Social role

Social role  - a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social, social and personal relations. The social role is not something outwardly related to social status, but an expression in the action of the agent’s social position. In other words, the social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person holding a certain status”.

Term history

The concept of “social role” was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, with the first interpreting the concept of “social role” as a unit of social structure, described as a system of norms assigned to a person, the second - in terms of the direct interaction of people, the "role play", during which, due to the fact that a person represents himself in the role of another, the assimilation of social norms takes place and the social in the personality is formed. Linton's definition of “social role” as the “dynamic aspect of status” was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, and R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of \u200b\u200ba “social role” as a nodal point at which the individual and society meet, individual behavior turns into social, and individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes existing in society, depending on what happens selection of people for certain social roles. Of course, in reality role expectations are never unambiguous. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict when his various "social roles" turn out to be poorly compatible. Modern society requires the individual to constantly change behaviors to fulfill specific roles. In this regard, neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians such as T. Adorno, C. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts occurring in situations where the individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread. In his studies of interaction rituals, Irwin Hoffman, accepting and developing a basic theater metaphor, drew attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, as to the very processes of actively constructing and maintaining the “appearance” during communication, to zones of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction errors in the behavior of partners.

Definition of a concept

Social role - a dynamic characteristic of a social position, expressed in a set of behaviors that are consistent with social expectations (role-based projections) and set by special norms (social prescriptions) that are addressed from the corresponding group (or several groups) to the holder of a certain social position. Owners of a social position expect that the implementation of special requirements (norms) results in regular and therefore predictable behavior that other people's behavior can be guided by. Thanks to this, regular and continuously planning social interaction (communicative interaction) is possible.

Types of Social Roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the personality is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a familiar image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar it becomes for people around the dominant social roles of each member of the group and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior that is familiar to others.

Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

• In scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
• By the method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and won (they are also called attainable).
• By degree of formalization. Activities can occur both within a strictly established framework and arbitrarily.
• By types of motivation. Personal motivation, the public good, etc. can serve as motivation.

Role scale Depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses are very large, since a wide range of relationships is established between a husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by normative acts and, in a certain sense, are formal. Participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's life, their relations are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly determined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scale of the role is reduced to a narrow circle of specific issues and is small.

The way to get the role  depends on how inevitable this role is for a person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of the person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the process of human life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all the roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization  as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specificity of interpersonal relations of the carrier of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others can combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of the traffic police representative with the violator of the rules of the road should be determined by formal rules, and the relationship between loved ones - feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and appreciating another, shows sympathy or antipathy for him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the good of their child, are guided primarily by a sense of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

Role conflicts

Role conflicts  arise when the role is not fulfilled due to subjective reasons (reluctance, inability).

see also

Bibliography

• "Games that people play" E. Byrne

Notes

References

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Chachba, Alexander Konstantinovich
• Fantozzi (film)

See what is the "Social role" in other dictionaries:

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social role  - socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Laikymasis normų, nustatančių, kaip turi elgtis tam tikros socialinės padėties žmogus. atitikmenys: angl. social role mode vok. soziale Rolle, fr. Role; social role ... Sporto terminų žodynas

social role  - socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Socialinio elgesio modelis, tam tikras elgesio pavyzdys, kurio tikimasi iš atitinkamą socialinę padėtį užimančio žmogaus. atitikmenys: angl. social role mode vok. soziale ... ... Sporto terminų žodynas

Social role  - (see Social Role) ... Human ecology

Social role  - The normatively approved by the society behavior, expected from everyone holding this social position. Social roles typical for a given society are assimilated by a person in the process of his socialization. S.R. directly related to ... ... Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms

Each person living in society is included in many different social groups (family, study group, friendly company, etc.). In each of these groups he occupies a certain position, has a certain status, certain requirements are made to him. Thus, one and the same person should behave in one situation as a father, in another - as a friend, in the third - as a boss, i.e. to act in different roles. The social role is the way people behave in accordance with accepted standards, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations. The development of social roles is part of the process of socialization of the individual, an indispensable condition for the "growing" of a person into a society of their kind. Socialization is the process and result of assimilation and active reproduction by an individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. Examples of social roles are also sexual roles (male or female behavior), professional roles. Observing social roles, a person learns social standards of behavior, learns to evaluate himself from the outside and exercise self-control. However, since in real life a person is involved in many activities and relationships, forced to play different roles, the requirements for which may be contradictory, a need arises for some mechanism that would allow a person to maintain the integrity of his “I” in conditions of multiple connections with the world (i.e. e. remain yourself, playing various roles). The personality (or rather, the formed substructure of orientation) is precisely that mechanism, a functional organ that allows you to integrate your "I" and your own life activity, to carry out a moral assessment of your actions, to find your place not only in a separate social group, but also in life in general, to develop the meaning of their existence, to abandon one in favor of the other. Thus, a developed personality can use role-based behavior as an instrument of adaptation to certain social situations, at the same time not merging, not identifying with the role. The main components of the social role make up a hierarchical system in which three levels can be distinguished. The first is peripheral attributes, i.e. those whose presence or absence does not affect either the perception of the role by the environment or its effectiveness (for example, the civil status of the poet or doctor). The second level involves such attributes of the role that affect both perception and its effectiveness (for example, long hair in hippies or poor health in an athlete). At the top of the three-level gradation are the attributes of the role, which are crucial for the formation of personality identity. The role concept of personality arose in American social psychology in the 30s of the XX century. (C. Cooley, J. Mead) and gained distribution in various sociological trends, primarily in structural-functional analysis. T. Parsons and his followers consider a person as a function of the many social roles that are inherent in any individual in a given society. Charles Cooley believed that the personality is formed on the basis of many interactions of people with the outside world. In the process of these interactions, people create their own “mirror I”, which consists of three elements: 1. of how, in our opinion, others perceive us (“I am sure that people pay attention to my new hairstyle”); 2. how, in our opinion, they react to 3. what they see ("I'm sure they like my new hairstyle"); 4. of how we respond to the reaction of others perceived by us ("Apparently, I will always comb my hair like that"). This theory attaches great importance to our interpretation of the thoughts and feelings of others. American psychologist George Herbert Mead went further in his analysis of the process of development of our "I". Like Cooley, he believed that the "I" is a social product, formed on the basis of relationships with other people. At first, as young children, we are not able to explain to ourselves the motives of the behavior of others. Having learned to comprehend their behavior, children make the first step in life. Having learned to think about themselves, they can think about others; the child begins to acquire a sense of self. According to Mead, the process of personality formation includes three different stages. The first is imitation. At this stage, children copy adult behavior without understanding it. This is followed by the game stage, when children understand behavior as the performance of certain roles: doctor, fireman, race car driver, etc .; during the game they play these roles.

Ticket 8. The concept of social status. Social role

Human social status - this is the social position that it occupies in the structure of society, the place that the individual occupies among other individuals.

Each person simultaneously has several social statuses in different social groups.

Types of Social Status:

Inborn status. Invariable, as a rule, status obtained at birth: gender, race, nationality, membership in a class or estate.

Acquired status.   The position in society achieved by man himself. What a person achieves in the course of his life with the help of knowledge, skills: profession, position, rank.

Prescribed Status.   The status that a person acquires regardless of his desire (age, status in the family), with the course of life, he can change.

The totality of all the statuses of a person that he possesses at the moment is called status set.

Natural personality status  - significant and relatively stable characteristics of a person: man, woman, child, youth, old man, etc.

Occupational Status  - This is a social indicator that captures the social, economic and industrial position of a person in society. (engineer, chief technologist, shop manager, human resources manager, etc.)

Social role- this is the totality of actions that a person holding this status in the social system must perform.

Moreover, each status involves the fulfillment of not one but several roles. The set of roles, the performance of which is prescribed by one status, is called   role set.

The systematization of social roles was first developed by Parsons, who identified five grounds by which one or another role can be classified:

1. Emotionality Some roles (for example, a nurse, a doctor, or a policeman) require emotional restraint in situations that are usually accompanied by violent manifestations of feelings (we are talking about illness, suffering, death).

2. The method of obtaining. By the method of obtaining the role:

prescribed (roles of man and woman, young man, old man, child, etc.);

achievable (the role of a schoolchild, student, employee, employee, husband or wife, father or mother, etc.).

3. Scale. By the scale of the role (i.e., by the range of possible actions):

broad (the roles of husband and wife involve a huge number of actions and diverse behaviors);

narrow (the roles of seller and buyer: gave money, received the goods and change, said "thank you").

4. Formalization. By level of formalization (formality):

formal (based on legal or administrative rules: police officer, civil servant, official);

informal (arising spontaneously: the role of a friend, the "soul of the company", the merry fellow).

5. Motivation. By motivation (according to the needs and interests of the individual):

economic (the role of the entrepreneur);

political (mayor, minister);

personal (husband, wife, friend);

spiritual (mentor, educator);

religious (preacher);

In the normal structure of a social role, four elements are usually distinguished:

1) a description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;

2) the requirements (requirements) associated with this behavior;

3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;

4) sanctions - the social consequences of an action within the framework of the requirements of the social system. Social sanctions by their nature can be moral, implemented directly by a social group through its behavior (contempt), or legal, political, environmental.

One and the same person performs many roles that may contradict without being consistent with each other, which leads to the emergence of role conflict.

Social role conflict -this is a contradiction either between the normative structures of social roles, or between the structural elements of a social role.

Human social status  - This is the social position that he occupies in the structure of society. Simply put, this is the place that an individual occupies among other individuals. For the first time this concept was used by the English lawyer Henry Man in the middle of the XIX century.

Each person simultaneously has several social statuses in different social groups. Consider the main types of social status  and examples:

1. Inborn status. Invariable, as a rule, status obtained at birth: gender, race, nationality, membership in a class or estate.
2. Acquired status.  What a person achieves in the course of his life with the help of knowledge, skills: profession, position, rank.
3. Prescribed Status. The status that a person acquires due to factors beyond his control; for example, age (an old man cannot do anything with the fact that he is an old man). This status changes throughout life and passes into another.

Social status gives a person certain rights and obligations. For example, having achieved the status of a father, a person receives the obligation to take care of his child.

The totality of all the statuses of a person that he possesses at the moment is called status set.

There are situations when a person in one social group has a high status, and in another - a low one. For example, on the football field you are Cristiano Ronaldo, and behind the desk - a loser. Or there are situations when the rights and obligations of one status interfere with the fulfillment of the rights and obligations of another. For example, the president of Ukraine, who is engaged in commercial activities, which he does not have the right to do under the constitution. Both of these cases are examples of status incompatibility (or status mismatch).

The concept of social role.

Social role  - This is a set of actions that a person must perform according to the achieved social status. More specifically, this is a model of behavior that arises from the status associated with this role. Social status is a static concept, and a social role is dynamic; as in linguistics: status is subject, and role is predicate. For example, they expect a great game from the best footballer of the world in 2014. Great game is the role.

Types of social role.

Generally accepted social role systemdeveloped by American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He divided the types of roles according to four main characteristics:

By the scale of the role (i.e., by the range of possible actions):

• broad (the roles of husband and wife involve a huge number of actions and diverse behaviors);
• narrow (the roles of seller and buyer: gave money, received the goods and change, said “thank you”, a couple more possible actions and, in fact, all).

By the method of obtaining the role:

• prescribed (roles of man and woman, young man, old man, child, etc.);
• achievable (the role of a schoolchild, student, employee, employee, husband or wife, father or mother, etc.).

By level of formalization (formality):

• formal (based on legal or administrative rules: police officer, civil servant, official);
• informal (arising spontaneously: the role of a friend, the "soul of the company", the merry fellow).

By motivation (according to the needs and interests of the individual):

• economic (the role of the entrepreneur);
• political (mayor, minister);
• personal (husband, wife, friend);
• spiritual (mentor, educator);
• religious (preacher);

In the structure of the social role, an important moment is the expectation by others of a certain behavior from a person according to his status. In case of non-fulfillment or its role, various sanctions are provided (depending on a particular social group) up to depriving a person of his social status.

Thus, the concepts social status and role  are inextricably linked, since one follows from the other.

[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The current version of the page has not yet been tested by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on March 20, 2012; verification requires 1 edit.

Social role  - a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social (social and personal) relations. In other words, the social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person holding a certain status”. Modern society requires the individual to constantly change behaviors to fulfill specific roles. In this regard, neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians such as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts occurring in situations where the individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread.

In his studies of interaction rituals, Irwin Hoffman, accepting and developing a basic theater metaphor, drew attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, as to the very processes of actively constructing and maintaining the “appearance” during communication, to zones of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction errors in the behavior of partners.

Types of Social Roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the personality is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

§ Social roles  related to social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesman). These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and obligations, regardless of who performs these roles. Social and demographic roles are distinguished: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and suggesting specific ways of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.

§ Interpersonal roles  are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at an emotional level (leader, resentful, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a familiar image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar it becomes for people around the dominant social roles of each member of the group and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior that is familiar to others.

[edit] Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

§ In scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

§ By the method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and won (they are also called attainable).

§ By degree of formalization. Activities can occur both within a strictly established framework and arbitrarily.

§ By types of motivation. Personal motivation, the public good, etc. can serve as motivation.

Role scale Depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses are very large, since a wide range of relationships is established between a husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by normative acts and, in a certain sense, are formal. Participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's life, their relations are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly determined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scale of the role is reduced to a narrow circle of specific issues and is small.

The way to get the role  depends on how inevitable this role is for a person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of the person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the process of human life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all the roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization  as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specificity of interpersonal relations of the carrier of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others can combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of the traffic police representative with the violator of the rules of the road should be determined by formal rules, and the relationship between loved ones - feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and appreciating another, shows sympathy or antipathy for him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the good of their child, are guided primarily by a sense of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

[edit] Role conflicts

Role conflicts  arise when the role is not fulfilled due to subjective reasons (reluctance, inability).

Motivation is divided into externally organized and internally organized (or, as Western psychologists write, external and internal). The first is connected with the influence on the formation by the subject of a motive for the action or act of other people (with the help of advice, suggestion, etc.). How much this intervention will be perceived by the subject depends on the degree of his suggestibility, conformity and negativity.

Suggestibility  - this is the tendency of the subject to uncritical (involuntary) compliance with other people's influences, their advice, instructions, even if they contradict his own beliefs and interests.

This is an unaccountable change in one’s behavior under the influence of suggestion. Suggestible subjects are easily infected by the moods, attitudes, and habits of others. They are often prone to imitation. Suggestibility depends both on the stable properties of a person — a high level of neurotism, weakness of the nervous system (Yu. E. Ryzhkin, 1977), and on his situational states — anxiety, self-doubt, or emotional arousal.

Suggestibility is influenced by such personal characteristics as low self-esteem and a sense of personal inferiority, humility and devotion, an undeveloped sense of responsibility, shyness and shyness, credulity, increased emotionality and impressionability, reverie, superstitiousness and faith, a tendency to fantasize, unstable beliefs and uncritical thinking ( N.N. Obozov, 1997, and others).

Increased suggestibility is characteristic of children, especially 10 years of age. This is explained by the fact that they still have poorly developed critical thinking, which reduces the degree of suggestibility. True, at 5 years and after 10, especially among senior schoolchildren, a decrease in suggestibility was noted (A. I. Zakharov (1998), see Fig. 9.1). By the way, the latter was noted among older adolescents at the end of the XIX century. A. Binet (A. Binet, 1900) and A. Nechaev (1900).

The degree of suggestibility of women is higher than that of men (V. A. Petrik, 1977; L. Le-Wenfeld, 1977).

Another persistent personality characteristic is conformity, the beginning of the study of which was laid by S. Asch (S. Asch, 1956).

Conformity  - this is a person’s tendency to voluntarily consciously (voluntarily) change his expected reactions in order to get closer to the reaction of others as a result of recognizing their greater rightness. At the same time, if a person’s intention or social attitudes coincide with those of others, then there is no question of conformity.

The concept of "conformity" in Western psychological literature has many meanings. For example, R. Kratchfield (R. Crutchfield, 1967) speaks of "internal conformity", according to the description close to suggestibility.

Conformity is also called intragroup suggestion or suggestibility (note that some authors, for example, A.E. Lichko et al. (1970) do not identify suggestibility and conformity, noting the lack of dependence between them and the difference in the mechanisms of their manifestation). Other researchers distinguish between two types of conformity: “acceptance”, when an individual’s views, attitudes and behaviors change, and “consent”, when a person follows a group without sharing its opinion (this is called conformism in Russian science). If a person is inclined to constantly agree with the opinion of the group, he refers to conformists; if it tends to disagree with the opinion imposed on it, then nonconformists (the latter, according to foreign psychologists, include about a third of people).

Distinguish between external and internal conformity. In the first case, the person returns to his former opinion as soon as the group pressure on him disappears. With internal conformity, he retains the accepted group opinion even after pressure from the side has ceased.

The degree of subordination of a person to a group depends on many external (situational) and internal (personality) factors, which (mainly external) were systematized by A.P. Sopikov (1969). These include:

Age and gender differences: among children and young men there are more conformists than among adults (maximum conformity is observed at 12 years of age, its noticeable decrease is after 1-6 years); women are more malleable to group pressure than men;

The difficulty of the problem being solved: the more difficult it is, the more the individual submits to the group; the more complex the task and the ambiguous decisions made, the higher the conformity;

The status of a person in a group: the higher he is, the less so this person shows conformity;

The nature of group affiliation: of their own free will or by compulsion, the subject entered the group; in the latter case, his psychological subordination is often only superficial;

The attractiveness of the group for the individual: the subject group lends itself easier to the reference group;

Goals facing a person: if his group competes with another group, the conformity of the subject increases; if members of a group compete among themselves, it decreases (the same is observed when defending a group or personal opinion);

The presence and effectiveness of communication, confirming the fidelity or unfaithfulness of a person’s conformal acts: when an act is wrong, a person can return to his point of view.

With pronounced conformism, a person’s decisiveness in decision making and the formation of intentions increases, but at the same time, his sense of individual responsibility for an act committed with others weakens. This is especially noticeable in groups that are not socially mature enough.

Although the influence of situational factors often prevails over the role of individual differences, there are still people who are easily convinced in any situation (C. Hovland, I. Janis, 1959; I. Janis, P. Field, 1956).

Such people have certain personality traits. It has been revealed, for example, that the most conformal children suffer from an “inferiority complex” and lack the “ego power” (Hartup, 1970). They are usually more dependent and anxious than their peers, and sensitive to the opinions and hints of others. Children with such personality traits tend to constantly monitor their behavior and speech, that is, they have a high level of self-control. They care about how they look in the eyes of others, they often compare themselves with peers.

According to F. Zimbardo (P. Zimbardo, 1977), shy people who have low self-esteem are easily convinced. It is therefore no coincidence that a connection has been found between the low self-esteem that a person has and his slight resilience to persuasion from the outside (W. McGuiere, 1985). This is due to the fact that they have little respect for their opinions and attitudes, therefore, their motivation for defending their beliefs is weakened. They consider themselves wrong in advance.

R. Nurmi (R. Nurmi, 1970) cites data according to which rigidity and a weak nervous system are inherent in conformal.

True, one should keep in mind in which situation conformity is manifested - in normative or informational. This may affect her relationships with other personality traits. In the information situation, there is a noticeable tendency toward a connection between conformity and extraversion (NN Obozov, 1997).