The methodology of the theory of state and law is a combination of certain theoretical approaches, principles, and methods of studying state-legal phenomena.

1. General scientific methods -  techniques that do not cover all scientific knowledge, but are applied at its individual stages: analysis, synthesis, systematic approach, structural approach, functional approach, method of social experiment.

Analysisinvolves the mental division of a single state-legal phenomenon into parts and their study. So, the state and law are analyzed according to their individual characteristics.

Synthesis  - conditional combination of the components of a state-legal phenomenon.

System methodallows us to consider state-legal phenomena as integral, but systemic formations that have objectively diverse connections inside and are included as an element in a more complex system.

Structural method. Through it, the structural elements of a phenomenon (system) are identified and analyzed.

Functional method  focuses on identifying the impact of some state-legal phenomena on others. This analyzes the functions of the state and law, the functions of the political system of society, etc.

Social experiment method  - involves checking the draft solution to the problem in order to prevent damage from errors in legal regulation and improve the model. So, at first, a jury trial was introduced in the Russian Federation through a social experiment.

2. Specialmethods are the result of the assimilation by the theory of the state and law of the scientific achievements of the technical, natural and humanitarian sciences. These are mathematical, cybernetic, statistical, sociological and other methods.

The mathematical method is the operation of quantitative characteristics of state-legal phenomena, widely used in criminology, forensics, law-making, in qualifying crimes, etc.

The cybernetic method involves the application of concepts, laws and technical means of cybernetics: information, management, computer technology, optimality, and many others.

The statistical method allows to obtain quantitative indicators of mass repetitive state-legal phenomena.

4. Particular scientific methods of cognition make it possible to achieve specific, detailed knowledge of the state and law using the methodological function of special legal concepts. These include formal legal, comparative legal (comparative method), legal hermeneutics, and the method of state-legal modeling.

Formal Judicial  the method allows you to define legal concepts, their features, classification, by interpreting the current legislation.

Comparative legal  allows you to compare various legal or state systems of foreign countries or their individual elements (industries, institutions, bodies) in order to identify common and special properties.

Legal hermeneutics  - analysis of the real content of the texts of legal acts, based on the social context, because the text of the norm is the result of a special worldview.

Legal Modeling Method  - the ideal reproduction of the studied state-legal phenomena in relation to a specific situation. It is used to search for the optimal model for organizing the state apparatus, administrative divisions, building a system of legislation, etc.

The method of the theory of state and law has a complex structure, the basis of which is the theory of knowledge as the methodological basis of any legal science. The theory of knowledge is based on the theory of reflection and is the result of the centuries-old path of humanity to the knowledge of the world. Its main link is the principles of knowledge:

• - the object of knowledge, phenomenon or thing of the surrounding world exists objectively, regardless of the knowing subject, and is knowable;
• - the result of cognitive activity - knowledge, their system, which are objectively determined by reality, life;
• - thinking is mediated cognition based on the perception of the environment through sensation, perception and representation;
• - the thought process is the derivation of abstraction, generalizations of concepts and categories, fixing objective laws;
• - thinking and language are closely interconnected; thinking proceeds with the help of language and objectifies thought; linguistic units (word; verbal circulation; grammatical sentence) and rules are an adequate way of formulating thoughts; at the same time, language is a way of consolidating (expressing) the results of thinking;
• - knowledge "doubles" the world. On the one hand, this is the world of reality, directly what surrounds us, on the other, the world of the ideal, existing in the form of concepts, categories, hypotheses, assumptions, theories, concepts, reflecting reality.

Of course, these are just the foundations of the theory of knowledge, without which knowledge, without the implementation of their requirements, it is impossible to achieve objective scientific results.

The method of cognition depends on the composition (combination) of cognitive means, as well as on the goal set by the knower. However, the theory of knowledge itself is only the basis of the method of legal science, including its component of the theory of state and law, which, as it were, incorporates dialectic principles and dialectics into itself (“prescribes”) as a universal method of cognition.

Dialectics as a universal principle of knowledge.  It is a systematic rules of cognition of the world, developed by mankind. Hegel was the universal systematizer and author of many requirements of the dialectical approach, dialectical logic *(5) .

The main requirements of dialectics include, first of all, the objectivity of the approach to the phenomenon under study (state and law). The knowing person must study all aspects of an object or phenomenon and its (their) connection with others, where its properties are realized or manifest. For example, it is impossible to study law, legal regulation outside of the state, state power; it is also impossible to objectively study them outside such special phenomena as politics, culture, etc. On this universal principle of dialectics, in our opinion, the materialistic approach is largely based on the consideration of the state and law as special phenomena that are integral elements of society, public structure. These structural components of the social system are called upon to fulfill the most important functions in order to preserve and develop society itself. However, their content and level of development are predetermined by existing social, cultural and economic conditions.

Marxism went even further in this regard and argued that basic relations — relations that take shape in the process of means of production and means of consumption and exchange — are a factor determining the essence and content of the superstructure rising above them (state, law, morality, culture, etc.) . Thus, the state and law are predetermined by the economy, and their "reverse" impact on it is small. *(6) . The Marxist concept of the origin of the state and law, their place and functions in public life, as well as their fate, including political, are currently criticized. However, it is hardly objective to deny the Marxist position on the interconnectedness and interdependence of the state and law on economic and other social phenomena.

Ultimately, what is being studied must really and accurately reflect reality. The following points are important here. A researcher who bases his knowledge on the principles of dialectics worked out by all human experience and objectively given by nature is, in principle, “doomed” to achieve objective results. Meanwhile, the achievement of objectivity is often difficult, especially in the field of social sciences for political reasons, emotional perception of social processes and the results obtained. Here the researcher’s task is to maintain objectivity, despite various circumstances, because only in this case can the obtained scientific research data be called scientific, and their author - a scientist.

The next requirement of dialectics - the study of a phenomenon or object must be carried out from the perspective of how it arose, what stages in its development have passed, what tasks and functions it is currently performing. This requirement fully applies to legal science; undoubtedly, this is a very important principle for the method of the theory of state and law, the history of the domestic state and law and other legal sciences. It is impossible to adequately represent the goals, objectives and content of the state and law without having an idea of \u200b\u200bthe features of these phenomena in the past, their social and political purpose.

The requirements of dialectics in the study of state-legal phenomena include the use of categories of dialectical materialism. And this is true, but it is important that their application is correct. Often, when studying, concepts are used that do not correspond to the semantic content of the obtained scientific results (according to our observations, this often happens, for example, with the category "essence" and others). Jurisprudence most often uses such dialectic categories as form and content; essence and phenomenon; cause and effect, general and special, etc. One should pay attention to the need for the correct application of the concepts and categories of other philosophical sciences, for example, systems theory (element and structure; system and subsystem, etc.). This fully applies to sociology, historical materialism, etc.

The application by the theory of the state and law of the categorical apparatus of dialectics, its laws in the study of the state, law, legal regulation allows us to find out and reveal the underlying laws of their origin, development and change; streamline and structure the result of what is known.

General scientific methods. The theory of knowledge, its principles, dialectics and its categories and laws alone cannot give scientific results. They are only guiding requirements and necessary scientific means. Any sciences receive more specific knowledge using general scientific methods. Their knowledge and creative application in the study of the state and law and other phenomena associated with them greatly facilitates the path to objective knowledge, acts as a guarantee against errors and inaccurate knowledge. The content of general scientific methods consists of the techniques and methods used in the process of cognition of its subject, with the help of which new knowledge is incremented in the system of this science. Thus, the method of the theory of state and law is a system of techniques and methods used to know the subject of science, the disclosure of the laws of functioning and development of the state and law. Consider general scientific methods.

Theoretical method.  The basis of this method is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract, which is a necessary stage in the knowledge of the subject of science and, by and large, acts as the main technique for understanding state legal reality. This method in the first place allows us to talk about the features of science from the standpoint of cognition of reality. Abstracting represents a qualitatively new stage, a leap in the development of scientific knowledge, undoubtedly enriching empirical knowledge. This is a transition from the diversity of features, relationships and relationships inherent in phenomena and processes, to patterns that are repetitive and sustainable.

Theoretical knowledge of inexplicable factors leads to the formation of concepts that reflect the general properties and relationships of the phenomena studied (“system of law”, “rule of law”, “source of law”, “gap in law”, “conflict of legal norms”, etc.), formed from using abstraction.

The ascent from concrete to abstract is widely used in the process of studying new phenomena and factors, which, for objective reasons, cannot be explained using theoretical knowledge.

The axiological method (value) is gaining more and more application in law and other social sciences. Its basis is the theory of values \u200b\u200band ratings. A person has always tried to determine what is valuable and useful to him, what phenomena and objects are significant for him, a group of people, society, state, economy, etc. Researchers also set as their task to determine the value of a phenomenon, object, information, etc.

Since the middle of the last century, the so-called systematic approach (method) has received great recognition. Here, the researcher’s task is to establish a system (object), (subsystems), their elements, the presence and quality of relations and relations between them. A systematic approach is based on the assertion of the principle that each subsystem, in turn, is a system for another, more ambitious one. For example, the statement that the legal system acts as a supersystem for the branch of law as an independent system is true. At the same time, the branch of law is a supersystem for its sub-sectors. The same can be said about the relationship between the sub-industry and the institution of law. Regarding state phenomena, as an example of the system-subsystem relationship, the federation and its subjects can act. We emphasize that system analysis (sometimes called system-structural) aims to identify functional relationships between elements, to establish factors that ensure the unity of the system. Of great importance is the establishment of subordinate relations in the system and the means of providing it, as well as coordination and other relations and the means to ensure them.

Private scientific methods.  Jurisprudence, including the theory of state and law, use not only general scientific methods, but also private science, characteristic of certain legal sciences. General scientific and private scientific methods do not merge with each other. The widespread use of private scientific methods does not mean that they “absorb” general scientific methods. Often, private scientific methods are credited with a universal character, they are considered not only from the standpoint of universality, but also are endowed with such qualities as “striving for dialectics”, “its spearhead”, etc.

Particular scientific methods of legal sciences include the formal logical method, the specific sociological method, comparative law (state law), etc.

Formal logical method - Means and methods of logical study of law. Based on the concepts, categories, rules and laws of formal logic. Here, law is studied as such and is not associated with other social phenomena (culture, religion, morality, etc.) and the economy. In this case, the researcher abstracts, for example, from the problems of subjects of legal realization, its effectiveness, etc. Law is considered as a formally defined, logically interconnected and strictly fixed system of rules, built on the principle of subordination and consistency of norms. The logical law of identity, not contradiction, excluded third, sufficient reason to establish the features of law as a logical system. Lawmaking and law enforcement are considered in accordance with logical forms of thinking, logical operations, which are based on the rules of formulating judgments and conclusions.

The legislative activity in the process of preparing the text of a normative legal act is subordinated to the law and the rules of formal logic, forming the apparently invisible, but extremely important logical basis of the text of the document.

The formal logical method is successfully used in the study of law enforcement. The application of a legal norm to a factual fact is often justly presented as a deductive conclusion, where the rule of law is a big premise, the actual situation is less, and the decision on a legal case is a conclusion.

Note: formal logic, its methods and laws are applied using any method. When it comes to the formal logical method, we have in mind the use of logic as a special way of knowing the law (which is why the method is called formal logical).

Specific sociological method. State legal institutions investigated by legal science are ultimately expressed in the actions of citizens, officials, and collective subjects of law. Legal sociology studies these actions, operations (systems of actions), the activities of various government bodies and their results. The purpose of specific sociological research is to obtain information on state legal activity and its effectiveness. Using this method, it is studied, for example, the personnel of the judicial system (level of legal education, academic degree, frequency of professional development), the attitude to the fulfillment of professional duties (the number of complaints and statements about the actions of judges and employees of the judicial system), as well as factors affecting adjudication (level of professional preparedness, level of general culture, marital status, etc.).

The methods of obtaining this kind of information are survey, analysis of written sources, interviewing, etc. Unreliability of sociological information is a frequent phenomenon. He is explained by the interviewee’s desire to “look better”, to hide difficulties and shortcomings in professional activities. Social and legal research is laborious, costly and requires high professionalism.

The method of comparative jurisprudence and jurisprudence involves the study of various state legal systems, including judicial ones, by identifying general and special signs of similar legal phenomena. The knowledge gained can be used to improve the state apparatus and its organs, the legal system. This knowledge is necessary for the formation of a single legal space, coordination of efforts of various, primarily European, states, for solving global problems of mankind.

The comparative method involves the following stages of research: 1) the study of state-legal phenomena as autonomous entities and the identification of their essential qualities and features; 2) comparison of the studied features of similar institutions and the establishment on this basis of similarities and differences; 3) an assessment of the signs of difference from the point of view of appropriateness of application in national state legal or international practice. Assessment can be carried out from the standpoint of justice, expediency, effectiveness, etc.

Comparative law can significantly expand the legal horizons, create the basis for practical activities. This method, its development is very important for Russia - a country where legislation is actively updated, judicial and administrative reforms, as well as local government reform are underway.

General scientific and private scientific methods of knowledge of the state and law.

The scope of general scientific methods is limited to solving certain cognitive problems and does not cover all stages of scientific knowledge. General scientific methods - methods used at the individual stages of scientific knowledge. 1 Analysis and synthesis - dividing the whole into its components, and their analysis (an example is the system of law: branches, sub-sectors, institutions, norms). Analysis as a method of scientific thinking reveals the structure of GiP, fixes their components, establishes the nature of the relationship between them. Synthesis - the study of a specific phenomenon in the unity of all its components. As a specific method of scientific knowledge, TGP is used to generalize the data obtained as a result of the analysis of various properties and signs of the phenomena studied. By synthesizing the analytical knowledge of the individual elements of hydraulic engineering, we get an idea of \u200b\u200bhydraulic engineering in general. 2 A systematic approach - it studies GiP, state-legal phenomena from the point of view of their systematic nature. 3 Functional approach - elucidation of the functions of GiP, their elements. 4 The hermeneutic approach is the text of the norm; it is a document of the author’s special worldview, and is interpreted in a completely different way from the perspective of a modern researcher. Therefore, this method involves investing in the concepts studied exactly the content that their author implied. 5 Modeling - the creation of models of state-legal phenomena and the manipulation of these models. 6 Abstraction, bringing a less general concept to a more general one, ascents from the abstract to the concrete — to philosophical laws and categories the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete and from the concrete to the abstract directly adjoins. So, the process of knowing the form G can move from the abstraction “state form” to its types - the form of government and the form of government, then to the varieties of the named forms. With this approach, the knowledge of form G will be deepened, concretized, and the very concept of “form G” " will begin to be enriched with specific signs and features. When a thought moves from a concrete to a general, abstract, a researcher can, for example, study criminal, administrative offenses, their properties and features, and then formulate a general (abstract) concept of an offense.

Knowledge and skillful use of general scientific methods does not exclude, but rather involves the use of special and particular methods of cognition of state-legal phenomena. Traditional for legal science 1 formal legal method. The study of the internal structure of legal norms and law in general, the analysis of sources (forms of law), the formal certainty of law as its most important property, the methods of systematizing normative material, the rules of legal technology, etc. are all concrete manifestations of the formal legal method. It is also applicable in the analysis of forms of G, in determining and legalizing the competence of bodies of G, etc. In short, the formal legal method follows from the very nature of GiP, it helps to describe, classify and systematize state-legal phenomena, to study their external and internal forms. 2 In addition, science is obliged to take into account historical traditions, the sociocultural roots of G and P. The foregoing stipulates the application of the historical method in the cognition of state-legal phenomena. 3 The method of specific sociological research - the collection, analysis and processing of legal information. Identification of the social conditionality of legal norms, the prestige of law in society. The concrete sociological method allows us to establish and measure the role of social factors, their influence on the state and legal development of society. 4 Statistical - used in the study of the effectiveness of law. This is an analysis of quantitative indicators. It is used for phenomena that are massive and repeatable. 5 Cybernetic - is used for automated processing, storage, retrieval of legal information (for example, an approach to managed processes, taking into account feedback, the obligatory correspondence of the “diversity” of the managing and managed systems, etc.). 6 Comparative legal - based on a comparison of something “legal” with something “legal”. Conditions: the values \u200b\u200bto be compared must be a) legal b) equivalent (you can not compare the US Constitution and mononorms). Comparison can be micro (comparison of institutions), macro (in the whole system of law). 7 Modeling - the creation of models of state-legal phenomena and the manipulation of these models. 8 Social-legal experiment - the creation of experimental state-legal phenomena and verification of their "actions" in specific conditions.

Every science is affirmed as a specific branch of human knowledge when it develops its own method. One of the main problems of general linguistics is the problem of methods of linguistics. The prevalence of the corresponding method in a given era largely determines the general nature of the development of linguistic science. In modern linguistics, for many years there has been a debate about how long it is necessary to date the emergence of the science of language and accordingly interpret it as an ancient or very young science. On this, at first glance scholastic, two points of view were expressed. The first of them led the history of the science of language from those distant times when language began to be involved for the first time in scientific consideration - naturally, by the methods and ways that science had at that time. In Europe, the birth of the science of language belonged to classical antiquity, and in other countries and continents, such as in India, the origins of linguistics went even further - a few centuries BC. As for the second point of view, she dated the emergence of the science of language to a later time, and more precisely to the first quarter of the 19th century, arguing that it was then that in the works of F. Bopp, R. Rask, A. X. Vostokov and I Grimm developed a special method for the study and description of language, which until then the science of language did not have, considered the language in a complex of other - mainly philosophical - sciences. In other words, this second point of view linked the emergence of its science with the emergence of a special method. Theorists of linguistics emphasize that one of the main signs of a well-established direction is the presence of its own method. It is the method that forms the approaches to the analysis of linguistic facts, disciplines research. So, comparative studies developed as a result of the development of a comparative historical method, structuralism had in its arsenal a descriptive and transformational method, analysis by NS, etc. Within the framework of functionalism, primarily the field method is developed. However, the method with respect to theory is a secondary phenomenon. V. A. Zvegintsev rightly emphasizes: “The method itself is not the way of knowing the object, which is the main thing for any science. The method can only be a means of knowing the object and, to the extent that it is determined by theory, is put at its service and "gives out" empirical facts to verify and correct systems and hypotheses used in theory. " We emphasize that the theory of the method as such cannot be considered developed. Scientists who analyze this problem see three concepts in the method, and these concepts do not always overlap in concepts. So, V. I. Kodukhov in the theory of the method includes the following: 1. The method of cognition (philosophical method, the method of cognition), 2. The totality of research methods (special methods), 3. The totality of the rules of analysis (methods of analysis). In the concept of B. A. Serebrennikov, the philosophical aspect is included in the theory of the method, the system of the research method consists of: 1. The theory of the method (linguistic foundations of the method, the method of applying research methods, the basics of the general theory of knowledge), 2. The complex of research techniques, the content of which is determined by the linguistic basis of the method, 3. A set of technical techniques and procedures. The second and third components of the components of the method in these concepts essentially coincide. For Yu. S. Stepanov, the developed method system includes three parts:

1. The question of how to identify new material and introduce it into a scientific methodology ("methodology" in Soviet linguistics and "pre-linguistics" in American),

2. The question of how to systematize and explain this material ("method" in Soviet linguistics and "microlinguistics" in American),

3. The question of correlation and methods of correlation of already systematized and explained material with the data of related sciences and, first of all, with philosophy (“methodology” in Soviet linguistics and “metaling-vistika” in American). Yu. S. Stepanov divided all methods into general ("... generalized aggregates of theoretical principles, techniques, methods of studying the language associated with a certain linguistic theory and general methodology") and particular ("individual methods, techniques, operations based on certain theoretical principles, as a technical tool, an instrument for one or another aspect of the language. "

Summarizing these concepts, we distinguish two main components in the method:

1. The theoretical basis for this approach to the analysis of linguistic and speech facts and

2. The research technique resulting from it.

We turn to the first component of the modern linguistic method.

In modern linguistics there is a change in scientific paradigms: a transition is being made from the study of linguistic phenomena in statics to their analysis in dynamics, in the process of functioning. This fact is due to the logic of the development of linguistics: in the XIX century. the main attention was paid to the origin of certain language elements in the middle of the 20th century. First of all, their structure was analyzed, the need arose to consider these elements in dynamics, in the process of their use and functioning.

We emphasize that the methods, ensuring the unity and continuity of linguistic science, are closely interconnected, enriched by the methods and techniques of analysis inherent in other methods. So, the functional method actively uses the probabilistic-statistical technique, the comparative historical method - the methods of structural research, etc.

We turn to the second component of the method. The basis of the application of specific methods of analysis of factual material is the methodology - a philosophical worldview that determines the way of understanding and cognition of the external world. The internal and external conditions for choosing a particular method are highlighted. In an external, objective study of facts, the researcher is spontaneously or consciously guided by such foundations as 1. Primary material and secondary consciousness, 2. Cognizability of the world, 3. Verification of the validity of scientific results and conclusions by practice, etc. The choice of research methods also depends on intrascientific factors, such as the amount of factual material available, the accumulated theoretical knowledge in this scientific discipline, the ideas of scientists about the object of analysis, the purpose of the study, etc. The unity of human knowledge, etc. leads to the fact that the ideas and methods by which made major discoveries in one area of \u200b\u200bexpertise, often find successful application in other fields of knowledge. Yu. S. Stepanov warns against excessive enthusiasm for methods and techniques of language analysis, and says that science is faced with a problem that must be solved from the standpoint of different sciences using various methods. A large number of analysis methods used indicates the active state of the scientific discipline, and the results obtained in this way have both theoretical and applied value. Applied value can have data obtained by both traditional and modern methods. For example, descriptive grammars, explanatory and etymological dictionaries, language teaching techniques are created using the descriptive method. The materials obtained during the description of the language using traditional methods are widely used for educational and pedagogical purposes, and mathematical studies of the language, transformation grammars - for processing information in natural and artificial languages. Each of the methods sets its own particular tasks, but has the same goal - to acquire knowledge, and knowledge, provided that this is real knowledge, has the same value, regardless of the ways in which it was obtained. In this respect, it is like gold: it is given to one with incredible difficulties and even the price of life, and the other inherits it without any effort from wealthy parents, but this does not affect the value of gold. Such is the gold of knowledge. The achievements of traditional linguistics brought the science of language the well-deserved fame of the most accurate of all social sciences. It is customary to distinguish general scientific (applicable in all or most sciences) and private scientific (used in the same branch of knowledge) research methods and techniques. The general scientific ones include, for example, induction, deduction, etc., the particular scientific methods include the comparative historical method, etc. The totality of the means and methods of cognition used by science makes up the methodology of scientific research. Such a technique will, of course, be different depending on the chosen object of study. But its development and application also depend on what are the principal positions of the researcher in his approach to reality.

General scientific methods, i.e. methods characterize the course of knowledge in all sciences. Their classification is directly related to the concept of levels of scientific knowledge.

General scientific approaches and research methods that have been widely developed and applied in science of the XX century. They act as a kind of "intermediate methodology" between philosophy and the fundamental theoretical and methodological provisions of the special sciences. General scientific concepts most often include such concepts as "information", "model", "structure", "function", "system", "element", "optimality", "probability".

In accordance with two levels of scientific knowledge, empirical and theoretical methods are distinguished. The former include observation, comparison, measurement and experiment, the latter include idealization, formalization, the ascent of the abstract to the concrete, etc. It should be noted, however, the relativity of this division. For example, comparison is widely used not only in empirical, but also in theoretical studies, the experiment is used mainly at the empirical level, however, experimentation is possible with the so-called mental models. The modeling method is difficult to attribute unconditionally to one of two levels of knowledge.

Empirical methods are based on sensory cognition (sensation, perception, representation) and instrument data. These methods include:

• Ø observation is a purposeful systematic perception of an object that delivers primary material for scientific research;
• Ø experiment - a method of cognition, with the help of which the phenomena of reality are investigated in controlled and controlled conditions. It differs from observation by intervention in the studied object, that is, activity in relation to it. Carrying out an experiment, the researcher is not limited to passive observation of phenomena, but consciously intervenes in the natural course of their occurrence by directly influencing the process under study or changing the conditions under which this process takes place;
• Ø measurement - determination of the ratio of the measured quantity to a standard (for example, a meter);
• Ø comparison - the identification of similarities or differences between objects or their signs.

There are no pure empirical methods in scientific knowledge, since even for simple observation preliminary theoretical foundations are necessary - the choice of an object for observation, the formulation of a hypothesis, etc.

The actual theoretical methods are based on rational cognition (concept, judgment, inference) and logical inference procedures. These methods include:

• Ø analysis - the process of mental or real dismemberment of an object, a phenomenon into parts (signs, properties, relationships);
• Ø synthesis - the combination of the selected in the course of the analysis of the sides of the subject into a single whole;
• Класс classification - the union of various objects in groups based on common characteristics (classification of animals, plants, etc.);
• Ø abstraction - (lat. - distraction), which is a mental distraction from some properties of the subject and the allocation of its other properties. The result of abstraction is abstraction - concepts, categories, the content of which are the essential properties and relationships of phenomena, distraction in the process of cognition from some properties of an object with the goal of in-depth study of one particular side of it (the result of abstraction is abstract concepts, such as color, curvature, beauty etc.);
• Ø formalization - the display of knowledge in a symbolic, symbolic form (in mathematical formulas, chemical symbols, etc.);
• Ø analogy - a method of cognition, in which there is a transfer of knowledge obtained during the consideration of any one object, to another, less studied and currently being studied. The analogy method is based on the similarity of objects for a number of any signs, which allows you to get completely reliable knowledge about the subject being studied;
• Ø modeling - the creation and study of a substitute (model) of an object (for example, computer modeling of the human genome);
• Ø idealization - the creation of concepts for objects that do not exist in reality, but have a prototype in it (geometric point, ball, ideal gas);
• Ш deduction - movement from general to particular;
• Ø induction - the movement from the particular (facts) to the general statement.

Private science methods

Particular scientific methods, i.e. methods that are applicable only within the framework of individual sciences or studies of a particular phenomenon. The specificity of these methods lies in the fact that they are a special case of the application of general scientific cognitive techniques for studying a specific area of \u200b\u200bthe objective world. These are methods of mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology and social sciences.