputies
• Communists of Russia: 215 deputies
• Democratic Center - Russia: 87 deputies
• Labor Union of Russia: 66 deputies
• Non-partisan deputies: 59 deputies
• Left Center: 57 deputies
• The united fraction of the RPPRF-SDPR: 54 deputies
• Organizers of the national economy: 52 deputies
• Russian Union: 52 deputies
• Change: 51 deputies

Deputy groups

• Group from autonomous republics and autonomous regions of the RSFSR: 139 deputies

The congress adopted amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR, including: giving constitutional status to the Declaration on State Sovereignty, introducing private property in the RSFSR, establishing the Constitutional Court (elected in 1991), de-ideologizing articles of the Constitution on the political rights of citizens.

III Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR (Extraordinary)

Fractions

• Communists of Russia: 216 deputies
• Food and Health: 215 MPs
• Democratic Russia: 205 deputies
• Organizers of the national economy: 158 deputies
• Communists for democracy: 103 deputies
• Russia: 102 deputies
• Left Center: 80 deputies
• Non-partisan deputies: 61 deputies
• Radical Democrats: 54 deputies
• Russian Union: 51 deputies
• Change: 51 deputies

Deputy groups

• Group from autonomous republics and autonomous regions of the RSFSR: 83 deputies

IV Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR

Fractions

• Communists of Russia: 205 deputies
• Food and Health: 205 MPs
• Homeland: 140 deputies
• Communists for democracy: 100 deputies
• Russia: 96 deputies
• Left Center: 80 deputies
• Democratic Russia: 69 deputies
• Organizers of the national economy: 67 deputies
• Labor Union of Russia: 64 deputies
• Change: 55 deputies
• Non-partisan deputies: 54 deputies
• The United Faction of the RPRF-SDPR: 53 deputies
• Russian Union: 52 deputies

Deputy groups

• Group from the republics and autonomous regions of the RSFSR: 143 deputies

The congress adopted amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR:

• the establishment of the post of president of the RSFSR according to the results of an all-Russian referendum;
• renaming of autonomous Soviet socialist republics into Soviet socialist republics within the RSFSR (this renaming was not consistent with Article 85 of the USSR Constitution).

V Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR (Extraordinary)

The congress was held in two stages:

• Agrarian Union of Russia: 113 deputies
• Communists for democracy: 96 deputies
• Russia: 74 deputies
• Homeland: 70 deputies
• Democratic Russia: 69 deputies
• Left Center: 65 deputies
• Radical Democrats: 55 deputies
• The United Faction of the RPPRF-SDPR: 52 deputies
• Russian Union: 51 deputies
• Change: 51 deputies

Deputy groups

• Group from the republics and autonomous regions of the RSFSR: 50 deputies

   Stage 2 (October 28 - November 2): Fractions

• Communists of Russia: 198 deputies
• The United Faction of the RPPRF-SDPR - Left Center: 117 deputies
• Agrarian Union of Russia: 111 deputies
• Free Russia: 96 deputies
• Russia: 74 deputies
• Homeland: 70 deputies
• Democratic Russia: 69 deputies
• Industrial Union: 67 deputies
• Labor Union of Russia: 62 deputies
• Non-partisan deputies: 55 deputies
• Radical Democrats: 55 deputies
• Russian Union: 51 deputies
• Change: 51 deputies

Deputy groups

At the first stage, the Congress took the oath of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and unsuccessfully tried to elect a new chairman of the Supreme Council. The First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council R. I. Khasbulatov was appointed Acting Chairman of the Supreme Council.

In the fall, the Congress elected the new chairman of the Supreme Council, R. I. Khasbulatov, made a number of amendments to the Constitution (including the establishment of the tricolor state flag of the RSFSR).

The congress granted President Yeltsin additional powers for a period of 13 months and allowed him to personally lead the government.

VI Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR

Fractions

• Agrarian Union of Russia: 121 deputies
• Industrial Union: 73 deputies
• Democratic Russia: 72 deputies
• The United Faction of the RPRF-SDPR - Left Center: 69 deputies
• Free Russia: 66 deputies
• Communists of Russia: 59 deputies
• Fatherland: 54 deputies
• Russia: 54 deputies
• Civil Society: 52 deputies
• Radical Democrats: 48 deputies
• Non-partisan deputies: 43 deputies
• Labor Union of Russia - reforms without shock: 41 deputies
• Russian Union: 19 deputies

Deputy groups

• Sovereignty and equality: 56 deputies

The congress made an unsatisfactory assessment of the work of the Gaidar government and granted additional powers to President Yeltsin. The congress refused to ratify the Bialowieza Agreement on the termination of the USSR and exclude from the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR mention of the Constitution and laws of the USSR.

The Constitution was amended to change the name of the state “Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)” to the name “Russian Federation - Russia”. The Constitution was amended to transform the Adygea, Gorno-Altai, Karachay-Cherkess and Khakass Autonomous Regions into republics within the Russian Federation (RSFSR). An amendment was also made that renamed a number of regions: Leningrad was renamed to St. Petersburg, the Gorky region to Nizhny Novgorod, Kalinin to Tverskaya, Kuibyshev to Samara.

VII Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation

Fractions

• Agrarian Union of Russia: 148 deputies
• Communists of Russia: 80 deputies
• Democratic Russia: 75 deputies
• Free Russia: 58 deputies
• Fatherland: 54 deputies
• Industrial Union: 54 deputies
• Left Center - Cooperation: 53 deputies (established on 12/14/1992 during the congress)
• RPRF-SDPR United Party - Left Center: 53 deputies (split up on 12/14/1992 during the congress)
• Change - new policy: 53 deputies
• Labor Union of Russia - reforms without shock: 52 deputies
• Homeland: 52 deputies
• Consent for the sake of progress: 51 MP
• Radical Democrats: 50 deputies
• Cooperation: 50 deputies (split up on 12/14/1992 during the congress)
• Russia: 46 deputies
• Non-partisan deputies: 36 deputies (split up on 12/14/1992 during the congress)
• Civil society: 28 deputies (split up on 12/14/1992 during the congress)

Deputy groups

• Sovereignty and equality: 50 deputies

On March 9, 1994, the head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation S. A. Filatov approved a list of 151 deputies who participated in the parliament until October 3, 1993 and were deprived of presidential social benefits for this (April 22, 1994, by presidential decree, the benefits were extended to all deputies - thus, the "black list" was canceled).

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Notes

1. Until May 16, 1992 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991 No. 2094-I “On the change of the name of the state“ Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic “”. On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved the renaming of the RSFSR to the Russian Federation by amending the Constitution of the RSFSR (Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I “On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”. This law came into force from the moment it was published in the Russian newspaper on May 16, 1992).
2. Until May 16, 1992 - the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). See the Law of the Russian Federation dated April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I “On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”). This law entered into force upon publication in the Russian newspaper on May 16, 1992.
4. art. 107 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR of 1978 as amended on October 27, 1989
6. //
7. //
8. //
9. On December 25, 1991, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the law of the RSFSR of No. 2094-I “On the change of the name of the state“ Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic “”. On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved the renaming of the RSFSR to the Russian Federation by amending the Constitution of the RSFSR (Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I “On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”. This law came into force from the moment it was published in the Russian newspaper on May 16, 1992).
10.   // "Russian Newspaper", No. 184 (800), September 23, 1993, p.2
11.   // "Russian Newspaper", No. 184 (800), September 23, 1993, p.2
12.   // "Russian Newspaper", No. 184 (800), September 23, 1993, p.2
14. .
18.   People's Deputy of the RSFSR, member of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation Ilya Konstantinov on the events of October 1993
19. // “Soviet Russia”, December 16, 2010

Literature

• People's Deputies of Russia. 1990-1993. - M .: Publication of the State Duma, 1998.
• Chairman of the Editorial Board S. Baburin  Tenth (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. September 23 - October 4, 1993. Verbatim report. - M.: Russian State University of Trade and Economics, 2008. - ISBN 5-878-335-1.

References

•   (in the original edition)
  •   (as amended 1991-1992)

see also

• Congresses of Soviets (1917-1936 \\ 37)

The legislative bodies of the Union republics of the USSR   Congresses of Soviets of the Republics   Supreme Councils of the Republics   Congresses of People's Deputies of the Republics RSFSR

Advice Federal level Local level Government Courts

Excerpt describing the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia

- And I just want to tell you, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that you will be very mistaken if you consider me and my mother among these people. We are very poor, but I, at least, speak for myself: precisely because your father is rich, I do not consider myself to be his relative, and neither I nor my mother will ever ask or accept anything from him.
Pierre could not understand for a long time, but when he understood, he jumped up from the couch, grabbed Boris by the arm from below with his characteristic quickness and awkwardness, and, flushed much more than Boris, began to speak with a mixed sense of shame and frustration.
  - This is strange! I really ... and who could think ... I really know ...
  But Boris again interrupted him:
  “I'm glad I expressed everything.” Maybe it’s unpleasant for you, you’ll excuse me, ”he said, reassuring Pierre, instead of being reassured by him,“ but I hope I have not offended you. ” I have a rule to say everything directly ... How can I convey it? Will you come to dinner with the Rostovs?
  And Boris, apparently having overthrown a heavy duty, having himself got out of an awkward position and putting another in him, became again completely pleasant.
  “No, listen,” said Pierre, calming down. “You are an amazing person.” What you just said is very good, very good. Of course you do not know me. We have not seen each other for so long ... still children ... You can assume in me ... I understand you, I understand very much. I wouldn’t do it, I would have lacked the spirit, but it’s wonderful. I am very glad that I met you. It's strange, ”he added, after a pause and a smile,“ what you thought in me! ” - He laughed. “Well, then what?” We will get to know you better. You are welcome. - He shook hands with Boris. “You know, I have never been to the count.” He did not call me ... I feel sorry for him as a person ... But what to do?
  “And you think that Napoleon has time to ferry the army?” Asked Boris, smiling.
  Pierre realized that Boris wanted to change the conversation, and, agreeing with him, began to expound the benefits and disadvantages of the Boulogne enterprise.
  The footman came to call Boris to the princess. The princess was leaving. Pierre promised to come to dinner then to get closer with Boris, firmly shook his hand, gently looking into his eyes through his glasses ... After leaving, Pierre walked around the room for a long time, no longer piercing the invisible enemy with his sword, but smiling at the memory of this sweet one smart and solid young man.
  As it happens in his early youth and especially in a lonely position, he felt an unreasonable tenderness for this young man and promised himself to make friends with him without fail.
  Prince Vasily accompanied the princess. The princess held a scarf near her eyes, and her face was in tears.
- This is terrible! awful! She said, but no matter what the cost to me, I will do my duty. I will come to sleep. He cannot be left that way. Every minute is expensive. I don’t understand what the princesses are delaying. Maybe God will help me find a way to cook it! ... Adieu, mon prince, que le bon Dieu vous soutienne ... [Farewell, prince, may God support you.]
  “Adieu, ma bonne, [Farewell, my dear,]” answered Prince Basil, turning from her.
  “Ah, he is in a terrible situation,” the mother told her son when they again got into the carriage. “He almost doesn't recognize anyone.”
  “I don’t understand, mother, what is his relationship with Pierre?” - asked the son.
  - The will will tell everything, my friend; our fate depends on him ...
  “But why do you think he will leave something for us?”
  - Ah, my friend! He is so rich, and we are so poor!
  “Well, that's not enough reason, Mama.”
  - Oh my god! Oh my God! How bad he is! - exclaimed the mother.

When Anna Mikhailovna left with her son to Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukh, the Countess of Rostov sat alone for a long time, putting a handkerchief to her eyes. Finally, she called.
  “What are you, dear,” she said angrily to the girl, who kept herself waiting for several minutes. - Do not want to serve, or what? So I will find you a place.
  The countess was upset by the grief and the humiliating poverty of her friend and therefore was not in the spirit, which was always expressed in her by the name of the maid “dear” and “you”.
  “To blame,” said the maid.
  “Ask the count for me.”
  The count, waddling over, approached his wife with a somewhat guilty look, as always.
  “Well, countess!” What a saute au madere [sote on Madeira] of grouse will be, ma chere! I tried; It’s not for nothing that I gave a thousand rubles for Tarascu. Worth it!
  He sat beside his wife, elbowing his young hands on his knees and ruffling gray hair.
  “What do you want, Countess?”
  - Here's what, my friend, - what is it that you have gotten soiled here? She said, pointing to the vest. “This is sote, right,” she added, smiling. “That's what, Count: I need money.”
  Her face became sad.
  “Ah, countess!”
  And the count fussed, taking out his wallet.
  “I need a lot, Count, I need five hundred rubles.”
  And she, taking out a cambric shawl, rubbed her husband’s vest with it.
  - Now. Hey who is there? He shouted in a voice that only people shout, convinced that those whom they are calling headlong will rush to their call. - Send me to Mitenka!
  Mitenka, that noble son, brought up by the count, who now was in charge of all his affairs, quietly entered the room.
“That's what, my dear,” said the count to the respectful young man who had entered. “Bring me ...” he thought. - Yes, 700 rubles, yes. Yes, look, torn and dirty, like that time, do not bring, but good ones, for the countess.
  “Yes, Mitya, please, so that they are clean,” said the Countess, sighing sadly.
  “Your Excellency, when do you order me to deliver?” - said Mitenka. “Please know that ... However, do not be so kind as to worry,” he added, noticing how the count had already begun to breathe heavily and often, which was always a sign of anger beginning. - I was and forgot ... Will you order this minute to deliver?
  - Yes, yes, then bring it. Here give the countess.
  “What kind of gold do I have this Mitenka,” the count added smiling, when the young man came out. - Not that it is impossible. I can’t stand it. Everything is possible.
  - Ah, money, count, money, how much grief they have in the world! Said the countess. - And I really need this money.
  “You, countess, are a well-known winder,” said the count, and kissing his wife's hand, he went back to his office.
  When Anna Mikhailovna returned again from Bezukhovy, the countess already had money, all in brand new pieces of paper, under a scarf on a table, and Anna Mikhailovna noticed that the countess was disturbed by something.
  “Well then, my friend?” The countess asked.
  “Ah, what a terrible situation he is in!” You cannot recognize him; he is so bad, so bad; I stayed a minute and did not say two words ...
  “Annette, for God's sake, do not refuse me,” the countess said suddenly, blushing, what was so strange with her middle-aged, thin and important face, taking money from under her headscarf.
  Anna Mikhailovna instantly understood what was happening, and she bent down so that she could deftly hug the countess in due time.
  - Here’s Boris from me, for sewing a uniform ...
  Anna Mikhailovna already hugged her and cried. The countess cried too. They cried that they were friendly; and that they are kind; and that they, girlfriends of youth, are occupied with such a low subject - money; and that their youth had passed ... But the tears of both were pleasant ...

Countess Rostova with her daughters and already with a large number of guests was sitting in the living room. The Earl led the guests of the men into the study, offering them his hunting collection of Turkish pipes. Occasionally he would go out and ask: didn’t he come? They were waiting for Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, nicknamed in the society le terrible dragon, [a terrible dragon,] a lady famous not for her wealth, not for her honors, but for her direct mind and frank simplicity of appeal. Marya Dmitrievna knew the royal family, knew all of Moscow and all of Petersburg, and both cities, surprised at her, secretly laughed at her rudeness, told jokes about her; Nevertheless, without exception, everyone respected and feared her.
  In the office, full of smoke, there was talk of war, which was declared a manifesto, of recruitment. No one has read the manifesto yet, but everyone knew about its appearance. The count was sitting on the otoman between two smoking and talking neighbors. The count himself did not smoke and did not speak, but tilting his head, then on one side, then on the other, with apparent pleasure looked at the smokers and listened to the conversation of his two neighbors, whom he pitted among themselves.
  One of the speakers was a civilian, with a wrinkled, gall and shaved, thin face, a man who was already approaching old age, although he was dressed as the most fashionable young man; he sat with his feet on the otoman with the appearance of a domestic man, and, sideways, throwing amber into his mouth, pulled in a gust of smoke and squinted. It was an old bachelor Shinshin, a cousin of the countess, an evil tongue, as they said about him in Moscow living rooms. He seemed to be condescending to his interlocutor. Another fresh, pink, guard officer, impeccably washed, buttoned and combed, held amber near the middle of his mouth and gently pulled the haze with his pink lips, releasing it from the beautiful mouth with ringlets. It was that lieutenant Berg, an officer of the Semenovsky regiment, with whom Boris was traveling together in the regiment and with whom Natasha teased Vera, the senior countess, calling Berg her fiancé. The count sat between them and listened attentively. The earliest enjoyment for the count, with the exception of the Boston game, which he loved very much, was the listening position, especially when he managed to pit two talkative interlocutors.
  “Well, then, father, mon tres honorable [respectable] Alfons Karlych,” said Shinshin, chuckling and combining (which was the peculiarity of his speech) the most popular Russian expressions with exquisite French phrases. - Vous comptez vous faire des rentes sur l "etat, [Do you expect to have income from the treasury,] do you want to receive income from the company?
- No, Petr Nikolayevich, I only want to show that in the cavalry there are much fewer benefits against the infantry. Now realize, Pyotr Nikolayevich, my position ...
  Berg always spoke very accurately, calmly and courteously. His conversation always concerned only him; he was always quietly silent while talking about something that was not directly related to him. And he could remain silent in this way for several hours, without experiencing or producing the slightest confusion in others. But as soon as the conversation concerned him personally, he began to speak voluminously and with apparent pleasure.
  - Consider my position, Pyotr Nikolayevich: if I were in the cavalry, I would receive no more than two hundred rubles a third, even with the rank of lieutenant; and now I get two hundred and thirty, ”he said with a joyful, pleasant smile, looking around Shinshin and the count, as if it was obvious to him that his success would always be the main goal of the desires of all other people.
  “In addition, Pyotr Nikolayevich, having switched to the guard, I am in sight,” continued Berg, “and vacancies in the Guards infantry are much more frequent.” Then, figure out how I could get a job out of two hundred and thirty rubles. And I put it off and send it to my father, ”he continued, releasing the ringlet.
  “La balance at est ... [Balance established ...] A German threshes a loaf on a butt, comme dit le рroverbe, [as the proverb says] - shifting amber to the other side of the mouth, Shinshin said and winked at the count.
  The count burst out laughing. Other guests, seeing that Chinshin was talking, came to listen. Berg, not noticing neither ridicule nor indifference, continued to talk about how, by transferring to the guard, he had already won the rank before his comrades in the corps, how a company commander could be killed in wartime, and he, remaining senior in the company, could very easily be the company, and how in the regiment everyone loves him, and how his daddy is pleased with him. Berg, apparently, enjoyed telling all this, and, it seemed, did not suspect that other people might also have their own interests. But everything he told was so sweetly sedate, the naivety of his young egoism was so obvious that he disarmed his listeners.
  - Well, father, you are in the infantry and in the cavalry, everywhere you go to move; I predict this, ”said Shinshin, patting him on the shoulder and lowering his legs from the otomancy.
  Berg smiled happily. Earl, and after him the guests went into the living room.

There was a time before the dinner party when the guests gathered did not start a long conversation in anticipation of a call for a snack, but at the same time considered it necessary to move and not be silent in order to show that they were not at all impatient to sit down at the table. The owners glance at the door and occasionally glance at each other. The guests from these views try to guess who or what else they are waiting for: an important late relative or a meal that has not yet ripened.
  Pierre arrived just before dinner and sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room on the first armchair that came across, blocking the way for everyone. The countess wanted to make him speak, but he naively looked at the glasses around him, as if looking for someone, and answered monosyllabically all the questions of the countess. He was shy and alone did not notice it. Most of the guests, who knew his story with the bear, looked curiously at this big fat and meek man, wondering how such a laziness and a modest man could do such a thing with a quarter.
  - Have you recently arrived? The countess asked him.
  - Oui, madame, [Yes, ma'am,] - he answered, looking around.
  “Have you seen my husband?”
  - Non, madame. [No, ma'am.] - He smiled quite inappropriately.
  “You seem to have been to Paris recently?” I think it’s very interesting.
  - Very interesting..
  The countess exchanged a glance with Anna Mikhailovna. Anna Mikhailovna realized that she was being asked to take this young man, and, having sat down to him, began to talk about her father; but just like the countess, he answered her only in monosyllables. The guests were all busy among themselves. Les Razoumovsky ... ca a ete charmant ... Vous etes bien bonne ... La comtesse Apraksine ... [Razumovskie ... It was delicious ... You are very kind ... Countess Apraksina ...] was heard from all sides. The countess got up and went into the hall.
  - Marya Dmitrievna? - heard her voice from the hall.
  “She herself,” a gruff female voice was heard in reply, and after that Marya Dmitrievna entered the room.
  All the young ladies and even the ladies, with the exception of the oldest, stood up. Marya Dmitrievna stopped in the doorway and, from the height of her fat body, holding her fifty-year-old head high with gray letters, looked around the guests and, as if rolling up, straightened the leisurely wide sleeves of her dress. Marya Dmitrievna always spoke Russian.
“A birthday girl with children,” she said in her loud, thick, overwhelming voice. “What, old sinner,” she turned to the count kissing her hand, “do you miss tea in Moscow?” Nowhere to drive dogs? But what, father, to do, this is how these little birds grow up ... - She pointed to the girls. - Do you want - do not want, you have to look for suitors.
  - Well, what, my Cossack? (Marya Dmitrievna called Natasha a Cossack), she said, caressing Natasha, who approached her hand without fear and cheerfully. - I know that the potion is a girl, but I love.
  She took the yachting earrings from the huge reticule into pears and, having given them to Natasha, who was shining and reddened, immediately turned away from her and turned to Pierre.
  - Uh, uh! kind! come here, ”she said in a mock quiet and subtle voice. “Come on, my dear ...”
  And she menacingly rolled up her sleeves even higher.
  Pierre came up, looking naively at her through the glasses.
  - Come, come, my dear! I told your father alone the truth when he was in the case, and God even tells you to.
  She was silent for a moment. Everyone was silent, waiting for what would happen, and feeling that there was only a preface.
  “Good, nothing to say!” a good boy! ... Father is lying on his bed, and he is amusing himself, he puts a quarter on a bear on horseback. I am ashamed, father, ashamed! It would be better to go to war.
  She turned away and offered her hand to the count, who could hardly resist laughing.
  - Well, well, to the table, I'm tea, it's time? Said Marya Dmitrievna.
  Ahead went the count with Marya Dmitrievna; then the countess, led by a hussar colonel, the right person, with whom Nikolai had to catch up with the regiment. Anna Mikhailovna - with Shinshin. Berg gave Vera a hand. Smiling Julie Karagin went with Nikolai to the table. They were followed by other couples, stretching across the hall, and behind each of them, children, tutors and governesses, alone. The waiters began to stir, the chairs thundered, music played in the choirs, and the guests were accommodated. The sounds of the Count's home music were replaced by the sounds of knives and forks, the guests' talk, the quiet steps of the waiters.
At one end of the table, a countess sat at the head. On the right is Marya Dmitrievna, on the left is Anna Mikhailovna and other guests. On the other end sat a count, a hussar colonel on the left, Shinshin on the right, and other male guests. On one side of the long table, older youth are: Vera next to Berg, Pierre next to Boris; on the other hand, children, tutors, and governesses. The count, from behind crystal glass, bottles, and a fruit vase, glanced at his wife and her tall cap with blue ribbons and diligently poured wine to his neighbors, not forgetting himself. The countess also, because of pineapples, not forgetting the duties of the hostess, threw significant glances at her husband, whose bald head and face, it seemed to her, differed sharply in their redness from gray hair. On the ladies end there was a uniform babble; voices were heard louder and louder on the man’s, especially the hussar colonel, who ate and drank so much, blushing more and more that the count already set it as an example to other guests. Berg spoke with Faith with a tender smile that love is not heavenly, but heavenly. Boris called his new friend Pierre the former guests at the table and exchanged glances with Natasha, who was sitting against him. Pierre spoke little, looked around for new faces and ate a lot. Starting from the two soups from which he chose a la tortue, [tortoiseshell], and kulebyaki, and to the hazel grouse, he did not miss a single dish and not a single wine, which the butler mysteriously poked from a neighbor’s shoulder, sentencing or “drai” Madeira ", or" Hungarian ", or" Rhine wine ". He substituted the first one of the four crystal, with the monogram of the count, glasses, standing in front of each device, and drank with pleasure, looking more and more pleasantly at the guests. Natasha, who was sitting against him, was looking at Boris, as the girls of thirteen years were looking at the boy with whom they had just kissed for the first time and with whom they were in love. This very look of her sometimes turned to Pierre, and under the look of this funny, lively girl he wanted to laugh himself, not knowing what.
Nikolai sat far from Sonya, beside Julie Karagina, and again with the same involuntary smile, spoke to her. Sonya smiled smartly, but apparently was tormented by jealousy: now she turned pale, now blushed and listened with all her might to what Nikolai and Julie were saying to each other. The governess looked around uneasily, as if preparing for a rebuff, if anyone had the intention to offend the children. The German tutor tried to remember the different kinds of dishes, desserts and wines in order to describe everything in detail in a letter to home to Germany, and was very offended by the fact that the butler, with a bottle wrapped in a napkin, carried it around. The German frowned, tried to show the appearance that he did not want to get this wine, but was offended because no one wanted to understand that he needed the wine not to quench his thirst, not out of greed, but out of bona fide curiosity.

At the male end of the table, the conversation grew more and more lively. The colonel said that the manifesto on declaring war had already been issued in St. Petersburg and that the copy that he himself had seen had been delivered by courier to the commander in chief.
  “And why is it not easy for us to fight with Bonaparte?” - said Shinshin. - II a deja rabattu le caquet a l "Autriche. Je crains, que cette fois ce ne soit notre tour. [He has already knocked down arrogance from Austria. I'm afraid our turn would not come now.]
  The colonel was a stout, tall and sanguine German, obviously a servant and patriot. He was offended by the words of Shinshin.
  “But then, we are the sovereigns,” he said, pronouncing e instead of e and b instead of b. “Zatam, that the emperor knows this. He said in the manifest that he can not indifferently look at the dangers threatening Russia, and that the security of the empire, its dignity and the sanctity of unions,” he said, for some reason, especially leaning on the word "Unions", as if that was the whole essence of the matter.
  And with his characteristic infallible, official memory, he repeated the opening words of the manifesto ... "and the sovereign’s desire, the only and indispensable goal: to establish peace in Europe on solid foundations — they now decided to move part of the army abroad and make new efforts to achieve this intention” “.
  “Here is the reason, we are the sovereign,” he concluded, edifyingly drinking a glass of wine and looking back at the count for encouragement.
- Connaissez vous le proverbe: [You know the proverb:] “Erema, Erema, if you would sit at home, sharpen your spindles,” said Shinshin, grimacing and smiling. - Cela nous convient a merveille. [This is useful to us.] So what was Suvorov-and they chopped him up, a plate couture, [on his head,] and where are the Suvorovs now? Je vous demande un peu, [I ask you,] - constantly jumping from Russian to French, he said.
  “We must fight until the last drop of shelter,” said the colonel, striking the table, “and umre r rre t for his emperor, and then all will be well.” And to argue how it is possible (he especially stretched out his voice on the word “possible”), as much as possible, ”he finished, turning again to the count. “So we judge the old hussars, that's all.” And you as a judge, a young man and a young hussar? - he added, turning to Nikolai, who, having heard that it was a matter of war, left his interlocutor and looked in all eyes and listened to the colonel with all ears.
  “I completely agree with you,” answered Nikolai, flushing up all over, turning the plate and rearranging the glasses with such a decisive and desperate appearance, as if he were in great danger at the present moment, “I am convinced that the Russians must die or win,” he said, feeling himself the same as the others, after the word had already been said that it was too enthusiastic and pompous for the present case and therefore awkward.
  - C "est bien beau ce que vous venez de dire, [Fine! Fine what you said] - said Julie sitting beside him, sighing. Sonya trembled all over and blushed to her ears, behind her ears and to her neck and shoulders, in while Nikolai spoke, Pierre listened to the speeches of the colonel and nodded his head approvingly.
  “This is nice,” he said.
  “A real hussar, young man,” the colonel shouted, striking again on the table.
  - What are you making noise about there? - suddenly heard across the table the bass voice of Marya Dmitrievna. - What are you knocking on the table? - she turned to the hussar, - who are you getting excited about? right, do you think that the French are here in front of you?
  “I speak the truth,” the hussar said smiling.
  “It's all about war,” the earl shouted across the table. - After all, my son is coming, Marya Dmitrievna, my son is coming.
  - And I have four sons in the army, but I do not bother. To all the will of God: you’ll die on the stove and God will have mercy on the battle, ”sounded without any effort, from that end of the table the thick voice of Marya Dmitrievna.
  - This is true.
  And the conversation again focused - ladies' at its end, male on its own.
“But you won’t ask,” said little brother Natasha, “but you won’t ask!”
  “I'll ask,” answered Natasha.
  Her face suddenly flared up, expressing a desperate and cheerful determination. She got up, inviting with a look of Pierre, who was sitting against her, to listen, and turned to her mother:
  - Mama! - sounded all over the table her childish chest voice.
  - What do you want? - the countess asked in fright, but, seeing in her daughter's face that it was a prank, she waved her hand severely, making a threatening and negative gesture with her head.
  The conversation subsided.
  - Mama! what kind of cake will it be? - Natasha’s voice sounded even more decisively, without breaking.
  The countess wanted to frown, but could not. Marya Dmitrievna shook a fat finger.
  “Cossack,” she said threateningly.
  Most of the guests looked at the elders, not knowing how to take this trick.
  - Here I am! Said the countess.
  - Mama! what will the cake be? Natasha shouted already boldly and morally cheerfully, confident that her trick would be well received.
  Sonya and fat Petya hid from laughter.
  “So I asked,” Natasha whispered to her little brother and Pierre, whom she looked at again.
  “Ice cream, only they won’t give you,” said Marya Dmitrievna.
  Natasha saw that there was nothing to fear, and therefore was not afraid of Marya Dmitrievna.
  - Marya Dmitrievna? what ice cream! I don’t like cream.
  - Carrot.
  - No, what? Marya Dmitrievna, what? She almost screamed. - I want to know!
  Marya Dmitrievna and the countess laughed, and all the guests followed. Everyone laughed not at Marya Dmitrievna’s answer, but at the incomprehensible courage and dexterity of this girl who knew how and dared to treat Marya Dmitrievna in such a way.
  Natasha lagged behind only when she was told that there would be a pineapple. Champagne was served before the ice cream. The music started again, the count kissed the countess, and the guests, standing up, congratulated the countess, clinked glasses across the table with the count, children and each other. Again the waiters ran in, the chairs rattled, and in the same manner, but with redder faces, the guests returned to the count's drawing room and study.

They spread the boston tables, made up parties, and the count's guests were accommodated in two living rooms, a sofa and a library.
The count, having fan-shaped the cards, hardly restrained himself from the habit of an afternoon nap and laughed at everything. The youth, instigated by the countess, gathered around the clavichord and harp. Julie the first, at the request of everyone, played the harp song with variations and, together with other girls, began to ask Natasha and Nikolai, known for their musicality, to sing something. Natasha, who was addressed as a big one, was apparently very proud of this, but at the same time she was timid.
  - What are we going to sing? She asked.
  “The Key,” answered Nikolai.
  - Well, let's soon. Boris, come here, said Natasha. - And where is Sonya?
  She looked around and, seeing that her friend was not in the room, ran after her.
  Running into Sonya’s room and not finding her friend there, Natasha ran to the nursery - and Sonya was not there. Natasha realized that Sonya was in the hallway on the chest. The chest in the hallway was the site of the sorrows of the female young generation of the Rostovs house. Indeed, Sonya in her airy pink dress, crushing him, lay face down on the dirty striped nanny feather bed, on the chest and, covering her face with her fingers, wept sobbing, shaking her bare shoulders. Natasha’s face, lively, all-day birthday, suddenly changed: her eyes stopped, then her broad neck shuddered, the corners of her lips went down.
  - Sonya! what are you? ... what, what is wrong with you? U u u! ...
  And Natasha, opening her big mouth and becoming completely bad, roared like a child, not knowing the reason and only because Sonya was crying. Sonya wanted to raise her head, she wanted to answer, but she could not and hid even more. Natasha cried, crouching on a blue feather-bed and hugging a friend. Gathering strength, Sonya stood up, began to wipe away her tears and tell.
  - Nikolenka is going in a week, his ... paper ... came out ... he told me himself ... Yes, I wouldn’t cry ... (she showed a piece of paper in her hand: it was poetry written by Nikolay) I wouldn’t cry, but you don’t you can ... no one can understand ... what is his soul.
  And again she began to cry that his soul was so good.
“It’s good for you ... I don’t envy ... I love you, and Boris, too,” she said, having gathered a little strength, “he is sweet ... there are no obstacles for you.” And Nikolai I cousin ... need ... the Metropolitan himself ... and then it is impossible. And then, if mommy ... (Sonya countess considered and called her mother), she will say that I’m spoiling Nikolai’s career, I don’t have a heart, that I’m ungrateful, and right ... God bless her ... (she crossed herself) I love her so much , and all of you, only Faith alone ... For what? What did I do to her? I am so grateful to you that I would be glad to sacrifice everything, but I have nothing ...
  Sonya could no longer speak and again hid her head in her hands and feather bed. Natasha began to calm down, but her face showed that she understood the importance of her friend's grief.
  - Sonya! She said suddenly, as if guessing about the real reason for the cousin's chagrin. “Right, Vera spoke to you after dinner?” Yes?
  - Yes, Nikolai wrote these verses, and I wrote off others; she found them on my table and said that she would show them to mommy, and she also said that I was ungrateful that mommy would never let him marry me, and he would marry Julie. You see how he is with her all day ... Natasha! For what?…
  And again she wept bitterly. Natasha lifted her, hugged her, and smiling through her tears, began to calm her.
  - Sonya, you do not believe her, dear, do not believe her. Remember how the three of us spoke with Nikolay in the sofa; remember after dinner? After all, we all decided how it will be. I don’t remember how, but, remember, it was all good and everything is possible. Here are Shinshin’s uncles, his brother is married to a cousin, and we are second cousins. And Boris said that it is very possible. You know, I told him everything. And he is so smart and so good, - said Natasha ... - You, Sonya, don’t cry, dear dear, dear, Sonya. - And she kissed her, laughing. - Faith is evil, God be with her! And everything will be fine, and she will not say to mother; Nikolenka himself will say, and he did not think about Julie.
  And she kissed her on the head. Sonya raised herself, and the kitten perked up, his eyes sparkled, and he was ready, it seemed, to swing his tail, jump on soft paws and play with a ball again, as he was well-behaved.
  - You think? Right? By God? She said, quickly straightening her dress and hair.
  - Right, by God! - answered Natasha, straightening to her friend a braided strand of hard hair under a scythe.
  And they both laughed.
  “Well, let's go sing the Key.”
  - Let's go to.
  “You know, that fat Pierre who was sitting against me is so funny!” - suddenly said Natasha, stopping. - I have a lot of fun!
And Natasha ran down the hall.
  Sonya, brushing down the fluff and hiding verses in her bosom, to her neck with protruding bones of her chest, light, cheerful steps, her face flushed, ran after Natasha down the corridor to the sofa. At the request of the guests, the young people sang the Quartet Quartet, which everyone liked very much; then Nikolai sang the song he had learned again.
  On a pleasant night, in the moonlight
  Imagine happily
  That there is someone else in the world
  Who thinks about you too!
  What is she, with a beautiful hand,
  Wandering the golden harp
  With its passionate harmony
  Calling to himself, calling you!
  Another day, two, and paradise will come ...
  But ah! your friend will not live!
  And he did not finish his last words when in the hall the youth prepared for dancing and at the choirs they banged their feet and coughed the musicians.

Pierre was sitting in the living room, where Chinshin, as a visitor from abroad, started a boring political conversation with him, to which others joined. When the music began, Natasha entered the living room and, going straight to Pierre, laughing and blushing, said:
  - Mom told you to ask to dance.
  “I'm afraid to confuse the figures,” said Pierre, “but if you want to be my teacher ...”
  And he gave his thick hand, lowering it to a thin girl.
  While the couples were setting up and the musicians were building, Pierre sat down with his little lady. Natasha was completely happy; she danced with a big one, who came from abroad. She sat in front of everyone and talked to him like a big one. She had a fan in her hand, which one young lady had given her to hold. And, having adopted the most secular pose (God knows where and when she learned this), she, fanning herself with a fan and smiling through the fan, spoke with her gentleman.
  - What, what? Look, look, ”said the old countess, passing through the hall and pointing to Natasha.
  Natasha blushed and laughed.
  - Well, what are you, mom? Well, what kind of hunt are you? What is so surprising?

In the middle of the third eco-season, the chairs in the living room stirred, where the count and Marya Dmitrievna played, and most of the honored guests and old people, stretching after a long seat and putting their wallets and purses in their pockets, went out the hall doors. Ahead was Marya Dmitrievna with the count - both with cheerful faces. The count, with playful politeness, such as in ballet, gave a rounded hand to Marya Dmitrievna. He straightened up, and his face lit up with a particularly youthful, cunning smile, and as soon as the last figure of the eco-ecosis was finished, he clapped his hands on the musicians and shouted at the choirs, addressing the first violin:
  - Semen! Do you know Danila Kupora?
This was the count’s favorite dance, which he danced in his youth. (Danilo Kupor was actually one Anglese figure.)
  “Look at dad,” Natasha screamed all over the hall (completely forgetting that she was dancing with a big one), bending her curly head to her knees and bursting with her sonorous laugh throughout the hall.
  Indeed, everything that was only in the hall looked with a smile of joy at a cheerful old man who, next to his dignified lady, Marya Dmitrievna, who was taller than his height, rounded his hands, shook them to the beat, straightened his shoulders, twisted his legs, slightly tapping, and with an ever-widening smile on his round face, he prepared the audience for what would happen. As soon as the cheerful, evocative sounds of Danila Kupor were heard, similar to a cheerful rattle, all the doors of the hall suddenly made on one side male, on the other - female smiling faces of the courtyards who went out to look at the laughing master.
  - Our father! Eagle! The babysitter said out loud from one door.
The count danced well and knew this, but his lady did not know how and did not want to dance well. Her huge body stood straight with powerful arms down (she handed the reticule to the countess); only one strict but beautiful face danced. What was expressed in the whole round figure of the count, in Marya Dmitrievna was expressed only in a more and more smiling face and an arched nose. But on the other hand, if the count, more and more diverging, captivated the audience with the surprise of deft twists and light jumps of her soft legs, Marya Dmitrievna with the slightest zeal when moving her shoulders or rounding her arms in turns and tapping, made no less impression on merit, which everyone appreciated when her obesity and everlasting severity. The dance revived more and more. The counterparts could not for a moment draw attention to themselves and did not even try about that. Everything was occupied by the count and Marya Dmitrievna. Natasha pulled on the sleeves and dress of all those present, who already did not take their eyes off the dancers, and demanded that they look at daddy. The Earl, in the intervals of the dance, breathed heavily, waved and shouted to the musicians to play faster. Rather, more likely, more quickly, more, more and more, a count was unfolding, either on tiptoe or on heels, rushing around Marya Dmitrievna and, finally, turning his lady to her place, made the last step, lifting her soft leg up from the back, bowing the sweat his head with a smiling face and waving his right hand roundly amid a roar of applause and laughter, especially Natasha. Both dancers stopped, breathing heavily and wiping themselves with cambric shawls.
  “That's how we danced in our time, ma chere,” said the count.
  - Ah yes Danila Kupor! - releasing the spirit heavily and continuously and rolling up her sleeves, said Marya Dmitrievna.

While the Rostovs danced in the hall the sixth Angles to the sounds of the fatigue of the fake musicians, and the tired waiters and cooks were preparing dinner, with Count Bezukhiy the sixth hit. Doctors announced that there was no hope of recovery; the patient was given a deaf confession and communion; made preparations for churching, and there was bustle and anxiety of expectation in the house, common at such moments. Outside the house, outside the gate crowded, hiding from the approaching carriages, undertakers, waiting for a rich order for the count's funeral. The commander-in-chief of Moscow, who constantly sent adjutants to inquire about the count’s position, this evening he himself came to say goodbye to the famous Catherine’s nobleman, Count Bezukhim.
The magnificent reception room was full. Everyone stood respectfully when the Commander-in-Chief, having spent about half an hour alone with the patient, left there, slightly responding to obeisances and trying as soon as possible to get past the gazes of doctors, clergymen and relatives fixed on him. Prince Vasily, who had lost weight and turned pale these days, escorted the commander in chief and something quietly repeated several times to him.
  Having led the commander in chief, Prince Vasily sat alone in a chair in the hall, with his legs crossed high, his elbow resting on his knee and his eyes closed with his hand. After sitting like this for some time, he got up and unusually hasty steps, looking around with frightened eyes, went through a long corridor to the back half of the house, to the senior princess.
  Those who were in the dimly lit room spoke in an uneven whisper and fell silent each time, and full of questions and expectations, looked round at the door that led into the dying man’s chambers and made a faint sound when someone left or entered it.
  “The limit is human,” said the old man, the clergyman, to the lady who sat down to him and naively listened to him, “the limit has been set, you must not cross it.”
  “I think it's not too late to charm?” - adding a spiritual title, the lady asked, as if she had no opinion on this.
  “A sacrament, mother, great,” answered the clergyman, running his hand over his bald head, along which several strands of combed half-gray hair lay.
  “Who is this?” was the commander in chief? They asked at the other end of the room. - What a youthful! ...
  - And the seventh dozen! What, they say, the count will not know already? Would you like to charm?
  “I knew one thing: I was unchained seven times.”
  The second princess only left the patient's room with tearful eyes and sat down beside Dr. Lorren, who in a graceful pose sat under the portrait of Catherine, leaning on the table.
  “Tres beau,” the doctor said, answering a question about the weather, “tres beau, princesse, et puis, a Moscou on se croit a la campagne.” [beautiful weather, princess, and then Moscow is so much like a village.]

Soot Umalatova How to break the USSR

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Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR

September 2, 1991

One of the most hidden events in the history of the USSR and Russia is the Fifth Last Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Until now, on the Internet, even in torrents and pirated networks, there are not a single video, there is not a single file with the texts of transcripts of speeches at this congress.

The Fifth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, held on September 2-5, 1991 in Moscow, immediately after the victory over the GKChP, and the leaders of the People’s Anti-Communist Revolution immediately turning down from below in Moscow and in the localities, the revolution from the bottom was quickly turned off and urgently and greedily distributed from above between a defenseless country in the provinces and sectors of the economy. The Fifth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR is the pinnacle of disgrace and the clearest picture of degradation, behind-the-scenes manipulations and lawlessness, with the help of which the insignificant and random people in the history of Russia divided and destroyed the Soviet Union.

From the first to the last moment of a false and pictorial political action - the Fifth last congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the entire history of Russia - the clearest example of hypocrisy and robbery, a trap, a pit no less than the Belovezhskaya Accords and personal interest and willful participation of the hypocrite and the limited mind of man, Lyceum Boris Yeltsin. In 1991, the Russian people were promised mountains of gold and the unity of a democratic country, and secretly did everything so that a genuine and powerful Russia would never rise from the ashes again.

It is necessary to show on television and post on the Internet this whole terrible political performance, which took place on September 5, 1991 - the Fifth Last (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, specially suddenly disbanded by Gorbachev and Yeltsin, without any discussion in society and at this Congress itself, according to the correct, the procedure adopted before this, the rules for the fair conduct of the congress itself. Everything was done not according to the procedure, not according to the rules, absolutely illegal, everything was turned upside down in order to destroy the congress itself in a swoop, as the government body elected by the people of the Soviet Union, to destroy the Soviet Union itself and the Soviet people in its concrete material manifestations - a country, a state structure, a single people, for the most part speaking the same, beloved and interesting Russian language - a gigantic geopolitical space, most powerful in terms of resources and cultural tasks, on Earth.

Promising only to change the economic system and thereby strengthen the unity and prosperity of the Soviet people, in fact, they secretly and with very great will did everything in a completely different direction - for the sake of personal greed, benefits and new prospects for personal power. Secretly, but in a very volitional way to power and victory there was an extraordinary, simply metaphysical, universal greed, one continuous materialism, which needed only all the resources of Russia, everything that could bring profit - specifically - to satisfy only its most scented and primitive goals - at the cost of immediate subsequent degradation of all captured and shared between a bunch of money-grubbers and primitive managers of the raw material space.

Alexander Bogdanov,

St. Petersburg.

In accordance with this Law, the unified system of representative bodies of state power of the RSFSR is composed of the Councils of People's Deputies - the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, Congresses of People's Deputies and the Supreme Councils of the Autonomous Republics, local Councils of People's Deputies (regional, oblast, autonomous regions, autonomous okrugs, district, city, district in cities, towns and villages). The term of office of the Councils of People's Deputies is 5 years. The most important issues of republican significance are resolved at meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and sessions of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR or are put to referenda. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR elects the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR forms the Presidium.

Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR Supreme Council of the RSFSR / RF.

"In order to develop socialist democracy, self-government of the people, improve the electoral system, structure and activities of the Councils of People's Deputies and the judiciary" and in accordance with the Law of the USSR of December 1, 1988, the eleventh session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR XI convocation adopted the Law of the RSFSR on October 27, 1989 " On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR ". In accordance with this Law, the unified system of representative bodies of state power of the RSFSR is composed of the Councils of People's Deputies - the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, Congresses of People's Deputies and the Supreme Councils of the Autonomous Republics, local Councils of People's Deputies (regional, oblast, autonomous regions, autonomous okrugs, district, city, district in cities, towns and villages). The term of office of the Councils of People's Deputies is 5 years. The most important issues of republican significance are resolved at meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and sessions of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR or are put to referenda. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR elects the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR forms the Presidium.

The supreme body of state power of the RSFSR is the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, which is authorized to accept for consideration and resolve any issue referred to the jurisdiction of the RSFSR. The exclusive competence of the Congress includes:

adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR, introduction of amendments and additions to it;

The definition of domestic and foreign policy of the RSFSR;

Decision-making on issues of the national state structure of the RSFSR;

The solution of questions about changing the borders of the RSFSR with other union republics and submitting them for consideration by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR;

Approval of long-term state plans and the most important republican programs of economic and social development of the RSFSR;

Election of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, his deputies;

Approval of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Chairman of the Committee of People’s Control of the RSFSR, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, the Chief State Arbiter of the RSFSR;

Election of the Constitutional Oversight Committee of the RSFSR;

Making decisions on the conduct of the republican popular vote (referendum);

Implementation of legislative initiative at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and in the Supreme Council of the USSR.

The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR has the right to repeal acts adopted by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. The congress adopts laws and decrees. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR consists of 1,068 deputies, including 900 deputies elected from territorial election districts, 168 deputies from national-territorial election districts according to the norms established by the Constitution. Congress meetings are held once a year.

The Supreme Council of the RSFSR is the organ of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the permanent legislative, administrative and control body of state power of the RSFSR. The Supreme Council is elected by secret ballot from among the deputies of the RSFSR by the Congress and is accountable to it. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR consists of two chambers: the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities, which are equal in number. The chambers of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR are equal. The Council of the Republic is elected from among the people's deputies of the RSFSR from the territorial electoral districts, the Council of Nationalities is elected from among the people's deputies from the national-territorial election districts. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR annually updates part of the composition of the chambers of the Supreme Council at the rate established by it. Each chamber of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR elects a Chairperson of the chamber and his deputy. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR is convened by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR at regular sessions, which are held twice a year. A session of the Supreme Council consists of separate and joint meetings of the chambers, as well as meetings between the standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR held between them. After the expiration of the term of office of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR retains authority until the formation of a new Congress of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

The Supreme Council of the RSFSR:

appoints elections of people's deputies of the RSFSR and people's deputies of local Soviets;

Approves the composition of the Central Election Commission for the Election of People's Deputies of the RSFSR;

Appoints the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and, on his proposal, approves the composition of the Council of Ministers, forms and abolishes ministries and state committees of the RSFSR;

Elects the Committee of People's Control of the RSFSR, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, and judges of regional and regional courts; appoints the Chief State Arbiter of the RSFSR;

Regularly hears reports of bodies or officials formed or elected by him, decides on trust in the Government of the RSFSR and members of the Government;

It ensures unity and carries out legislative regulation throughout the territory of the RSFSR;

Solves issues related to ensuring constitutional rights, freedoms and duties of citizens of the RSFSR and the equal rights of citizens of the USSR of all nationalities on the territory of the RSFSR;

Provides an interpretation of the laws of the RSFSR;

Establishes the order of organization and activity of republican, local bodies of state power and administration;

Directs the activities of local Soviets of People's Deputies;

Approves state plans for the economic and social development of the RSFSR, the state budget of the RSFSR;

Exercises control over their execution;

Ratifies and denounces international treaties of the RSFSR;

Participates in the development of basic measures in the field of defense and ensuring state security of the country;

It establishes state awards of the RSFSR, establishes the honorary titles of the RSFSR, and also has some other powers in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR.

The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopts laws of the RSFSR and decrees. Each chamber of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR is entitled to consider any issues referred to the competence of the Supreme Council. First of all, consideration is given to the Council of the Republic on issues of state building and socio-economic development, which have a common value for the whole republic, rights, freedoms and duties of citizens of the RSFSR. First of all, the Council of Nationalities should consider the issues of ensuring national equality of interests of nations, nationalities and national groups; improving the legislation of the RSFSR regulating interethnic relations and other issues.

Each of the chambers adopts resolutions on issues of its competence. The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR is the body accountable to the Supreme Council, which ensures the organization of the work of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and exercises other powers stipulated by the Constitution of the RSFSR and the laws of the RSFSR. The Presidium consists of the following posts: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, his deputies, chairmen of the chambers, chairmen of the standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR is headed by the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR:

convenes sessions of the Supreme Council;

Organizes the preparation of Congress meetings and sessions;

Coordinates the activities of the standing commissions of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR;

It assists the People's Deputies of the RSFSR in the exercise of their powers;

Monitors compliance with the Constitution of the RSFSR;

Organizes the preparation and conduct of popular voting (referenda);

Awarded with state awards of the RSFSR;

Assigns the honorary titles of the RSFSR;

Establishes memorable and significant days of the RSFSR;

Solves issues of citizenship of the RSFSR;

Carries a pardon;

Appoints and withdraws diplomatic representatives of the RSFSR in foreign states and with international organizations, and also exercises other powers defined by the Constitution of the RSFSR.

The Presidium issues decrees and adopts decisions. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR is the highest official of the RSFSR and represents her domestically and in international relations. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR is elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR from among the People's Deputies of the RSFSR by secret ballot for\u003e five years; he reports to the Congress and the Supreme Council. Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR:

carries out general management of the preparation of issues to be considered by the Congress and the Supreme Council;

Signs the laws of the RSFSR and other acts adopted by the Congress, the Supreme Council and its Presidium;

Submits reports to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on the situation of the republic and important issues of its internal and external political activity, on participation in ensuring the defense capability and security of the RSFSR;

Submit candidatures to the Congress and the Supreme Council for the election or appointment of Deputy Chairpersons of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, members of the Committee for Constitutional Oversight, Chairperson of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, Chairperson of the Committee of Public Control of the RSFSR, Chairperson of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, Chief State Arbiter of the RSFSR;

Negotiates and signs international treaties.

The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR issues orders. The First Deputy and Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Council carry out certain functions by his authority and replace the Chairperson in his absence. The Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities shall elect standing committees of the chambers from among the members of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and other people's deputies of the RSFSR, and may also create, on a joint basis, committees of the Supreme Council from among the members of chambers and other people's deputies of the RSFSR.

The Supreme Council of the RSFSR, each of its chambers creates, if necessary, investigative, audit and other commissions on any issue. The standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR are annually updated according to the norms established by the Supreme Council. The Decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of October 27, 1989 "On the Procedure for Enforcing the Law of the RSFSR" On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR "was entrusted to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR to convene the Congress and organize the preparation of its meetings.

At the eleventh session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of the XI convocation, the Law on the Election of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was also adopted (October 27, 1989). The law determined the procedure for the appointment of elections and the formation of constituencies; education, authority and organization of work of election commissions; the procedure for the nomination and registration of candidates for deputies of the RSFSR; the procedure for voting and summarizing the results of elections, their publication; the procedure for re-voting, re-elections and elections instead of the retired deputies of the RSFSR. At the same session, the Central Election Commission for the Elections of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was formed and elections for People's Deputies of the RSFSR and People's Deputies of local Soviets were scheduled for March 4, 1990. Candidates for People's Deputies of the RSFSR, 8.254 people were nominated. During the March 4, 1990 elections and the March 18, 1990 re-election, 1,026 People's Deputies of the RSFSR were elected. Another 34 deputies were elected in May 1990 as a result of the re-election.

The First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was held in Moscow from May 16 to June 22, 1990 and, like the subsequent Congresses, the Congress determined the main directions of the internal policy of the RSFSR in the Grand Kremlin Palace and resolved important organizational issues. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR - B.N. Yeltsin, his First Deputy R.I.Khasbulatov and his deputies - B.M. Isaev and S.P. Goryacheva (resolutions of the Congress of May 29, 1990, June 5, 1990) were elected at the Congress. and June 1, 1990) The distribution of duties (functions) between the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, his First Deputy and Vice-Chairmen, as a rule, was fixed by the relevant orders of the Chairman (No. 116-1 of July 17, 1990, of May 5, 1991; No. 1970rp-1 of December 3, 1991; No. 3427rp-1 of August 21, 1992; No. "3441 rp-1 of September 7, 1992) On June 11, 1990, the Congress elected the Supreme Council of the RSFSR: the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities. The Congress adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, which proclaimed the "basis for the development of the new Constitution of the RSFSR, the conclusion of the Union Treaty and improvement Republican Legislation. "The Congress formed the Constitutional Commission to draft a new Constitution of the Republic, and also instructed the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the Constitutional Commission to finalize the adopted The decree on power and the development of the basic principles of the new Union Treaty, guided by the decisions of the Congress of June 20 and 22, 1990 "On the mechanism of democracy in the RSFSR" and "On the delineation of the functions of managing organizations in the territory of the RSFSR."

At the Congress, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR was approved I.S. Silaev. The Congress instructed the Supreme Council to develop and submit to the next Congress a draft concept of economic reform; The Council of Ministers was tasked with developing a program for the revival of the Russian countryside and the development of the agro-industrial complex. The bodies of public control in the RSFSR were abolished. The Congress adopted a resolution "On the preparation and consideration of draft laws of the RSFSR", which determined the list of draft laws that the Supreme Council of the RSFSR should prepare and consider as a matter of priority. Among them are bills on economic and political reforms, harmonization of interethnic relations, and others.

On June 7, 1990, the Provisional Rules of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR were adopted and commissioned by the Congress on certain issues. The regulation defines: the procedure for the formation of the working bodies of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR (Secretariat, Mandate and Editorial Commission), the election of the leadership of the Supreme Council, its chambers, officials; the order of discussion and decision-making at the Congress, the creation of commissions, the use of the electronic system.

In accordance with the Interim Rules, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR carries out its work in plenary meetings, and if necessary, in breakout sessions. The Secretariat of the Congress organizes the keeping of the transcript and protocol of the meetings of the Congress, keeps a record of people wishing to make a speech, registers deputy requests, messages, applications and proposals, organizes work with citizens' appeals addressed to the Congress. On behalf of the Congress, the editorial commission carries out editorial preparation of draft laws, resolutions, decisions and other documents of the Congress.

The congress can create commissions on any questions of its activity; the commissions are accountable to the Congress and are responsible only to it. The Commission shall terminate its activities after fulfilling the tasks assigned to it or ahead of schedule by decision of the Congress. The Provisional Rules stipulate that people's deputies of the RSFSR may unite in deputy groups on the basis of a territorial or other principle chosen by the group. The composition of the deputy group must be at least 50 deputies. Organizational, technical and other services for the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR are provided by the Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the status and staff of which are approved by the Supreme Council. At the Congress, an Interim Regulation on the Support of the Activities of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was also adopted. At the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, which began on June 13, 1990, the chairmen of the chambers were elected: Chairman of the Council of the Republic - V. B. Isakov, Chairman of the Council of Nationalities - R. G. Abdulatipov. The first session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was held from June 13 to July 14, 1990. At the session, the Supreme Council formed its working bodies. Standing commissions were created in each house (4 in the Council of the Republic. 3 in the Council of Nationalities), 18 committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR were formed on an equal footing.

The Supreme Council of the RSFSR approved the composition of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The session adopted the law of the RSFSR on republican ministries and state committees of the RSFSR, decisions on the basic principles of foreign economic activity on the territory of the republic, the creation of free business zones, as well as other acts of a regulatory, administrative and control nature. The Provisional Rules for the Submission to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the Consideration in Committees and Commissions of Draft Laws of the RSFSR were approved.

From September 3 to December 27, 1990 the second session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was held. The program of work of the Supreme Council was the decisions adopted by the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, and the main focus of its activities was lawmaking. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Decree on Power. The laws of the RSFSR on the status of people's deputies, on a referendum, on freedom of religion, on property, on enterprises and entrepreneurial activities, on the tax system in the RSFSR, on ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the republic (in accordance with which the State Property Committee of the RSFSR), acts on land reform, on the social development of the countryside and peasant (farm) economy, on state pensions, on the federal structure, on the concept of economic reform and on other issues. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR approved a program to stabilize the economy and transition to market relations (the "500 days" program of S. Shatalin - G. Yavlinsky). The Rules of Procedure of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, regulating the procedure for organizing its activities, were discussed and adopted on October 24, 1990. The rules of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, adopted as early as March 26, 1980, have lost force.

The Rules of Procedure of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR set forth the powers and procedure for the formation of the Supreme Council, standing committees of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, its Presidium. The procedure for the formation of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, the appointment of a prosecutor and the Chief State Arbitrator of the republic are determined. Particular attention is paid to the issue of introducing and considering in the Supreme Council draft legislative acts, the state plan and budget, as well as the procedure for adopting and formalizing administrative and control decisions of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. According to the Rules of Procedure of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, draft laws of the RSFSR and legislative proposals are submitted for consideration along with a justification for the need to develop them, a description of the goals, objectives and main provisions, their place in the current legislation system. Draft laws of the RSFSR and legislative proposals to be considered by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR are submitted to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and during the session of the Supreme Council, to chambers or chairmen of chambers. The registered draft law or legislative proposal shall be sent to the appropriate standing commissions of the chambers and committees of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and simultaneously to the Committee of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on legislation. In this case, the parent committee (commission) for the preparation of the opinion is determined. Draft laws of the RSFSR are circulated to members of the Supreme Council. Comments and suggestions of deputies are taken into account during further work on bills. To work on draft laws of the RSFSR or legislative proposals, standing commissions and committees create preparatory commissions. Alternative draft laws of the RSFSR are considered by commissions and committees at the same time as the main draft. According to the draft law or legislative proposal, preliminary discussions may take place in labor collectives, scientific institutions, public organizations.

If necessary, bills are sent for scientific examination, and conclusions of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the opinions of ministries and departments, state and public bodies and local Soviets of People's Deputies of the RSFSR may be requested on them. Comments and suggestions received during the discussion of the bill are considered by the preparatory commission and at meetings of the relevant commissions and committees. Consideration of draft laws of the RSFSR submitted to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR is carried out in two readings. At the first reading of the bill, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR hears the report of the initiator of the bill and the co-report of the head committee (committee), discusses the main provisions of the bill, makes suggestions and comments. If the bill is approved, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR sets the deadline for its submission for a second reading. When introducing alternative draft laws of the RSFSR on the same issue, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR simultaneously discusses them during the first reading and decides which of the projects to be considered as the basis for preparing for the second reading. If in the course of the first reading the Supreme Council of the RSFSR recognizes the submitted draft as not requiring amendments, it may accept it without passing to the second reading. After consideration of the draft law in first reading, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR may take it as a basis either reject it or forward it for additional consideration. By decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the bill can be submitted to public discussion. The parent committee (commission) or other body entrusted with the finalization of the bill, consider the amendments to the draft and prepare it for second reading. The finalized bill, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR or the chairmen of the chambers, is submitted for second reading, as a result of which the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopts the law either rejects it or returns it for revision. The second (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was held from November 27 to December 15, 1990. The congress confirmed the course towards radical economic reform, supporting the main provisions of the program for stabilizing the economy and transition to market relations in the RSFSR, the program for the revival of the Russian countryside and the development of the agro-industrial complex.

The Extraordinary Commission of the Congress on Food and the Commission on the development of proposals for the draft Union Treaty were organized at the Congress. On December 15, 1990, the Congress adopted a law amending and supplementing the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR. In accordance with the law, the Supreme Council was entrusted with the supreme authorities of the republics within the RSFSR to develop a draft Federal Treaty, as well as a draft law on the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR. Significant changes were made to the Constitution of the RSFSR, including on issues of ownership, acts of acts of the USSR on the territory of the republic, the introduction of the Constitutional Court and the Prosecutor General of Russia. Other acts were adopted at the Congress. By a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 480-1 dated January 15, 1991, the Secretary of the Presidium was appointed, it was People's Deputy of the RSFSR S. A. Filatov (after the completion of the powers of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of the eleventh convocation, the position of Secretary was vacant). The third session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was held from January 21 to July 12, 1991. Considerable attention was paid to the consideration of issues of the national state structure, the reorganization of state authorities and local self-government of the RSFSR, economic reform, social development and social protection of citizens in the transition to a market; legal reform issues. Among the laws adopted by the session are the President of the RSFSR, on the election of the President of the RSFSR, on the Constitutional Court, on the privatization of state property and housing stock, on investment activities, on medical insurance of citizens, on the police, on the state of emergency, on the rehabilitation of repressed peoples and other normative acts, administrative and control character. The session considered and approved the draft Treaty on the Commonwealth of Sovereign States submitted by the President of the USSR, and also approved the State Delegation of the RSFSR for final approval of the text and signing the Treaty (Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of July 5, 1991). From March 28 to April 5, 1991 The third (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR took place. The most important decisions adopted at the Congress were decisions on the political and socio-economic situation in the RSFSR and measures to overcome the crisis, on the national state structure of the RSFSR, on the results of the RSFSR referendum of March 17, 1991 on the introduction of the post of President of the RSFSR, on the Treaty on the Union of Sovereign Republics, on the redistribution of powers between the highest state bodies of the RSFSR for the implementation of anti-crisis measures. The congress appointed the election of the President of the RSFSR on June 12, 1991. A major socio-political event was the Fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, which was held from May 21 to 25, 1991. At the Congress, the Law "On the President of the RSFSR" adopted by the Supreme Council was approved. In accordance with the Law, the President of the RSFSR is the highest official of the RSFSR and the head of the executive branch in the RSFSR. The president is elected for a five-year term; upon assuming office, the President takes the oath.

President of the RSFSR:

has the right of legislative initiative;

Signs and promulgates laws of the RSFSR;

Submits reports to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR on the implementation of socio-economic and other programs, on the situation in the republic;

Handles messages;

Appoints, with the consent of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR;

Appoints and dismisses ministers, heads of committees and departments of the RSFSR;

Manages the activities of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, accepts the resignation of the Government with the consent of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR;

Appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the republic, accepts credentials and recalls of diplomatic representatives accredited to him;

Heads the Security Council of the RSFSR;

Negotiates and signs on behalf of the RSFSR international and inter-republican treaties, which enter into force after ratification by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR;

Takes measures to ensure state and public safety;

Declares a state of emergency;

It solves issues of citizenship of the RSFSR, represents political asylum;

He awards state awards of the RSFSR, assigns special ranks, class ranks and honorary titles of the RSFSR;

Exercises the right to pardon citizens convicted by the courts of the RSFSR.

On the proposal of the President of the RSFSR, extraordinary meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and extraordinary sessions of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR are convened. The President does not have the right to dissolve or suspend the activities of the Congress and the Supreme Council. The powers of the President of the RSFSR cannot be used to change the national state structure of the RSFSR, to dissolve or suspend the activities of any legally elected bodies of state power. At the same time as the President, the Vice-President of the RSFSR is elected, who exercises, on behalf of the President of the RSFSR, his individual powers. The President issues decrees and orders, and checks their implementation. In connection with the establishment of the post of the President of the RSFSR and the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR, as well as in connection with the reform of local self-government at the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, corresponding amendments and additions were made to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR. In accordance with these changes and additions, the powers of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, its Presidium, and the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic changed.

In particular, the Supreme Council was given the right to legislate on issues within the competence of the Congress (except for the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR), with subsequent submission for approval by the Congress. The concepts of "republic within the RSFSR", "bodies of territorial public self-government" and "local administration" are also introduced into the Constitution of the RSFSR; their powers are defined.

The election of the President of the RSFSR was held on June 12, 1991. Boris N. Yeltsin was elected President of the Republic. In accordance with the Law of the RSFSR of June 27, 1991, adopted by the third session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, B.N. Yeltsin took the oath of office and took office as President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on July 10, 1991.

From July 10 to July 17, 1991, the fifth (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR was held, at which B.N. Yeltsin was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and the Law on the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR was approved. Since the Congress failed to elect the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, it was decided to declare a break in the Congress. After the break, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR met on October 28, 1991.

An extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR was held on August 21-22, 1991, discussing the "political situation in the republic resulting from an unconstitutional coup in the USSR," which was carried out by an unconstitutionally formed State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP). Important decisions were made, including additional powers were granted to the President of the RSFSR and a deputy commission was formed to investigate the causes and circumstances of the coup in the USSR and prepare proposals for improving the legislation and governance structure of the USSR and the RSFSR. On August 26, 1991, by order of the First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 143 / l, the functions of the Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR were determined: organization of the work of the apparatus of the Presidium, monitoring its activities, ensuring coordination and interaction in the work of structural units of the apparatus; planning and organizing the preparation of meetings of the Presidium and the Supreme Council.

The fourth session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was held from September 19, 1991 to July 17, 1992. The session adopted laws of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on economic and social problems, including on security, on the citizenship of the RSFSR, on the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the RSFSR, on the regional and regional Council of People's Deputies, on consumer cooperation, on tax issues , on the state program of privatization, on the media, on education, on the indexation of cash income and savings of citizens and other acts. In addition, at the beginning of the fourth session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, V.B.Isakov was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Council of the Republic, N.T. Ryabov was elected Chairman of the Chamber (Resolution of the Council of the Republic of October 2, 1991). During the session from October 28 to November 2, 1991, the fifth (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR continued its work after a 3-month break. At the Congress, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR - R.I. Khasbulatov, the first Deputy Chairman - S.A. Filatov was elected. Released from their duties as Vice-Chairmen S.P. Goryachev and B.M. Isaev. Yu.M. Voronin, V.F.Shumeyko and Yu.F. Yarov were elected Vice-Chairpersons of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. In addition, members of the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR were elected by the Congress and a part of the composition of the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was updated. The congress heard information about the work of the Constitutional Commission in preparing the draft new Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR, and introduced amendments and additions to the current Constitution of the republic. A resolution was adopted on the socio-economic situation in the RSFSR, which approved the principles of radical economic reform.

On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the RSFSR, the Republic of Belarus, and Ukraine signed the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), stating that "the USSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist." The assignee of the USSR and its organs is the Russian Federation. On December 12, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS and denounced the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR of December 30, 1922. On December 25, 1991, the Law on changing the name of the state was adopted: the RSFSR became known as the Russian Federation (Russia).

March 31, 1992 in Moscow in the Grand Kremlin Palace the signing of the Federal Treaty on the delimitation of objects of authority and authority between federal government bodies and authorities of sovereign republics in the Russian Federation, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and
  St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, autonomous region, autonomous okrugs as part of the Russian Federation. At the Sixth Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation held from April 6 to 21, 1992, the signed Federal Treaty was approved; a decision was made to include the contents of the contract as part of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the Congress, the Law of the Russian Federation on Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (April 21, 1992) was adopted, which made significant amendments to the Basic Law of the Republic in connection with the termination of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, as well as the declaration of the Russian Federation as a sovereign independent state. The most important decisions of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation were also decisions on the progress of economic reform and the state of the agro-industrial complex, on the political situation of Russia in the CIS: the state and prospects of development, on the socio-economic situation of the regions of the North and equivalent localities. At the Congress, members of the Council of the Republic and the Council of Nationalities were elected (instead of those who left). In the period from September 22 to December 25, 1992 the fifth session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was held. The session examined and adopted laws on defense, on the monetary system, on currency regulation and currency control, on the insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises, on insurance, as well as the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture, the law on the basics of federal housing policy and other acts, aimed at further deepening economic reform. The Seventh Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was held from December 1 to December 14, 1992. The congress reviewed the course of economic reform in Russia, recognized the activity of the Government as unsatisfactory, and approved V.S. Chernomyrdin as the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation (instead of E.T. Gaidar).

At the Congress, part of the composition of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was updated (rotation), N.T. Ryabov was elected deputy chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation (instead of V.F.Shumeyko). Among the issues considered at the Congress, a special place was occupied by the problems of the state of legality, the fight against crime and corruption, the situation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the progress of work on the draft new Constitution. By a resolution of the Congress of December 12, 1992 “On Stabilization of the Constitutional System of the Russian Federation”, an all-Russian referendum was scheduled for April 11, 1993 on the main provisions of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation. On January 11, 1993, People’s Deputy of the Russian Federation V.G. . Syrovatko (Decree of the Presidium No. 428 3-1).

From January 13 to July 23, 1993, the sixth session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation was held. At the session, legislative acts were adopted that create a regulatory framework for legal regulation in the field of national-state structure, economic and social policy of the state. The laws of the Russian Federation on the state border, on the status of the capital of the Russian Federation, the Fundamentals of the legislation on notaries, on the protection of the health of citizens, on the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as the Russian Customs Code and other important acts were adopted. At the session, V.S.Sokolov was elected Chairman of the Council of the Republic (resolution of the chamber No. 4444-1 of February 10, 1993). During the sixth session, two extraordinary Congresses of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation took place. The Eighth (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was held from March 10 to 13, 1993. The Congress discussed and adopted decisions on measures to implement constitutional reform in the Russian Federation, on compliance with the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation by the highest state authorities and officials (based on the discussion of the message of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation); He heard information from the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation and the Central Bank on the progress of economic reform. The congress recognized the inappropriate conduct of an all-Russian referendum on April 11, 1993 and instructed the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation to consider the advisability of introducing amendments and addenda to the Constitution of Russia, providing for the possibility of holding early elections of people's deputies of the Russian Federation and the President of Russia.

On March 20, 1993, President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin spoke on television with an Address to the Citizens of Russia. In connection with the serious violations of the Constitution of the Russian Federation contained in the appeal (which was confirmed by the conclusion of the Constitutional Court) on March 26, 1993, the ninth (extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation was convened. On the last day of work on March 29, the Congress adopted a resolution "On urgent measures to preserve the constitutional system of the Russian Federation." In order to overcome the political crisis in the Russian Federation and taking into account the proposals of the President of the Russian Federation, the Congress announced on April 25, 1993, a nationwide referendum vote on the issues of confidence in the President of Russia, approval of his socio-economic policy, and the need for early elections of the President of the Russian Federation and people's deputies Russian Federation. The congress supported the need to stabilize the situation in the country. The First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation - Yu.M. Voronin (instead of the dismissed S.A. Filatov) was elected, the Vice-Chairmen - V.O. Isravnikov and V.A. Agafonov instead of the dismissed Yu.M. Voronin and Yu. F. Yarov. On July 31, 1993, the seventh extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation began, which, along with other legislative acts, adopted the Fundamentals of Labor Protection Legislation and the Law on Space Activities on September 21, 1993, Presidential Decree No. 1400 was issued About phased const reform of the Russian Federation, "which terminated the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and the powers of people's deputies of the Russian Federation. The Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and the Tenth Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, which met on September 23, 1993, as well as the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, evaluated the actions of the President as a coup d'etat. The powers of President B.N. Yeltsin were declared terminated; the execution of powers is entrusted to the Vice-President of the Russian Federation A.V. Rutsky. The confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of government ended in tragic events in Moscow on October 3-4, 1993, the liquidation of Soviet authorities and a change in the socio-political system of Russia. On September 23, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation, by decree No. 1446, formed the Commission for the Transfer of Affairs of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. The commission was invited to "immediately take all necessary measures to ensure the safety of the premises, property, equipment of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and other facilities", "to conduct a complete record of archival documents, paperwork and bills." At the end of the work, the Commission was to submit a report on its results to the President of the Russian Federation for approval. All property of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, including cash in rubles and foreign currency, was transferred to the Main Social and Industrial Administration of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation as the assignee of the Supreme Council (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1993 No. 1433). Certain state guarantees of social protection were provided to the people's deputies of the Russian Federation (Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1435 of September 23, 1993, No. 1590 of October 6, 1993, No. 810 of April 22, 1994).

E-book "STATE DUMA IN RUSSIA IN 1906-2006" Transcripts of meetings and other documents .; The apparatus of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation; Federal Archival Agency; Information company "Codex"; LLC Agora IT; Databases of the company "Consultant Plus"; LLC NPP Garant-Service.

First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR

For the first time, meetings of the supreme authority were broadcast on radio and television. Millions of people did not come off from reproducers and screens.

Newspapers with congress materials were snapped up.

“These were great weeks in the history of the country,” wrote A.N. Yakovlev. - An exciting event that laid the practical foundation for parliamentarism in the USSR and in Russia. I think there is still no full understanding of the significance of this fact. ”

Describing the prospects that opened up in connection with this before our country, M.S. Gorbachev writes: "I don’t remember who was the first to say this, but everyone supported: henceforth, congresses of people's deputies, and not congresses of the CPSU, will become the main political forums that determine the life of the country." And further: "It was a sharp turn, a real change of milestones, followed by a gradual replacement of the old institutions of power, and even its symbols."

That is, a coat of arms, a banner and an anthem.

Article 110 of the Constitution of the USSR reads: "The first meeting of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR after the elections is chaired by the chairman of the Central Election Commission for the election of people's deputies of the USSR, and then the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the USSR or his deputy." However, apparently, fearing surprises, the presidium of the congress was just elected as M.S. Gorbachev took over the chairmanship. In this regard, all subsequent work of the congress essentially acquired an illegal character.

After the report of the credentials committee, people's deputies elected the chairman of the Supreme Council, which became M.S. Gorbachev, then the Supreme Council itself.

When the members of the Supreme Council were elected, all the candidates proposed by the opposition were failed, among them B.N. Yeltsin. Then the next day, the deputy from Omsk A. Kazannik resigned. The vacant place was taken by Boris Nikolaevich.

I well remember how the episode mentioned was shown on television and how touching it looked. Only later did it become known that the whole story was played out according to a pre-compiled script.

It turns out that after the election of members of the Supreme Council, the congress rejected B.N. Yeltsin, G.Kh. Popov met with M.S. Gorbachev and put before him the question of the need to rectify what happened. “Gorbachev understood,” says Gavriil Kharitonovich, “that if the Supreme Council, where neither Sakharov, Afanasyev, nor me was elected, is completely without opposition deputies, then, as Mikhail Sergeyevich thought, he will not succeed in making him a lever of pressure on the Central Committee” . But he did not see a way out of this situation.

“And if we ourselves find a way out,” I asked, “will you support us?” “Yes,” he answered. And kept his word. Further is well known. After my conversation with him, Siberian deputy Alexei Kazannik decided to refuse to work in the Supreme Council. Yeltsin was next in number of votes. So he got into the Supreme Council. But here the “aggressively obedient majority”, having bit our trick, was indignant and began to demand new elections. Gorbachev answered: they say, everything is according to the rules. If someone refuses, then the next one follows him. "

According to former assistant B.N. Yeltsin L. Sukhanova, M.S. Gorbachev not only showed interest in getting Boris Nikolayevich to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, but also made sure that a committee for architecture and construction was created specifically for him in the Supreme Council.

This suggests that B.N. Yeltsin was assigned the role of an opposition leader in the first Soviet parliament, and Mikhail Sergeyevich contributed in every way to this.

The hottest debate at the congress revolved around the report "On the main directions of the internal and foreign policy of the USSR", which was made by M.S. Gorbachev. After a heated debate, the congress decided to "move on to a new model of the economy," which would now be characterized by a complete rejection not of the party, as was said before, but of the state "of the functions of directly interfering in the operational management of economic units." Translated into ordinary language, this meant a transition to a market economy.

Then the parliamentary opposition took shape. G.Kh. Popov described the circumstances of her appearance: “According to the regulations, only territorial groups were allowed to be created at the congress, and they were led by secretaries of regional committees, who tightly controlled their delegation, suppressing any dissent.”

As a result, Gavriil Kharitonovich claims, at the very beginning of the congress, "our Moscow group — it included Yeltsin, Sakharov, Afanasyev, Adamovich, I, and other opposition deputies — was always in the minority." “Sakharov and I spoke with Gorbachev. He said that he would try so that we would not be prevented from working. ”

“But the parliamentary majority still pressed us. That's when I proposed creating an interregional group. Like, if territorial deputy communities are provided, then interregional should also be legalized. This was, it seems, the only way, without going beyond the framework of the congressional rules, to unite the deputies of the opposition. Which we did. ”

There is reason to question this version. The fact is that the Congress opened on May 25, and a day later, on the 27th, Gavriil Kharitonovich went to the podium and made the following statement: “A group of regional Moscow deputies from scientific organizations, from creative unions considers it necessary to leave the Moscow delegation. We propose to think about the formation of an interregional independent deputy group and we invite all the comrades of deputies to join this group. ”

This gives reason to believe that the creation of an "independent deputy group" began even before the opening of the congress.

According to G.Kh. Popov, first in the Interregional Deputy Group “there were 60 people, then 70, then 100”, by the end of the “150 deputies” congress. According to D. Matlock, "by the summer" there was a consolidation of "more than three hundred deputies." Soon, their number approached 400. And an alliance with the Baltic states made it possible to bring the number of opposition members to 1/4 - the right to demand the convening of a congress.

The opposition openly raised its banner when the floor was given to Academician A.D. Sakharov. He proposed the adoption of a decree on power, which would proclaim the abolition of the 6th article on the leading role of the party and the transfer of real power in the country to Soviets of all levels. And although this was precisely what political reform was aimed at, M.S. Gorbachev refused to put the proposal to the vote.

The reason for this, apparently, was that, according to his plan, the completion of the political reform should have been the elections to the local Soviets, which were first scheduled for autumn 1989, then were postponed to March 1990. Therefore, M.S. Gorbachev rejected the offer of A.D. Sakharov is not in essence, but for tactical reasons.

It is unlikely that Andrei Dmitrievich and his like-minded people then expected to receive the necessary support, but they hoped in this way not only to rally the opposition at the congress itself, but also to use the requirement of canceling the 6th article to unite the opposition throughout the country.

An important role in uniting the opposition was played by three more questions: a) about the events of Tbilisi in 1989, b) about the secret protocol of 1939, and c) about the case of T.Kh. Gdlyana and N.I. Ivanova. On all these issues, special parliamentary commissions were created. The first was headed by A.A. Sobchak, the second - A.N. Yakovlev, the third - R.A. Medvedev.

Of particular importance to the fate of the country was the second question, on the decision of which the fate of not only the Baltic States, but also the entire Soviet Union depended in many respects.

On May 11, the question of the Baltic states was specially submitted to a meeting of the Politburo. “The day before yesterday,” we read in the diary of A.S. Chernyaev, - the PB was considering the situation in the Baltic states. After all commissions and expeditions, six members of the PB submitted a note - pogromic, panic: "everything is collapsing," "power is leaving for the people's fronts." In this spirit, the first three secretaries worked out: Vaino (meaning Vaino Vyalyas - A.O.), Brazauskas, Vargis. But they did not allow themselves to eat. Stay with dignity. "

Moreover, as it appears from the diary of V.I. Vorotnikova, A. Brazauzkas said that the Communists of Lithuania "require independence and full economic calculation."

How M.S. behaved in this situation Gorbachev? “We trust the first secretaries,” he said. - Otherwise it can not be. You can’t "identify the front of the people, which is followed by 90 percent of the people of the republics with extremists ... If you declare a referendum, not a single [republic], even Lithuania," will leave. " To involve the leaders of the “people's fronts” in state and government activities, to put in posts ... think about how to actually transform the federation ... to meet as much as possible. "

In his speech, M.S. Gorbachev also formulated the maximum that in this case he was ready to go. “The interests of the Union, the Center,” he emphasized, “are not very great: the army, the state apparatus, science. The rest is up to the republics. ”

The rest is ownership of land, industry, agriculture, transport, domestic and foreign trade, customs, finance, money emission, police, state security, domestic and foreign policy, i.e. almost everything, including the army, and the state apparatus, and science, since laws on them and money should have become the prerogative of the republics.

Thus, M.S. Gorbachev demonstrated that, speaking of the reformation of the Soviet Union as a federation, he had in mind his transformation into a confederation, if not into a commonwealth.

And none of the members of the Politburo was alarmed. None of them reacted to such a revelation by the Secretary General.

Is it any wonder then that the Supreme Council of Lithuania “adopted amendments to the Constitution on May 18, according to which the laws of the USSR are valid after they are approved by the Supreme Council of the republic. A declaration of state sovereignty and a law on the foundations of economic independence were also adopted. ”

Here, it should probably be noted that the CPSU Central Committee's International Commission on International Politics, headed by him, discussed the question of unleashing the Second World War, including the secret protocol of August 23, 1939, another March 28, 1989, i.e. a day after the election of people's deputies. However, to achieve a decision condemning this protocol, then failed.

But on May 18, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR adopted the Declaration "On State Sovereignty of Lithuania", which condemned the fact that the republic was included in the USSR in 1940 and appealed "to the Congress of People's Deputies and the Government of the USSR with a demand to condemn secret transactions between the Soviet Union and Hitler Germany 1939 -1941 years, to declare them illegal, invalid from the moment of their signing. " On the same day, May 18, a similar decree regarding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was adopted by the Supreme Council of Estonia. Later, Latvia joined them.

Consequently, the said Estonian deputy acted in full accordance with the installation of A.N. Yakovlev and the decisions of the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic republics. It is no coincidence that it was Alexander Nikolayevich who was elected chairman of the congressional commission on this issue.

The commission included Ch. Aitmatov, Alexy II, G. Arbatov, L. Harutyunyan, Yu. Afanasyev, I. Druta, A. Kazannik, V. Korotich, V. Shinkaruk. The “working coordinator” was V.M. Falin.

On August 6, 1989, “Soviet Russia” published an article “August 39th - before and after,” in which questions were raised: why was the question about the secret protocol raised and what would the recognition of its illegality mean, and gave them the following answer: “ If we consider the changes in the Soviet western state border after August 23, 1939 as a consequence of an illegal agreement, then automatically the result of the refusal of the 1939 agreement should be the restoration of the Soviet western border at the time of August 23, 1939. This will mean the loss of Soviet sovereignty over the three Baltic republics, the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, Northern Bukovina and Moldova, the northern part of the Leningrad region (the Karelian Isthmus and the northern shore of Lake Ladoga) and part of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. ”

Speaking at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR A.V. Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR Gorbunov proposed to introduce significant amendments to the Constitution of the USSR: a) supplement it with the Union Treaty, which could be signed by the Union republics, b) transfer the entire republics of power to the Union Republics, c) assign all property located on their territory to the Union Republics.

Essentially A.V. Gorbunov on behalf of the Latvian delegation raised the question of turning the USSR into a confederation. And although his proposal was not put to a vote, it did not raise objections from the leadership of the CPSU and the USSR.

As Professor M.L. recalled Bronstein, “at the first Congress of People’s Deputies” A.D. Sakharov made a "proposal for reforming the Soviet Union according to the model of the European Union", i.e. in fact, with the idea of \u200b\u200bdestroying the USSR. "Among the supporters of a phased ... reform of the USSR according to a model close to the European Union," was M.L. Bronstein.

Many consider the actions of A.D. Sakharov at the congress as the actions of an enthusiastic loner. However, according to M.L. Bronstein, during the work of the congress A.D. Sakharov maintained relations with M.S. Gorbachev, and one of the founders of the Popular Front of Estonia, Viktor Palm, acted as a shuttle between them.

Thus, the First Congress of People's Deputies can be considered as a turning point in the history of our country, which has become an important milestone on the path of removing the CPSU from power, the transition of the Soviet Union to a market economy and preparation for the destruction of the USSR.

In full accordance with this, the following decision of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was found: “Relying on international norms and principles, including those contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Helsinki Agreement and the agreements at the Vienna meetings, bringing the domestic legislation in line with it, the USSR will contribute to the creation of a world community of legal states. ”

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  the author    Pomozov Oleg Alekseevich

5. The First Siberian Regional Congress The work of the 1st Siberian Regional Congress took place from October 8 to 17, 1917, also in Tomsk. It was possible to finalize and adopt the main provisions on the autonomous structure of Siberia, outlined in general terms two months ago in August

   From the book Liberation Day of Siberia   the author    Pomozov Oleg Alekseevich

3. The first Gorno-Altai Congress It was held, as it was planned, in Biysk from July 1 to July 6, 1917. Its main organizer was now Grigory Ivanovich Choros-Gurkin, who had finally become the leader of the Altai national movement. Commissioner from