Social role

Social role  - a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social, social and personal relations. A social role is not something outwardly related to social status, but an expression in the action of the agent’s social position. In other words, the social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person holding a certain status”.

Term history

The concept of “social role” was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, with the first interpreting the concept of “social role” as a unit of social structure, described as a system of norms assigned to a person, the second - in terms of the direct interaction of people, the "role play", during which, due to the fact that a person represents himself in the role of another, the assimilation of social norms takes place and the social in the personality is formed. Linton's definition of “social role” as the “dynamic aspect of status” was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, and R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of \u200b\u200ba “social role” as a nodal point at which the individual and society meet, individual behavior turns into social, and individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes existing in society, depending on what happens selection of people for certain social roles. Of course, in reality role expectations are never unambiguous. In addition, a person often falls into a situation of role conflict when his various "social roles" turn out to be poorly compatible. Modern society requires the individual to constantly change behaviors to fulfill specific roles. In this regard, neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians such as T. Adorno, C. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts that arise in situations where the individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread. In his studies of interaction rituals, Irwin Hoffman, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, drew attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, as to the very processes of actively constructing and maintaining the “appearance” during communication, to zones of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction errors in the behavior of partners.

Definition of a concept

Social role - a dynamic characteristic of a social position, expressed in a set of behaviors that are consistent with social expectations (role-based projections) and set by special norms (social prescriptions) that are addressed from the corresponding group (or several groups) to the holder of a certain social position. Owners of a social position expect that the implementation of special requirements (norms) results in regular and therefore predictable behavior that other people's behavior can be guided by. Thanks to this, regular and continuously planning social interaction (communicative interaction) is possible.

Types of Social Roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the personality is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a familiar image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar it becomes for people around the dominant social roles of each member of the group and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior that is familiar to others.

Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

• In scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
• By the method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and won (they are also called attainable).
• By degree of formalization. Activities can occur both within a strictly established framework and arbitrarily.
• By types of motivation. Personal motivation, the public good, etc. can serve as motivation.

Role scale Depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses are very large, since a wide range of relationships is established between a husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by normative acts and, in a certain sense, are formal. Participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's life, their relations are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly determined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scale of the role is reduced to a narrow circle of specific issues and is small.

The way to get the role  depends on how inevitable this role is for a person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of the person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the process of human life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all the roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization  as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specificity of interpersonal relations of the carrier of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others can combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of the traffic police representative with the violator of the rules of the road should be determined by formal rules, and the relationship between loved ones - feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and appreciating another, shows sympathy or antipathy for him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the good of their child, are guided primarily by a sense of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

Role conflicts

Role conflicts  arise when the role is not fulfilled due to subjective reasons (reluctance, inability).

see also

Bibliography

• "Games that people play" E. Byrne

Notes

References

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Chachba, Alexander Konstantinovich
• Fantozzi (film)

See what is the "Social role" in other dictionaries:

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social role  - socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis švietimas apibrėžtis Žmogaus elgesio būdų visuma, būdinga kuriai nors veiklos sričiai. Visuomeninis individo statusas (užimama vieta, pareigos ir atsakomybė) sukelia lūkestį, kad vaidmuo bus atliktas pagal ... ... Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas

social role  - socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Laikymasis normų, nustatančių, kaip turi elgtis tam tikros socialinės padėties žmogus. atitikmenys: angl. social role mode vok. soziale Rolle, fr. Role; social role ... Sporto terminų žodynas

social role  - socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Socialinio elgesio modelis, tam tikras elgesio pavyzdys, kurio tikimasi iš atitinkamą socialinę padėtį užimančio žmogaus. atitikmenys: angl. social role mode vok. soziale ... ... Sporto terminų žodynas

Social role  - (see Social Role) ... Human ecology

Social role  - The normatively approved by the society behavior, expected from everyone holding this social position. Social roles typical for a given society are assimilated by a person in the process of his socialization. S.R. directly related to ... ... Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms

Behavior is a form of interaction between an organism and its environment, the source of which is needs. Human behavior differs from animal behavior in its social conditioning, awareness, activity, creativity and is purposeful, arbitrary in nature.

The structure of social behavior:

1) a behavioral act - a single manifestation of activity, its element;

2) social actions - actions committed by individuals or social groups that have social significance and imply socially determined motivation, intentions, relationships;

3) an act is a conscious action of a person who understands his social significance and is performed in accordance with the accepted intention;

4) act - a set of actions of an individual for which she is responsible.

Types of social behavior of an individual:

1) according to the system of public relations:

a) production behavior (labor, professional);

b) economic behavior (consumer behavior, distribution, behavior in the field of exchange, entrepreneurial, investment, etc.);

c) socio-political behavior (political activity, behavior in relation to power, bureaucratic behavior, electoral behavior, etc.);

d) legal behavior (law-abiding, unlawful, deviant, deviant, criminal);

e) moral behavior (ethical, moral, immoral, immoral behavior, etc.);

f) religious behavior;

2) by implementation time:

›Impulsive;

›Variable;

›Long-term.

The subjects of the regulation of social behavior of a person are society, small groups and the personality itself.

Social status

Social status (from lat. Status - position, condition) of an individual is a person’s position in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status.

Social status is a certain position in the social structure of a group or society, associated with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Sociologists distinguish several varieties of social statuses:

1) The statuses determined by the position of an individual in a group are personal and social.

Personal status is the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small or primary group, depending on how his individual qualities are evaluated in it.

On the other hand, in the process of interacting with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.

2) The statuses determined by the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole, are basic and non-basic (episodic).

The main status determines the main thing in a person’s life (most often this is the status associated with the main place of work and family, for example, a good family man and an irreplaceable worker).

Occasional (non-core) social statuses affect the details of a person’s behavior (for example, a pedestrian, passenger, passer-by, patient, participant in a demonstration or strike, reader, listener, viewer, etc.).

3) Statuses acquired or not acquired as a result of free choice.

Prescribed (attributed) status is a social position that is prescribed in advance by an individual by society regardless of the merits of the person (for example, nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc.).

Mixed status has the features of a prescribed and achieved status (a person who has become disabled, the title of academician, Olympic champion, etc.).

Achieved (acquired) is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (education, profession, material wealth, business relations, etc.).

In any society, there is a hierarchy of statuses, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. This hierarchyformed under the influence of two factors:

a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

b) the value system characteristic of a given society.

If the prestige of any status is unreasonably high or, on the contrary, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of equilibrium of status. A society in which a similar tendency towards the loss of this balance is observed is unable to ensure its normal functioning.

Prestige is a society’s assessment of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion.

Each individual can have a large number of statuses. The social status of the individual primarily affects its behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected human behavior, associated with the status that he has, is usually called a social role.

Social role - This is a model of behavior, focused on a certain status.

A social role is a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society.

Roles are determined by people's expectations (for example, the notion that parents should take care of their children, that the employee must conscientiously carry out the work entrusted to him, is rooted in public consciousness). But each person, depending on specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors, in his own way fulfills a social role.

Claiming this status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position. Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of all human roles in society is called a role system or role set.

Role set (role system)

Role set - a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status.

Each role in a role set requires a special manner of behavior and communication with people and is, therefore, a set of unlike other relationships. In the role set, one can distinguish the main (typical) and situational social roles.

Examples of key social roles:

1) hard worker;

2) owner;

3) consumer;

4) a citizen;

5) a family member (husband, wife, son, daughter).

Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional.

Institutionalized roles: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).

Conventional roles are accepted by agreement (the person may refuse to accept them).

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesperson).

Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and suggesting specific behaviors, enshrined in social norms or customs.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, resentful, family idol, loved one, etc.).

Role behavior

From the social role as a model of behavior, one should distinguish real role behavior, which means not the socially expected, but the actual behavior of the performer of a specific role. And here a lot depends on the personality traits of the individual, on the degree to which he assimilates social norms, on his beliefs, attitudes, and value orientations.

Factors that determine the process of implementing social roles:

1) the biopsychological capabilities of a person that can contribute to or impede the fulfillment of a particular social role;

2) the nature of the role and features of social control adopted in the group, designed to monitor the implementation of role-based behavior;

3) a personality pattern that defines a set of behavioral characteristics necessary for the successful fulfillment of a role;

4) the structure of the group, its cohesion and the degree of identification of the individual with the group.

In the process of implementing social roles, certain difficulties may arise related to the need for a person to play many roles in various situations → in some cases, mismatch of social roles, the emergence of contradictions and conflict relations between them.

Any social role, according to T. Parsons, can be described using five main characteristics:

level of emotionality - some roles are emotionally restrained, others are uninhibited;

method of receipt - prescribed or achieved;

scale of manifestation - strictly limited or blurred;

degree of formalization - strictly established or arbitrary;

motivation - for total profit or for personal good.

The social role is the fixation of a certain position that an individual occupies in the system of social relations.

The society distinguishes 2 types of social relations: formal (conventional) - are regulated by law and social status; informal (interpersonal) - are regulated by feelings.

The social role is a socially necessary type of social activity and a way of behavior of an individual bearing the stamp of social assessment.

The concept of a social role was first proposed by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead. (in the 30s of the last century)

Each individual performs not one, but several social roles.

Types of social roles:

1. formal social roles (teacher, cook)

2. interpersonal social roles (friend, leader, enemy)

3. socio-demographic roles (mother, man, sister)

Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist T. Parsons: scale, method of obtaining, emotionality, formalization, motivation. The scale of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses are very large, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife.

The way to get a role depends on how inevitable this role is for a person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of the person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. Other roles are achieved or even won in the process of human life and as a result of special efforts.

Social roles vary significantly in emotional level. Each role carries certain possibilities of the emotional manifestation of its subject.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specificity of interpersonal relations of the carrier of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of behavior; others are only informal; still others can combine both formal and informal relationships.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the good of their child, are guided primarily by a sense of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

All social roles are subject to social assessment (not a person, but a type of activity) and are associated with rights and obligations. If there is a harmony of rights and obligations, then a person has faithfully mastered his social role.

The influence of social role on personality development

The influence of the social role on personality development is great. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a number of roles, as well as its participation in the maximum possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual can reproduce, the more adapted to life he is. The process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of the development of social roles.

Role conflicts

Role conflict is a situation in which an individual with a certain status is faced with incompatible expectations.

The situation of role conflict is caused by the fact that the individual is unable to fulfill the requirements of the role.

In role theories, it is customary to distinguish two types of conflicts: inter-role and intra-role.

Social role - sample  human behavior, which society considers appropriate for the holder of this status.

Social role  - this is a set of actions that a person holding this status must perform. A person must fulfill certain material values \u200b\u200bin social  system.

This is a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social, social and personal relations. In other words, the social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person holding a certain status”. Modern society requires the individual to constantly change behaviors to fulfill specific roles. In this regard, neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians such as T. Adorno, C. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts occurring in situations where the individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread.

In his studies of interaction rituals, Irving Hoffman, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, drew attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, but to the very processes of actively constructing and maintaining the “appearance” during communication, to zones of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction errors in the behavior of partners.

The concept of " social role”Was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, the first interpreting the concept of“ social role ”as a unit of social structure described in the form of a given system of norms, the second in terms of direct interaction of people , A “role-playing game,” during which, due to the fact that a person represents himself in the role of another, the assimilation of social norms takes place and the social in the personality is formed. Linton's definition of the social role as the “dynamic aspect of status” was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, and R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of \u200b\u200ba social role as a nodal point at which the individual and society meet, individual behavior turns into social, and individual characteristics and inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes in society, depending on which people are selected on certain social roles. Of course, in reality role expectations are never unambiguous. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict when his various social roles are poorly compatible.

Types of social roles in society

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the personality is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

• Social roles  related to social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesman). These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and obligations, regardless of who performs these roles. Social and demographic roles are distinguished: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... Man and woman are also social roles, suggesting specific behaviors, enshrined in social norms and customs.
• Interpersonal roles  are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at an emotional level (leader, resentful, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the familiar image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior that is familiar to others.

Characteristics of Social Roles

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

• In scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
• By the method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and won (they are also called attainable).
• By degree of formalization. Activities can occur both within a strictly established framework and arbitrarily.
• By types of motivation. Personal motivation, the public good, etc. can serve as motivation.

Role scale  Depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses are very large, since a wide range of relationships is established between a husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other, relations are regulated by normative acts and, in a certain sense, are formal. Participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's life, their relations are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly determined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scale of the role is reduced to a narrow circle of specific issues and is small.

The way to get the role  depends on how inevitable this role is for a person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of the person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the process of human life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all the roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specificity of interpersonal relations of the carrier of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others can combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of the traffic police representative with the violator of the rules of the road should be determined by formal rules, and the relationship between loved ones - feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and appreciating another, shows sympathy or antipathy for him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

In psychology and sociology there are many theories about the personality and its attributes. The concepts of “social role” and “personality status” are used to explain human behavior in society, as they affect many aspects of an individual’s functioning. His self-esteem, self-awareness, communication, orientation largely depend on them.

Concept of personality

From the point of view of sociology, a person is an individual who, during socialization, acquires a specific set of socially significant qualities, properties, knowledge, skills and abilities. As a result of inclusion in social relations and relations, he becomes a responsible subject of volitional activity. According to psychologists, a personality is an integral set of various traits of biogenic and sociogenic origin, which is formed in vivo and affects human behavior and activity. In both cases, the social role and status of the individual play an important role in the formation and self-realization of the individual.

The basis for the formation are four groups of phenomena: the biological characteristics of the human body and its innate experience, learning outcomes, the experience of social life and interaction with other people, the results of self-esteem, reflection and self-awareness. In the structure of personality, one can distinguish groups of features that affect all human behavior.

These include psychological traits such as abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, social attitudes and stereotypes, character, orientation, emotions, temperament. Also, the personality includes a set of social features, such as social statuses and roles, a system of dispositions and various role expectations, a complex of knowledge, values \u200b\u200band beliefs, interests and worldview. The process of crystallization of personality traits often occurs under the influence of the external and internal environment and proceeds uniquely, creating a unique integrity.

Concept of social status

At the end of the 19th century, the English scientist Henry Man introduced a new concept into circulation. Since then, social status has been much analyzed and researched. Today, it is understood as a certain place of a person in a social system or group. It is determined by a number of signs: material and marital status, possession of power, functions performed, education, specific skills, nationality, special psychological characteristics, and many others. Since the individual is simultaneously part of various groups, his status in them may be different.

It not only denotes a person’s position in society, but also endows him with certain rights and obligations. Usually, the higher it is, the greater the set of rights and obligations. Often in everyday consciousness, the concepts of social status and role are equated with the concept of prestige. Of course, it accompanies status, but is not always its mandatory attribute. Status is a mobile category. A person can change it with the acquisition of new qualities or roles. Only in traditional social systems could it be inherited, enshrined in law or in accordance with religious canons. Today, a person in his development can achieve the desired statuses or lose them under certain circumstances.

Status hierarchy

A set of different positions of one person in society is usually called a status set. This structure usually has a dominant, basic status, and a set of additional ones. The first determines the main position of the individual in this social system. For example, a child or an elderly person will have a basic status according to age. At the same time, in some patriarchal societies, the sex of a person will be the main sign for determining his position in the system.

Since there is a division into main and non-main statuses, the researchers talk about the existence of a hierarchy of social positions of the individual. Social roles and status are the most important factor affecting an individual’s overall satisfaction with his life. The assessment takes place in two directions. There are stable interactions of statuses at the horizontal and vertical levels.

The first factor is a system of interaction between people at the same level of the social hierarchy. Vertical, respectively, communication of people at different levels. The distribution of people on the steps of the social ladder is a natural phenomenon for society. The hierarchy supports the role expectations of the individual, stipulating an understanding of the distribution of duties and rights, allows a person to be satisfied with his position or makes him strive to change his status. This provides personality dynamics.

Personal and social status

Traditionally, according to the size of the community in which the individual functions, it is customary to distinguish between personal and actual social statuses. They function at various levels. So, social status is a sphere of professional and public relations. Here, professional status, education, political position, social activity are of the utmost importance. They are the signs by which a person is placed in a social hierarchy.

Social role and status also function in small groups. In this case, the researchers talk about personal status. In a family, a small circle of interests, a circle of friends, a small working group, a person occupies a certain position. But to establish a hierarchy, personal, psychological signs are used here, not professional ones. Leadership, knowledge, skills, sociability, sincerity and other character traits allow a person to become a leader or an outsider, to receive a certain personal status. There is a significant difference between these two types of positions in a social group. They allow a person to be realized in various fields. So, a small clerk, who occupies a low position in the work collective, can play a significant role, for example, in the numismatist society, thanks to his knowledge.

Types of Social Status

Since the concept of status covers an extremely vast area of \u200b\u200bsocial activity of a person, that is, there are many of their varieties. Let's highlight the main classifications. The following statuses are distinguished depending on the dominance of different characters:

1. Natural, or socio-demographic. These statuses are established in accordance with such characteristics as age, kinship, gender, race and health status. An example would be the provisions of a child, parent, man or woman, Caucasian, disabled person. The social role and status of a person in communication is reflected in this case by endowing the individual with certain rights and obligations.
2. Actually social status. It can take shape only in society. Usually, economic statuses are distinguished, depending on the position held, the availability of property; political, in accordance with the views and social activity, also a sign of the allocation of status is the presence or absence of power; sociocultural, which include on the grounds of education, attitude to religion, art, science. In addition, there are legal, professional, territorial statuses.

According to another classification, prescribed, achieved and mixed statuses are distinguished in accordance with the method of obtaining it. Prescribed statuses are those that are assigned upon birth. Their person gets involuntarily, doing nothing for this.

Achieved, on the contrary, are acquired as a result of efforts, often significant. These include professional, economic, cultural positions in society. Mixed - those that combine the two previous species. An example of such statuses can be various dynasties where, by the right of birth, a child receives not only a position in society, but a predisposition to achievements in a certain field of activity. Formal and informal statuses are also distinguished. The first are formally fixed in any documents. For example, upon assuming office. The latter are assigned by the group behind the scenes. A striking example is the leader in a small group.

Concept of social role

In psychology and sociology, the term “social role” is used, which is understood as the expected behavior dictated by social status and other members of the group. Social role and status are closely related. Status imposes obligations of the right to an individual, and they, in turn, dictate a certain type of behavior to a person. By virtue of their sociality, any person must constantly change patterns of behavior, therefore, each individual has a whole arsenal of roles that he plays in different situations.

The social role determines social status. Its structure includes role expectation, or projection, execution, or play. A person finds himself in a typical situation where participants expect a certain model of behavior from him. Therefore, he begins to bring it to life. He does not need to think about how to behave. The model dictates his actions. Each person has his own role set, that is, a set of roles for different occasions in accordance with their statuses.

Psychological characteristics of social roles

It is believed that the role in society determines social status. However, the sequence is reversed. Getting the next status, a person develops behavioral options. In each role, there are two psychological components. Firstly, it is a symbolic-informational part, which is the scenario of a typical performance. It is often presented in the form of instructions, memos, principles. Each individual has unique features that give the role a peculiar and subjective character. Secondly, it is an imperative control component, which is the mechanism for launching the game. The imperative component is also associated with values \u200b\u200band norms. He dictates what to do based on cultural stereotypes and moral standards of society.

The social role has three psychological parameters by which it can be assessed and classified:

• Emotionality A different degree of manifestation of sensuality is characteristic for each role. So, the leader must be restrained, and the mother can be emotional.
• Formalization. Roles can be formal and informal. The former are described by a specific scenario, fixed in some form. For example, the role of a teacher is partially described in the job description, as well as recorded in the stereotypes and beliefs of society. The latter arise in specific situations and are not fixed anywhere, except for the psyche of the performer. For example, the role of the ringleader in the company.
• Motivation. Roles are always closely related to the satisfaction of various needs; each of them has one or more basic needs.

Types of Social Roles

Society is infinitely diverse, so there are many types of roles. The social status and social role of a person are interconnected. Therefore, the former often duplicate the latter and vice versa. So, they distinguish natural roles (of mother, child) and achievable (leader, leader), formal and informal. The social role and status, examples of which everyone can find in their personality structure, have a certain sphere of influence. Among them are distinguished status roles that are directly related to a certain position in society and interpersonal roles, which follow from the situation, for example, the role of a loved one, offended, etc.

Social Role Features

Society constantly needs mechanisms to regulate the behavior of its members. The social role and status in communication is primarily responsible for the regulatory function. They help to quickly find an interaction scenario without spending large resources. Also, social roles perform an adaptive function. When a person's status changes, or he finds himself in a certain situation, he needs to quickly find a suitable model of behavior. Thus, the social role and status of a nation allows it to adapt to a new cultural context.

Another function is self-realization. Performing roles allows a person to show their various qualities and achieve their desired goals. The cognitive function is the possibilities of self-knowledge. The person, trying on various roles, learns his potential, finds new opportunities.

Social role and status: ways of interaction

In the personality structure, roles and statuses are closely intertwined. They allow a person to solve various social problems, achieve goals and satisfy requirements. The social role and status of the individual in the group are important for motivating her to work. Wanting to increase status, a person begins to study, work, improve.

Groups are dynamic integrity and there is always the opportunity to redistribute statuses. A person using the assortment of his roles can change his status. And vice versa: its change will lead to a change in the role set. The social role and status of the individual in the group can be briefly described as the driving force of the individual on the path to self-realization and achievement of goals.