How not to get lost in the diversity of the flow of words from small why? After all, children are extremely curious and want to know everything in the world. It is worth instilling in them the knowledge and love of science correctly, so that in the future they will learn more easily, and have an interest in new knowledge, especially in such amazing ones as space!
1. What is astronomy and space?
First of all, it is worth starting with telling the child what astronomy is. After all, from it, in fact, the study of stars and space begins.
Astronomy is a science that deals not only with stars, but also studies space and all the particles that move in the Universe. The scope of her study includes both changes and transformations that take place with all celestial bodies, space and time.
By the way, the word "space" has Greek roots and means the orderliness and interconnection of everything that is in the universe.
2. Solar system.
solar system consists of nine planets and one star. All nine planets revolve around a star called the Sun.
The planets have their own names: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. The very first - Venus, is the closest to the sun, the last - Pluto is farthest from the star. Planet Earthwhere we live is the third.
In addition to planets, many satellites, comets, minor planets, asteroids, dust and gas also rotate in the solar system.
3. Galaxy.
Galaxies - are large stellar systems, the stars in which are kept within them due to gravity.
Scientists believe that there are billions of galaxies... Therefore, the likelihood that somewhere on other planets there is some kind of life and people in this world are not alone is very high.
All galaxies differ from each other in shape. There are only three forms: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
By the way, our galaxy is called Milky Way... There are also two other large galaxies nearby, called Andromeda and Triangle. Our galaxy is one of the group of 30 other galaxies.
4. Black holes.
A black hole is a region in space-time that tends to absorb nearby objects, even those that move at the speed of light.
To explain to a child the action of the Black Hole, one can compare it to a vacuum cleaner. The principle of operation is approximately the same, with the only difference that Black Holes use gravity rather than suction to attract cosmic particles.
« Black holes » The universe.
"Black hole"
“What's new in space? Black holes? Not only astronomers, but also those who are interested in the life of the universe, including curious schoolchildren, are not averse to looking into them, ”said E. Levitan, Doctor of Pedagogy.
In popular science literature, in articles about the Universe, one can often find the term “ black hole". The first time you read this phrase, you immediately have an image of, say, a hole in the wall. The mention of holes in the Universes is initially also associated with a certain hole in the sky. So what is a black hole?
Black hole - it is a cosmic object of incredible density, possessing absolute gravity, such that any cosmic body and even space and time itself are absorbed by it, this is a kind of endpoint of everything.
"Black hole" they are a bit like a vacuum cleaner that works in space, but unlike a vacuum cleaner, black holes do not suck in all objects in their zone of influence, but, using their gravity, only attract everything around. This is called the vacuum effect (lack of air), which you can observe in your own room at home. When the vacuum cleaner is turned on when cleaning the room, you can observe how crumbs, dirt and small objects begin to move towards the vacuum cleaner. The suction force of a black hole is not as great as that of a vacuum cleaner, so space objects are not sucked into it, but only attracted.
What does a black hole do? Black holes control the very evolution of the universe. They are in a central place, but they cannot be seen, you can detect their signs, although black holes have the ability to destroy, they also help build galaxies.
How is a black hole born? When a large star runs out of fuel, it can no longer support its weight. The pressure from the massive layers of hydrogen makes the star shrink less and less. Eventually the star will become smaller than an atom. Imagine for a moment that the entire star is crushed into a point smaller than an atom.
How can you get something smaller, but keep the same amount of mass? In fact, everything is very simple. Take a sponge the size of a bottle, we can easily crush it in our hands. But here's an interesting point. If we do anything less by squeezing it, its gravity becomes stronger. Imagine, if we squeeze a star to the size of an atom, how powerful will its gravity become? Gravity black the hole is so powerful that it absorbs everything, even light that gets too close. Quite right, even light cannot escape a black hole.
Black hole structure:
Black holes have three main parts). The outer layer of a black hole is called the outer event horizon. Inside the outer event horizon, you can still escape from the black hole's gravity, because gravity is not so strong here. The middle layer of a black hole is called the inner event horizon. The center of the black hole is called the Singularity. This strange word means a crushed star. The Singularity is where the black hole's gravity is strongest.
What happens if you get into it? It's very interesting here. An observer from Earth will see how the one who flew to the black hole instantly fell into it and disappeared. And the one who will fly up to it will slowly, slowly approach, the clock will go slower and slower, everything will slow down (this happens because the black hole bends (violates) the space (world) around itself.
What do scientists think about black holes?
Some scientists believe that black holes are gateways to parallel universes, which may very well be.
Now it is clear that a black hole is a completely mysterious phenomenon in Space, about which mankind knows practically nothing. Therefore, any new information about them becomes a sensation. And since the study of black holes is almost impossible in space, then on Earth their analogs and
create models.
Analogs of "black holes" on Earth .
- bodies of such a huge scale that it is difficult for a person to understand them. But on Earth, it turns out, there is a "miniature" analogue of these
... And these analogues were recently discovered in the South Atlantic Ocean.
An analogue of a space monster was created in a Chinese laboratory - it is capable of sucking in light.
"Black holes" will allow the creation of a new generation of solar panels, capable of capturing the energy of the sun much more efficiently than the current ones.
Black hole models.
Combining the knowledge of the world's leading physicists about the black hole with advanced visual effects, Interstellar showed the most accurate model of a black hole in the history of science fiction. The world's leading scientists have proposed the use of Hollywood sci-fi film "Interstellar" as a teaching aid for kids on black holes
Scientists have conducted experiments by simulating "in the bathroom" black holes with their event horizon.
Ripples in the stream
behaves in much the same way as light waves in spacetime. Near a stone, the flow becomes inhomogeneous, the ripples bend, and the wavelengths change. The same thing happens with light in the gravitational fields of stars and planets. In some cases, the flow is so fast that the ripples cannot travel upstream, like light that cannot escape from a black hole.
What do a drop of water, a black hole and an atom have in common? A group of British scientists led by a professor turned to a drop of water because the surface tension forces that hold it together can be used as an analogue of other forces acting in other objects, from an atom to a black hole.
Another interesting model of the "black hole" was created in Novosibirsk Planetarium. One of the entertaining games for children. It is very interesting to compare with what speed and how heavy and light balls are pulled into the hole. It lasts the longest, naturally, heavy.
How to visually show and represent a "black hole"?
How can we visually show and represent a "black hole" so that it is easier for us to understand its structure.
Imagine a black hole as a waterfall, gravity as a river flowing towards the waterfall, and a ray of light as a kayak. Above the waterfall, the current is weak, a person in a boat can row against the current and get out. But the closer to the waterfall, the stronger the current and the more difficult it is to get out. The edge of a waterfall is the edge of a black hole. Despite all the strength of the man in the boat, he falls. It's the same in space.
For a visual representation of the "Black Hole", take a large piece of cling film, stretch it in our hands and place a small ball in the center so that it forms a deflection due to its weight. Put a few drops of water on a leaf and see how they roll down the film straight to the ball. This will show you how gravity works. Remove the ball and touch the film with your finger and determine - the harder you pull it
(the heavier the object),
the stronger the funnel turns out. Then let's make a hole in the middle of the film, which represents a very, very heavy object. Water droplets will slip through this hole. It turns out that a black hole is such a heavy object that it bends space. Everything that falls into it
(like drops)
never comes back. "
All-Russian competition of youth research works them. V.I. Vernadsky 2013-14 years
1. Introduction
My name is Sasha Voinov. I am 8 years old. I am in the second grade. I really enjoy stargazing. I love to study everything related to space. There are many mysterious and insufficiently studied objects in the Universe. One of the most interesting objects is black holes. Many believe that black holes do not exist. I will try to prove that they are.
The topic of black holes is one of the most pressing topics of modern astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology, since these objects help to better understand the structure of our universe, from the big bang to the present day, and also make it possible to understand what will happen to our universe in the future.
Purpose of the study: to form the concept of "black hole of space".
Tasks:
1. To study the history of the emergence of the question of black holes.
2. To systematize and study information about black holes (appearance, properties).
3. Conduct experiments.
Research methods: work with literary sources and Internet resources, experiment.
Research novelty: the term "black hole" appeared long ago, but a complete study of black holes has not yet been carried out. I have invented experiments with the aim of explaining some of the properties of black holes.
Literature review:
Source of information What I learned
Hawking S. Three books about space and time. The history of the emergence of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Black holes"; how black holes appear, the concept of star collapse; what does the distortion of space mean; where do black holes live
KIP S. Thorn. Black holes and folds of time: Einstein's audacious legacy. How space and time are distorted; Einstein's contribution to the development of the theory of the existence of black holes
Ian Nicholson. Universe. Series "Planet Life" What do supermassive stars mean, comparison of the size of the sun, stars with the size of a car
I get to know the world: Det. encyclopedia .: Physics General information about a black hole: the story of how
I get to know the world: Det. encyclopedia .: Space The history of the term "Black Hole"
Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Physicist. What does it mean: gravity, mass, attraction, particle; Newton's work - light is made of particles
Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Young Astronomer. Black hole theories
News about space and UFO Pictures and photos depicting black holes
WWalls.RU: wallpaper for a desktop. Space Pictures and photos depicting black holes
2. History of the idea
The term "BLACK HOLE" appeared very recently, in the twentieth century. It was invented by the American scientist John Wheeler.
However, attempts to explain this mysterious phenomenon were made long ago, about 200 years ago.
Isaac Newton believed that light is made of particles. This means that it has mass and gravity acts on it.
Based on this, the English astronomer John Michell suggested that such massive stars can exist in nature that even a ray of light is not able to leave their surface.
The great scientist Albert Einstein theoretically proved the possibility of the existence of black holes.
In 1934, American physicists put forward a hypothesis about the dying of a star. And already in 1939 they proved that: "The black hole absorbs everything and does not release anything!"
3.Theories of the origin of black holes:
How do black holes form (arise)? There are three theories of the origin of black holes:
1. Collapse of a star under the influence of its own gravitational force: large stars exist due to their own energy. The star lives until this energy ends. As the size of the star decreases, its density increases, which leads to an increase in the mass of the star. If the mass of the star is more than three solar, then this leads to the collapse of the star.
2. 14 billion years ago the expansion of our Universe began. There is a theory that one hundred at that time high density was observed everywhere. Therefore, small changes in density in that era could lead to the birth of black holes of any mass, including small ones.
3. There is an assumption that black holes can arise in the collision of fast elementary particles. When two particles collide violently, they can contract hard enough to form a microscopic black hole. After that, it will collapse almost instantly.
4 properties of black holes
1) Time flows more slowly near a black hole than far from it. If an observer, who is at some distance from the black hole, throws a luminous object, for example, a lantern, towards the black hole, he will see how it will fall faster and faster, but then will begin to slow down, and its light will dim and redden. From the point of view of a distant observer, the lantern will practically stop and become invisible, never being able to cross the surface of the black hole. But if the observer himself jumped there together with the lantern, then in a short time he fell to the center of the black hole, being torn apart by its powerful tidal gravitational forces arising from the difference in attraction at different distances from the center. That is, if something (someone) penetrates the event horizon, it will never return.
2) If the body from which the black hole originated rotated, then a "vortex" gravitational field (funnel) is preserved around the black hole, entraining all neighboring bodies in rotational motion around it.
3) When a body is compressed into a black hole, then all of its characteristics, except for mass, electric charge and angular momentum, disappear (such as composition, density, volume, etc.).
4) The boundary of the black hole is called the event horizon. Matter that falls into the event horizon of a black hole will certainly form a singularity (a region of infinitely small dimensions) with an immeasurably huge density, due to which all the matter of the star is destroyed.
5) A black hole can "evaporate" very slowly. Stephen Hawking discovered it. He proved that black holes are capable of releasing matter and radiation, but this can only be noticed if the mass of the black hole itself is low enough.
6) The black hole has a huge, inexhaustible supply of energy.
5. Where are black holes?
The very first question that worries people in the problem of black holes is the desire to find out where black holes are in general. In reality, black holes are scattered throughout the universe. A black hole can form anywhere, including near the solar system.
6. Description of experiments
First experience "Invisible Reality"
Imagine that our Earth is the Universe, and everything that is on it (people, animals, plants) is the objects of the Universe (i.e. stars, planets, comets). If we close our eyes, then we will not see anything, but this does not mean that everything around us has disappeared.
Second experience "Distorting space"
Take a piece of paper and put two dots. Let's connect the points with a straight line. The distance between the points is determined using a ruler. Now we crumple the sheet. The distance between the points has decreased. Thus, we can talk about a change in space inside a black hole.
The third experiment "The color of a black hole"
Take two boxes with small round holes. Paint one inside white, and the other black. Let's look through the holes in the boxes. In both boxes, nothing is visible. Place the objects - they are not visible either. Therefore, we can say that inside black holes are not necessarily black. It follows that black holes are not necessarily black.
8.Conclusions
So, in my opinion, within the framework of my work, I managed to form an understanding of what a black hole is: I studied the literature, systematized the information obtained, got acquainted with the history of this issue, examined the properties of black holes and conducted experiments.
Black holes are absolutely amazing objects, unlike anything known until now. These are holes in space and time, arising due to a very strong curvature of space and a change in the nature of the flow of time in a rapidly growing gravitational field. In the future, I want to continue my work on studying these most interesting objects, since black holes have enormous energy that can be used for the needs of mankind.
List of references
1. Hawking S. Three books about space and time. Translation from English. - SPb .: Amphora. TID Amphora, 2012. p. 106-109, 123-127, 330-340.
2. KIP S. Thorn. Black holes and folds of time: Einstein's daring legacy. Translation from English. Ed. Corresponding member Ran V.B. Braginsky. - M .: Publishing house of physical and mathematical literature, 2009., p. 23, 122-124.
3. Ian Nicholson. Universe. Series "Life of the Planet" - M .: "Rosman", 2000. p. 21-22.
4. I get to know the world: Det. encyclopedia .: Physics / Comp., artist. A.A. Leonovich; Under total. ed. O. G. Hinn. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing house AST", 1999.
5. I know the world: Det. encyclopedia: Cosmos / Avt.- comp. T.I. Gontaruk - M .: Firm "AST Publishing House" LLC, 1999. p. 355-358.
6. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Physicist. Pedagogy, 1984, p. 286.
7. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Young Astronomer. Pedagogy, 1986, p. 298-301.
8. News about space and UFOs // Personal site // (date accessed: 15.10.13)
9. WWalls.RU: wallpaper for a desktop. Cosmos // Personal site // (date accessed: 15.10.13)
What are black holes?
ChildrenDo you think you could ever see the effect of a vacuum in your room? Watch carefully as you do something, because you can see dirt and crumbs starting to move towards the vacuum cleaner. A black hole is like a vacuum cleaner, but only in space. However, it is not the powerful suction that makes things fall into the black hole. The suction force will not be strong enough. Instead, the black hole uses gravity to pull everything around.
How do black holes form? Explanation for children
When a large star runs out of fuel, it can no longer support its weight. The pressure from the massive layers of hydrogen causes the star to shrink less and less. Eventually the star will become smaller than an atom. Imagine children for a moment, that the whole star is crushed into a point, smaller than an atom.
How can you get something smaller, but keep the same amount of mass?
In fact, everything is very simple. Take the kids a sponge the size of a bottle, you can easily crush it in your hands. But here's an interesting point. If you do anything less by squeezing it, its gravity becomes stronger. Imagine children, if you squeeze a star to the size of an atom, how powerful is its gravity?
The black hole's gravity is so powerful that it absorbs everything, even light that gets too close. Quite right, even light cannot escape a black hole.
The structure of a black hole. Astronomy for children
Black holes have three main parts. The outer layer of a black hole is called the outer event horizon. Inside the outer event horizon, you can still escape from the black hole's gravity, because gravity is not so strong here. The middle layer of a black hole is called the inner event horizon. If you didn’t escape the gravity of the black hole before you entered the inner event horizon, then you children missed your chance. The force of gravity in this layer is much stronger and does not let go of the objects that it grabs. At this point, you begin to fall towards the center of the black hole. The center of the black hole is called the Singularity. This strange word means a crushed star. The Singularity is where the black hole's gravity is strongest.
How can you get into a black hole?
Think about the Earth. If you get too close to the Earth, you collide with its gravity. On Earth, you could again fly into space in a rocket. However, if you fall into a black hole, then you children have no way of getting out, because gravity is so strong.
Mysterious and elusive black holes. The laws of physics confirm the possibility of their existence in the universe, but many questions still remain. Numerous observations show that holes exist in the universe and there are more than a million of these objects.
What are black holes?
Back in 1915, when solving Einstein's equations, such a phenomenon as "black holes" was predicted. However, the scientific community became interested in them only in 1967. They were then called "collapsed stars", "frozen stars".
Now a black hole is called a region of time and space, which have such gravity that even a ray of light cannot get out of it.
How do black holes form?
There are several theories of the appearance of black holes, which are divided into hypothetical and realistic. The simplest and most widespread realistic theory is the theory of gravitational callapse of large stars.
When a sufficiently massive star before "death" grows in size and becomes unstable, consuming the last fuel. At the same time, the mass of the star remains unchanged, but its size decreases as the so-called compaction occurs. In other words, during compaction, the heavy core "falls" into itself. In parallel with this, the compaction leads to a sharp increase in temperature inside the star and the outer layers of the celestial body are torn off, from which new stars are formed. At the same time in the center of the star - the core falls into its own "center". As a result of the action of the forces of gravity, the center collapses into a point - that is, the forces of gravity are so strong that they absorb the compacted core. So a black hole is born, which begins to distort space and time, so that even light cannot escape from it.
At the centers of all galaxies is a supermassive black hole. According to Einstein's theory of relativity:
"Any mass distorts space and time."
Now imagine how much a black hole distorts time and space, because its mass is huge and at the same time squeezed into an ultra-small volume. This ability creates the following oddity:
“Black holes have the ability to practically stop time and compress space. Because of this extreme distortion, the holes become invisible to us. "
If black holes are not visible, how do we know they exist?
Yes, even though the black hole is invisible, but it should be visible due to the matter that falls into it. And also the stellar gas, which is attracted by the black hole, when approaching the event horizon, the gas temperature begins to rise to ultra-high values, which leads to a glow. This is why black holes glow. Thanks to this, albeit weak glow, astronomers and astrophysicists explain the presence in the center of the galaxy of an object with a small volume, but a huge mass. At the moment, as a result of observations, about 1000 objects have been discovered that are similar in behavior to black holes.
Black holes and galaxies
How can black holes affect galaxies? This question plagues scientists around the world. There is a hypothesis according to which it is the black holes located in the center of the galaxy that affect its shape and evolution. And that when two galaxies collide, black holes merge and during this process such a huge amount of energy and matter is ejected that new stars are formed.
Types of black holes
- According to existing theory, there are three types of black holes: stellar, supermassive, miniature. And each of them was formed in a special way.
- - Black holes of stellar masses, it grows to huge sizes and collapses.
- Supermassive black holes, which can have a mass equivalent to millions of Suns, most likely exist in the centers of almost all galaxies, including our Milky Way. Scientists still have different hypotheses for the formation of supermassive black holes. So far, only one thing is known - supermassive black holes are a by-product of the formation of galaxies. Supermassive black holes - they differ from ordinary ones in that they are very large, but paradoxically low in density. - - No one has yet been able to find a miniature black hole that would have a mass less than the Sun. It is possible that miniature holes could have formed soon after the "Big Bang", which is the initial exact existence of our universe (about 13.7 billion years ago).
- - More recently, a new concept has been introduced as "white black holes". This is still a hypothetical black hole, which is the opposite of a black hole. Stephen Hawking actively studied the possibility of the existence of white holes.
- - Quantum black holes - they exist only in theory so far. Quantum black holes can form when ultra-small particles collide in a nuclear reaction.
- - Primordial black holes are also a theory. They were formed immediately after emergence.
Currently exists a large number of open questions that future generations have yet to answer. For example, can there actually be so-called "wormholes" with which you can travel through space and time. What exactly happens inside a black hole and what laws do these phenomena obey. And what about the disappearance of information in a black hole?