Morozov Pavlik (Pavel Trofimovich) (1918-1932). A pioneer famous by the media as a participant in the struggle against kulaks during the collectivization of the USSR. Born in the village. Gerasimovka of the Sverdlovsk region in a large (five children) family of special settlers from Belarus. He was the organizer and chairman of the first pioneer detachment in the village , who helped the communists in agitation for the creation of a collective farm. The kulaks, opposing this, decided to disrupt the grain procurements. Pavlik, accidentally learning about the conspiracy, and not fearing his father (he was at the same time with the kulaks), exposed their intentions, for which, together with his younger brother, he was brutally killed by fists in the forest.
One of the methods of expanding the social base of Stalinism and ensuring mass support for repression was the active propaganda of the ideas of the absolute priority of the party's interests and class interests over the norms of human morality, family, comradely duty. Large-scale propaganda events, numerous rallies where everyone had to vote for the death penalty, study meetings at which they had to denounce their comrades, friends, relatives, repent, swear allegiance to the party and intransigence to its enemies, gradually undermined the moral foundations of society.
Cooperation with the authorities in suppressing "enemies of the people" was presented as a patriotic and unambiguously noble action. As examples, the images of "heroes-revealers" like Pavlik Morozov were raised on the shield.
The name of Pavlik Morozov was the first to be entered into the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin. A.M. Gorky wrote: "The memory of him should not disappear - this little hero deserves a monument, and I am sure that the monument will be erected."
In 1948 in Moscow in the children's park named after Pavlik Morozov, a monument to the young hero was erected (sculptor I.A.Rabinovich), and the former Novovagankovsky lane was renamed into Pavlik Morozov lane. It is interesting that in 1935-1936. The Politburo several times considered the issue of erecting a monument to Pavlik Morozov near Red Square (Khlevnyuk OV 1937: Stalin, the NKVD and the Soviet Society. M., 1992, p. 70).
N. Berdyaev, talking about socialist "religion", he says that "revolution, by its spiritual nature, is a rupture between fathers and sons."
Notes
) For this statement, see the following article "Not Pavlik, but Pashka".
1 ) We have given the traditional presentation of the plot. Details about the tragedy in the village. Gerasimovka is narrated by V. Kononenko, editor of the department of the magazine "Chelovek i zakon", in his essay "Pavlik Morozov: Truth and Fiction" (Komsomolskaya Pravda, 1990, April 5). She, in particular, quotes a letter from Alexei Morozov, who writes: “What kind of trial was held over my brother? It's offensive and scary. My brother was called an informer in the magazine. Lie it! Paul always fought openly. Why is he being insulted? Little did our family endure grief? Who is being bullied? Two of my brothers were killed. The third, Roman, came from the front as an invalid, died young. During the war I was slandered as an enemy of the people. He served ten years in a camp. And then they rehabilitated. And now the slander against Pavlik. How can you handle all this? They doomed me to torture worse than in the camps. It's good that my mother did not live up to these days ... I am writing, but tears are choking. So it seems that Pashka is again defenseless on the road. "
2 ) ON THE. Berdyaev (1874-1948) - Russian philosopher. In 1922 he was exiled abroad.
Used materials of the book: Torchinov V.A., Leontyuk A.M. Around Stalin. Historical and biographical reference book. Saint Petersburg, 2000
Not "Pavlik", but "Pashka"
Born into the family of a Belarusian migrant Trofim Sergeevich Morozov and Tatiana, nee Baidakova, and was the eldest son. There were 4 boys in the family. Father - a red partisan, later chairman of the Gerasimov village council. In 1928 he left the family and began to live with a certain Antonina Amosova. At the beginning of 1932 he was sentenced to 10 years for selling to the special settlers (dispossessed from the Kuban) forged certificates of their alleged affiliation with the Gerasimov village council. At the end of the same year, after the murder of his son, he was shot.
In accordance with the official version, Pavlik Morozov, being a conscientious pioneer, for ideological reasons reported to the authorities about his father, and then also systematically denounced the "kulaks" who were hiding grain from the state. They say that for this he and his younger brother, 9-year-old Fedya, were stabbed to death by their own grandfather Sergei and cousin Danila at the instigation of the "fist" Arseny Kulukanov (Pavel's godfather and relative). At a show trial in the regional center of Tavda, Sergei and Danila Morozov, Arseny Kulukanov and Ksenia Morozova (Sergei's wife and Pavlik's grandmother, accused of non-reporting) were sentenced to death. The murder of Pavel was qualified as a counter-revolutionary terrorist act.
In fact, the official version reveals a number of inconsistencies with the real circumstances of that time.
According to the data of the writer Yuri Druzhnikov, who interviewed in the 1970s. fellow villagers and relatives of Pavel, the latter was not a pioneer, since there was no pioneer organization in Gerasimovka at all (the nearest one was in the regional center of Tavda, 120 km from Gerasimovka). Memories depict Pavel as a physically weak, nervous, unbalanced, tongue-tied, pedagogically neglected and almost feeble-minded child who, by the age of 14, barely managed to finish two classes, learned to read and write with difficulty.
According to the materials of the murder case, on November 25, 1931, Pavel Morozov, during the investigation of the previous case (on the fact that the Gerasimov village council issued a certificate to the special settler), submitted a statement to the investigating authorities that his father Morozov Trofim Sergeevich, being the chairman of the village council and being connected with local fists, is engaged in forging documents and selling them to fists-special settlers. Subsequently, Paul also spoke at the trial, giving testimony after his mother, but was stopped by the judge due to his youth. It is believed that Paul's mother taught him to denounce, hoping to intimidate her husband and return him to the family. Let me emphasize: Pavel filed an application within the framework of the investigation into the fact that the Gerasimov village council issued a certificate to a special settler. A certificate with a fake signature of Trofim Morozov was issued after he left the post of chairman of the village council, but Pavlik's testimony (to be precise, the villagers called him Pashka) allowed Trofim to be involved in this case.
And before that and later, Pavel really reported on the peasants who sheltered bread, unregistered weapons, etc. As follows from the materials of the case, in the winter of 1932, he reported to his uncle Arseny Silin, who, “having failed to fulfill the firm assignment, sold ”, And in the previous fall - on the peasant Mizyukhin, whose grandfather Sergei allegedly hid the“ walker ”(cart; Mezyukhin's house was searched, but nothing was found). However, in reality, the main informer in the village was his cousin Ivan Potupchik, who by that time had already become a candidate for membership in the CPSU (b) (an indicative feature of his moral decay was the later rape of a pioneer woman, committed by honorary pioneer Ivan Potupchik, for which he was convicted).
On September 2, 1932, Pavel and his 9-year-old brother Fedya, in the absence of their mother (who had left for the regional center), went into the forest for cranberries; On September 6, their bodies were found with stab wounds in the forest. The murder was declared the result of a kulak conspiracy. In view of the obvious bias of the investigation and the court, the guilt of the imaginary kulaks raises doubts. According to Y. Druzhnikov, the murder with provocative purposes was organized by the assistant to the authorized OGPU Spiridon Kondrashov and Potupchik. At the same time, Druzhnikov relies on the protocol he discovered of interrogating Potupchik as a witness in the murder case drawn up by Kondrashov on September 4 (i.e. 2 days before the official discovery of the murder).
Pavlik Morozov was declared a pioneer hero, an example of loyalty to communist ideals and patriotism. On his example, it was considered necessary to educate the younger generation; Streets, schools, pioneer squads, etc. were named after him, monuments were erected to him (the first was in Moscow in 1948)
It should also be noted that the form of the name “Pavlik” was invented by the journalists of “Pionerskaya Pravda”. During his lifetime, the boy was called "Pashka". And "Pavlik Morozov" is a character, rather a virtual one, who had nothing to do with a real person.
Pavel Shekhtman sent an article about P. Morozov especially for CHRONOS.
Enterprises, courts, schools, orphanages are named after him
Pavlik Morozov (1919-1932) - a teenager who denounced his father and was "canonized" by Soviet propaganda as a model for the education of future builders of communism. He was portrayed as a victim of "kulaks" who took revenge on him for exposing their intrigues. What actually happened?
The Morozov family lived near the town of Tavda (now the Sverdlovsk region), in the village of Gerasimovka, where Pavlik's grandfather, Sergei Morozov, moved from Belarus at the end of the 19th century. Pavlik's father, Trofim Sergeevich, who served as chairman of the village council, left his wife Tatyana with four children and went to a neighbor. Those who remained were also not friendly: Pavlik's grandparents did not like their daughter-in-law and grandchildren, and they paid the same.
According to some reports, it was Tatyana Morozova who, wishing to take revenge on her ex-husband, taught her son to write a denunciation on him. On November 25, 1931, the boy filed a complaint with the police that Trofim Morozov, taking advantage of his official position, sold certificates to special settlers - dispossessed peasants from European Russia. Trofim was convicted and sent to serve time in the Far North, where he died.
In September 1932 (that is, almost a year later) Pavlik and his younger brother Fedya went to the forest for berries and disappeared. Mother, who came from Tavda a day later, called a policeman; he gathered the people, and the whole village went in search. The brothers were found on the road; they were dead, there was blood all around and a heap of scattered cranberries.
The grandfather and grandmother of the deceased children, their uncle Arseniy Kulukanov and cousin Daniel, were accused of the murder. According to the later testimony of his mother, during the search of Sergei Morozov, "they found a bloody shirt and trousers." The grandfather supposedly brought the knife home and hid it behind the icon (strange behavior for someone who wants to hide the traces of a crime; the corpses could also not be left in a conspicuous place, but thrown into a swamp, where they would disappear without a trace). Later, they allegedly found "two knives, a shirt and pants stained in blood" in his house. Son Alexei told his mother that on the day of the murder “he saw Daniel Morozov walking out of the forest”; A militiaman A fellow traveler testified that Daniel had “trousers, a shirt and a knife in his blood”. The same Alexei reported to his grandmother Aksinya that she had gone to get the berries in the same direction as Pavlik and Fedya, and “could hold back” them until the killers approached. What role the uncle played, the investigation never came up with.
During the trial, Tatyana's testimony was edited by someone. Now they already stated that the grandfather, grandmother and cousin of the killed, “this whole kulak gang ... gathered together in a group, and their conversations were about hatred of the Soviet regime ... my son Pavel, no matter what he saw or heard about this kulak gang , always reported to the village council or other organizations. In view of what the kulaks hated him and tried in every possible way to bring the young pioneer off the face of the earth. " Thus, the murder of the Morozov brothers was attributed to the "intrigues of class enemies", who were found in the person of their closest relatives. Sergei, Aksinya and Daniil Morozovs, as well as Arseny Kulukanov, were shot.
This process was very useful for Soviet propaganda. On the eve of the Great Terror, when entire institutions and enterprises were declared “enemies of the people”, it was important to present a separate family as a terrorist group, to convince citizens that enemies can lurk everywhere. The cult of Pavlik Morozov taught Soviet citizens (primarily children) to suspect everyone, even close relatives, of intending to harm, poison, blow up, or kill. The “meeting of the poor of the village of Gerasimovka,” which demanded “to apply capital punishment to the murderers,” became the prototype of mass “demonstrations of workers” and “letters of labor collectives” calling for merciless reprisals against the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev scum” and other enemies.
After the trial, Tatyana Morozova and her children were hated in the village. She herself recalled that Pavlik and Fedya's grave was "trampled upon, the star was broken, half of the village went there to defecate." And although the authorities instilled her in a good house, the owners of which had been "dispossessed" before, Tatiana preferred to move to the regional center - away from her fellow villagers. The NKVD took the "hero's mother" to provide barracks, she did not work. Later, Stalin ordered to settle her in the Crimea, in Alupka, appointed a personal pension. Pavlik's younger brother, Alexei, was accused of treason during the war, but thanks to his mother's efforts and kinship with the "hero" he escaped being shot.
Pavlik himself had a reputation in the village as a hooligan, embittered and unscrupulous. Inarticulate and painful, he was distinguished by all the signs of delayed development. The future “pioneer-hero” entered the first grade only a year before his death, and at the age of thirteen he learned to read syllables with difficulty. “He spoke with breaks, barking ... in a half-Russian-half-Belarusian language,” his teacher recalled. According to eyewitnesses, Pavlik was the dirtiest student in the school; he smelled of urine, since the Morozov children had a custom of urinating on each other to annoy or just have fun. Soviet propaganda presented him as a clever agitator who lucidly explained the party's policy to the “dark” fellow villagers.
Pavlik's denunciation of his father was used by the Soviet government to instill a morality that denied all the biblical commandments - first of all, the commandment to honor parents. After the Morozov affair, special groups of pioneers began to form, called upon to watch over their parents and neighbors. Young informers were awarded new boots, bicycles, and trips to the Artek pioneer camp. By the way, there is no evidence that Pavlik Morozov was a member of the pioneer organization ..
Enterprises, courts, schools, orphanages, and other, mainly children's, institutions were named after this wretched teenager. Many deceitful plays, films, musical works, poems and stories have been created about him. The name of the parricide, moreover, largely invented, is named in Moscow a street even in the new district of Yuzhnoye Butovo.
Black book of names that have no place on the map of Russia. Comp. S.V. Volkov. M., "Posev", 2004.
Literature:
Yu.I. Druzhnikov. Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov. (Published in the Moshkov Library, as well as at http://www.unilib.neva.ru/dl/327/Theme_10/Literature/Drujnikov/index.html)
The book "Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov", written by the writer, professor at the University of California, Yuri Druzhnikov, according to the annotations, is "the first independent investigation of the brutal murder of a teenager who denounced his father, and the process of creating the most famous Soviet hero from fifty years after the tragic and mysterious events by a Moscow writer who risked comparing the official myth with historical documents and the testimony of the last eyewitnesses.
The émigré writer did not confine himself to exposing the Stalinist propaganda that made the pioneer hero out of the victim, but tried to mold him into a "model" traitor anti-hero, presenting him in the most unattractive light. Apparently, he understood that, otherwise, the sympathies of a normal person would be on the side of a child who was brutally murdered along with his younger brother. Therefore, Yuri Druzhnikov tried to present Pavlik Morozov as a mentally disabled, moral monster, “knocking” on his relatives and neighbors. At the same time, he was guided by the traditionally negative public image of an informer, a traitor. However, he does not provide any evidence of denunciations, except for materials of Soviet propaganda, which he himself recognized as false.
Review from the site http://sarmata.livejournal.com/132057.html?view\u003d1862617#t1862617
Pavlik Morozov was a role model for the pioneers. He was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka. His parents were peasants. Pavlik became an active participant in the dispossession process and headed the first pioneer detachment in his village.
In Soviet history, it is said that this boy, during the period of collectivization, exposed his father as a kulak. He testified against his dad, who was sentenced to 10 years. He also told about the hidden bread from a neighbor, about the theft of state grain, which his uncle committed. Pavlik Morozov took an active part in the actions and, together with the chairman, searched for the hidden goodness of his fellow villagers.
In court, the boy did not speak out against his father and did not write denunciations against him. The only thing he did was to confirm the words of his mother, who made the main charges. Trofim Morozov, Pavlik's father, beat his wife and often brought home things that he received for issuing false documents, he also stored a large amount of grain.
According to the official version, the boy was killed by his grandfather and great uncle in 1932 in the forest. At this time, my mother left for a short time on business in the city. The murderers were sentenced to death, Pavlik's father was also shot, although he was far away at that time. His mother received an apartment in Crimea as compensation for the death of her son. Many collective farms, schools and pioneer squads were named "Pavlik Morozov".
The story of this boy's life was known throughout the Union. Songs and poems were composed about him, an opera of the same name was created, and Eisenstein even tried to make a film, but his idea could not be realized. Today, various sources provide such diverse information that the question arises as to whether Pavlik Morozov existed at all? In half of the cases, his feat was attributed to denunciations and he himself was called a traitor. But we are all the same sure that he existed.
At first, Pavlik Morozov, who planted his father, was considered a national hero. “Pionerskaya Pravda” wrote about him: “Pavlik does not spare anyone. The father got caught - he betrayed him, uncle, grandfather - he betrayed them too, Shatrakov hid his weapon, Silin speculated on vodka - Pavlik exposed them all. He was brought up in and therefore grew up as a Bolshevik. "
The story of Pavlik Morozov's murder was immediately picked up by Soviet propaganda. He was presented by a bold peony
erom, who denounced his father-kulak. Also, his name was entered in the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin. But after half a century, the image began to change, since this story was already unattractive. With dissertations written, which said that Pavlik was not at all a hero, but simply informed absolutely everyone.
Because he gave up his own father, Stalin said about him: "Of course, the boy is a bastard, but the country needs heroes." At that time, it was necessary to educate a generation of informers and informers, and this boy became an example.
Today Pavlik Morozov is considered neither a hero nor a traitor. He's just a victim of a harsh and difficult time. This boy died for telling the truth. If you look at this story, you can understand that it is very distorted and changed for the convenience of the authorities of that time.
09/10/2003 The secret of the life and death of Pavlik Morozov
Tyumen. September 3 marks 71 years since the death of Pavlik Morozov. Together with his younger brother Fedya, he was killed for having reported to the Chekists about his father. The village of Gerasimovka, where Pavlik was born and buried, is located 40 kilometers from the regional center of Tavda, Sverdlovsk region.
In Soviet times, when the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov was a model for the younger generation, an asphalt road was laid in the village and the House-Museum was rebuilt. Tourists from all over the country were taken by buses - 10-15 excursions a day. Now Gerasimovka is known only to old-timers and historians. The memorial complex is closed and is in a deplorable state.
A train of mystery
The name of Pavlik Morozov is still worn by streets in dozens of Russian cities, although the main monument to the hero with a banner in his hand has long been removed from its pedestal in a park on Moscow's Krasnaya Presnya. After his death, he was forever inscribed in the history of the pioneer as number 001, and now his name has become a symbol of betrayal.
"There is still no clarity in this case. Even in the materials that are available, one can find inconsistencies, but no re-analysis has been carried out," says Anna Pastukhova, chair of the Yekaterinburg branch of the Memorial human rights society. She believes that the case of Pavlik Morozov, "who has become a bargaining chip in the games of adults," is too early to close.
After several decades, it is difficult to understand where the myth is about a 14-year-old boy who allegedly sacrificed his life in the fight against the "kulaks" who sheltered bread from the village poor, and where is the real life of a semi-literate teenager from a large village family.
Scammer 001
The first attempt to make an independent investigation of Pavlik's life was made in the mid-1980s by the Moscow prose writer Yuri Druzhnikov, who later wrote the book "Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov", translated into several foreign languages. During the investigation, Druzhnikov was able to talk with some of the boy's surviving relatives, including his mother Tatyana Morozova, whom Soviet propaganda turned into the heroic mother of the pioneer hero.
Pavlik's death was blamed on his closest relatives - grandfather Sergei Morozov, his wife Ksenia, cousin Danila and godfather - Armenia Kulukanov. Druzhnikov was the first to question the verdict. The process itself was carried out in violation of legislative norms, and "the main evidence of the defendants' guilt was quotes from the reports of Stalin and Molotov that the class struggle in certain areas is intensifying, and the accused were an illustration of the correctness of their statements."
Druzhnikov, now a professor at the University of California, believes that Pavlik's denunciation of his father was made by him "at the instigation of his mother, whom his father left by going to another."
“He has never been a pioneer either, he was made a pioneer after his death,” Druzhnikov says. “And most importantly, I revealed secret documents that killed Pavlik and his brother were not kulaks, but two NKVD officers: one voluntary and the other a professional. They killed and pinned the blame on relatives who did not want to join the collective farm. By the way, the convicts were not fists either. They were forced to dig a hole for themselves, stripped naked and shot for example. This is how Stalin's directive on total collectivization was carried out in the localities. it took two years later, when the Writers' Union was created and the boy was named the first positive hero of socialist realism.
Chapter seven. WHO IS THE KILLER ?. "Informer 001, or ..."
litresp.ru ›chitat… druzhnikov-yurij / donoschik-001… 8
Druzhnikov Yuri. ... So, on September 12, the OGPU organized a collective farm, and Kartashov spoke at the meeting on behalf of the public, demanding the execution of the murderers. ... In this protocol, Ivan Potupchik showed that the murder was committed "from a political point of view, since Pavel Morozov was a pioneer and activist, often ...
Immortal Soviet Legend | Nomad | November 16, 2002
nomad.su ›? a \u003d 15-200211160017
Druzhnikov is convinced that Kartashov, with the help of Potupchik, organized the murder of the boys in an attempt to intimidate the villagers and force them to join the collective farm. He believes that they had the tacit permission of the Stalinist special services for this. Prosecutor. Once upon a time there was a deputy head of a rehabilitation ...
Unhappy Pavlik Morozov
On September 3, 1982, the country widely celebrated the 50th anniversary of the death of the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov, brutally murdered by bandits-fists. And a few years later, the debunking of the memory of the hero began, who supposedly turned out to be a minor informer against his own father. Meanwhile, the famous Shlisselburg revolutionary N. Morozov told the truth about the tragedy unfolding in the Urals to the writer Alexei Tolstoy back in 1939 ... This mysterious story is told in an article by the Tsarskoye Selo regional historian, our longtime author Fyodor Morozov.
Twenty years ago, I remember, Lenin's rooms in secondary, music and sports schools all over the country were pasted over with portraits of Pavlik Morozov. And stories about a young pioneer who allegedly exposed the hostile activities of his father, a kulak, who hid grain from starving workers, and for this was brutally killed by his own grandfather and brother - podkulachniki, diluted the air of the Mayak and Yunost radio stations almost every Saturday.
During the reign of Andropov, Pavlik's feat received a new interpretation. His father, from a kulak, turned into a village headman, who enjoyed a reputation among his fellow villagers as a respectable, decent person, but succumbed to intimidation by bandit kulaks hiding in the forests, to whom he issued false certificates. And in 1984, unexpectedly, it turned out that Pavlik Morozov himself was not at all the one for whom he had been issued for fifty years ...
The family of Trofim Morozov, the headman of the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, was, it turns out, very pious and did not miss a single Sunday service and church holiday. Moreover, both of the elder's sons, Pavel and Fedor, often helped the local priest, for which he taught them to read and write. On the day of their death, September 3, 1932, when both brothers were returning home from the local priest, they were stabbed to death near their native village.
In 1989, the Ogonyok magazine published a new version, according to which it turned out that Pavlik Morozov, in principle, could not be a pioneer, since the nearest pioneer organization at that time was located 120 kilometers from Gerasimovka. The reason for his murder seemed to be purely everyday. Pavlik's own mother allegedly died, and his relationship with his stepmother went wrong. A strange and terrible role in the events was played by the jealousy of Morozov's neighbor, who wrote a denunciation on behalf of Pavlik to the Tavdinsky department of the GPU, casting a shadow of suspicion on the unsuspecting boy. During interrogations, Pavlik allegedly answered insulting questions with silence, which was perceived as his confession in writing a denunciation. Aksinya, distraught with shame and grief, decided to deal with Pavlik and his brother in her own way. Watching them on a forest road in the late evening of September 3, 1932, she strangled them ...
In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, this story looks different. Pavlik Morozov handed over his father, who allegedly sold documents to the enemies of the people, to the secretary of the Tavdinsky regional party committee back in 1930 and then appeared in court as the prosecutor of his own ancestor. At the same time, Pavlik Morozov was allegedly elected chairman of the council of the pioneer detachment of Gerasimovka. And in 1932, Pavlik, as a 14-year-old teenager, allegedly headed the local food detachments to seize surplus grain from the kulaks of the entire Tavdinsky region, for which the kulaks slaughtered him along with his brother on a forest road (TSE 1954, vol. 28, p. 310 ).
Meanwhile, back in 1939, the famous honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Shlisselburg revolutionary Nikolai Morozov, outraged by the proximity of his surname with the Pavlik surname in the first Soviet encyclopedia of 1936, undertook an investigation of this case, so to speak, in hot pursuit. And I found out that everything was not at all the way it was said and written in all the then official sources. According to the Morozov investigation, it turned out that Pavlik was not a pioneer, just as he was not an informer. At the trial against the head of the family, he acted as a witness and shielded his father with all his might, to which there were still many witnesses: the court session in Tavda was held at open doors.
The honorary academician failed to talk with the secretary of the Tavdinsky district committee, to whom Pavlik allegedly whispered in his ear about the atrocities of his father: the official had already been shot as an enemy of the people by that time. But in the case of the murder of Pavel and Fyodor Morozov, Nikolai Alexandrovich found testimony from members of the Morozov family - mother, sister and uncle. In her explanatory note, Tatiana Semyonovna, Pavel's mother, clearly called her son an informer under dictation, and blamed her grandfather, grandmother and uncle Danila for his death. In the same note, she first named Pavlik a pioneer. "My son Pavel, no matter what he saw or heard about this kulak gang, he always reported them to the village council. Therefore, the kulaks hated him and in every possible way wanted to exterminate this young pioneer from the face of the earth." (An interesting detail: Pavlik's father was the chairman of the Gerasimov village council, so it turns out that he passed denunciations about his father and relatives to his father himself!)
As a result of meetings and conversations with the surviving Morozov family, the academician found out that a conflict had long been rife in the family. By writing out leftist documents, Trofim Morozov brought terrible trouble to the family. Endless showdowns at night eventually led to divorce and division of property. Taking advantage of this opportunity, numerous "well-wishers" intervened in the case, a train of denunciations against Trofim Sergeevich, grandmother Aksinya and grandfather Sergei reached the Tavdinsky district committee and the district police department. All slander was allegedly written with the words of Pavlik by the local policeman Ivan Popuchik and the hut Pyotr Yeltsin. On their basis, the trial of Trofim Morozov was hastily concocted.
Pavlik by that time knew how to write himself, so the denunciations, allegedly written from his words, that went to the district, were one hundred percent fakes! For some reason, Paul was not asked questions about his "denunciations" at the trial. Nevertheless, although Trofim Sergeevich's guilt was not proven, he got a term, and the Morozov family was almost repressed as a kulak. This happened, however, two years later, and the district police officer demanded that Pavel himself testify against his respected grandfather and grandmother. Morozov, as their eldest grandson, responded with a resolute refusal, stating that he would beg his acquaintance priest for such thoughts and proposals to anathematize the district police officer. Pavel's conversation with the district police officer took place on September 1, 1932, and Pavel managed to convey its contents to his confessor. And on September 3, while returning from church with his brother, he did not reach home ... Two days later, the bodies of the tortured brothers were found literally a stone's throw from the village. On the same day, the district police officer had terrible suspicions, and he conducted searches in the house of Pavlik's grandfather and his cousin Danila, where he found bloody trousers, a shirt and a knife. What kind of fool keeps such evidence in the house? The district policeman did not intend to answer such a stupid question from his fellow villagers; he did not care about trifles.
On September 8, with the support of an opera house from Tavda, a district police officer knocked out testimony from Danila Morozov that the brothers were stabbed to death by the Morozovs' neighbor Efrem Shatrakov; he, Danila, only held both "pioneers". In the case of the brothers' murder, the district police officer I.Poputchik spiked the last, allegedly written with the words of Pavlik by the district policeman's hand, "denunciation" against the neighbor Shatrakov, who was allegedly hiding large surplus grain. On the same day, a strange explanatory note from Pavlik's mother appeared, in which he appears already as a pioneer and informer, and the main culprits of the tragedy are called his grandfather, grandmother and cousin Danil.
On September 12, Danila changed his testimony and declared guilty for the death of the brothers, their own 80-year-old feeble grandfather Sergei Sergeevich, who was not even able to keep up with his grandchildren, let alone raise a knife over their heads! The final version of the investigation already indicates that the bloody "evidence" was found in the house of his grandfather, S. S. Morozov ...
The court sentenced Pavlik Morozov's grandfather and cousin, and at the same time the grandmother "for non-reporting" to be shot, while Shatrakov's neighbor, as a "repentant", was released from the courtroom ...
According to Tatyana Semyonovna, Pavlik's mother, the testimony against her grandfather was knocked out of her by the employees of the Tavdinsky department of the OGPU by threats of reprisals against the whole family.
Honorary Academician NA Morozov brought this maternal confession with him in 1939 from Gerasimovka; he showed it to his acquaintances, in particular, to the writer Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the SySR. However, I was afraid to use the document.
Before his death in 1946, Morozov conveyed the confessions of Pavlik's mother to the Tsarskoye Selo local historians, from whose funds they were stolen in April 1951. Vladimir Nikolaevich Smirnov, then deputy chairman of the local history section, told me about this.
Before the war, no one tried to shoot at least a small documentary about the most legendary pioneer of the era ... Is it because, apart from the Tavda Chekists and their rough cooking, there was nothing to shoot?
The name of Pavlik Morozov has always remained nasty, the truths of all generations have ruffled him at every corner and, no matter how terrible it may seem, they still do it. Who and when will anathematize them for such fanaticism and mockery of the memory of innocent people?
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man"
Consider the tables of the FULL NAME code. \\ If your screen has an offset of numbers and letters, adjust the image scale \\.
13 28 45 60 69 84 87 103 104 107 113 125 144 161 176 197 207 220 235 238 248 272
M O R O Z O V P A V E L T R O F I M O V And Ch
272 259 244 227 212 203 188 185 169 168 165 159 147 128 111 96 75 65 52 37 34 24
16 17 20 26 38 57 74 89 110 120 133 148 151 161 185 198 213 230 245 254 269 272
P A V E L T R O F I M O V I Ch M O R O Z O V
272 256 255 252 246 234 215 198 183 162 152 139 124 121 111 87 74 59 42 27 18 3
MOROZOV PAVEL TROFIMOVICH \u003d 272.
120 \u003d GARDEN
________________________
162 \u003d WITH FINNISH KNIFE
110 \u003d BARS (th)
______________________________
183 \u003d FINE FINANCE (kim ...)
38 \u003d (stabbed) ND
__
246 \u003d BUTTED FINNISH BUT (pom)
254 \u003d PINNED FINNISH KNIFE (ohm)
27 \u003d ZAR (ezan)
269 \u200b\u200b\u003d FINNISH KNIFE (m)
______________________________________
18 \u003d (h) AR (esan)
13 \u003d (knife) M
_____________________________________
272 \u003d (for) CHECKED WITH FINNISH KNIFE
57 \u003d (call) YOU
__________________________________
234 \u003d FINNISH KNIFE IN THE HEART
Reference:
The history of the appearance of the knife of the Finnish NKVD, its main ...
posuda-gid.ru ›nozhi / boevye / 297-finka-nkvd
The Finnish knife was very popular in the Russian Empire, and later in the USSR. The history of its formation was long - from a tool for household needs to military weapons used ...
(s) M (erteln) O R (anen) (knife) O (m) + Z (lodeisk) O (e) (killer) B (o) + P (dropping) (p) A (nenie) B (heart ) E + (bend) L (b) + (ubi) T (ud) RO (m) FI (nki) + M (gn) OV (en) I (e) + (con) H (ina)
272 \u003d, M, O R, O, + Z, O, V, + P, A, B, E +, L, +, T, RO, FI, + M, OV, I, +, H ,.
19 36 42 61 90 96 114 120 134 153 185 187 204 236
T R E T E S E N T I B R Z
236 217 200 194 175 146 140 122 116 102 83 51 49 32
In-depth decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
T (heavy) P (aneni) E + (death) Tb (s) E (rdtsa) + C (oversh) EH (non) (pres) T (upleni) I + (gi) B (e) P (anenie) + (deceased) I.
236 \u003d T, P, E +, Tb, E, + C, EH, T, I +, B, P, +, I.
We look at the columns in both tables of the FULL NAME code:
103 \u003d (stabbed) KNIFE
_________________________
185 \u003d THIRD SEPTEMBER (brya)
103 \u003d (stabbed) KNIFE
__________________________
185 \u003d BARNED KNIFE
185 \u003d BARNED KNIFE
__________________________
111 \u003d (h) ACOLOTY
DATE OF DEATH code: 3.09.1932. This is \u003d 3 + 09 + 19 + 32 \u003d 63 \u003d FACT (t).
The code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE: THIRTEEN \u003d 138.
19 36 46 60 61 66 89 90 109 138
THIRTEEN
138 119 102 92 78 77 72 49 48 29
In-depth decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
T (heavy) R (anen) I (e) N (standby) + (stop) A (ser) DTSA + (death) Tb
138 \u003d T, R, I, H, +, A, dtsa +, t.
We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:
89 \u003d TRINADES (th)
__________________________________
198 \u003d KNIFE KILL
89 \u003d (ka) TASTRO (fa)
_________________________________
198 \u003d WOUND IN THE HEART OF THE KNIFE (m)
198 - 89 \u003d 109 \u003d THIRTEEN (b).
Pavel Trofimovich Morozov, who in Soviet times was a role model for pioneers, according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka into a peasant family. During the period of collectivization, the boy, according to the official version, became an active participant in the struggle against the kulaks, organized and led the first pioneer detachment in his native village.
Official Soviet history says that at the end of 1931 Pavlik caught his father Trofim Morozov, then the chairman of the village council, of selling blank forms with a seal to the special settlers from among the dispossessed. Based on the testimony of a teenager, Morozov Sr.was sentenced to ten years. Following this, Pavlik reported about the bread hidden from a neighbor, accused the husband of his own aunt of stealing state grain and said that part of the stolen grain was with his own grandfather, Sergei Morozov. He told about the property, hidden from confiscation by the same uncle, actively participated in actions, looking for the hidden property together with representatives of the village council.
According to the official version, Pavlik was killed in the forest on September 3, 1932, when his mother left the village for a short time. The murderers, as determined by the investigation, were Pavlik's cousin, 19-year-old Danila, and Pavlik's 81-year-old grandfather, Sergei Morozov. Pavlik's grandmother, 79-year-old Ksenia Morozova, was declared an accomplice in the crime, and Pavlik's uncle, 70-year-old Arseny Kulukanov, was declared the organizer. At the show trial in the district club, they were all sentenced to death. Pavlik's father, Trofim, was also shot, although at that time he was far in the North.
After the boy's death, his mother, Tatyana Morozova, received an apartment in Crimea as compensation for her son, part of which she rented out to guests. The woman traveled a lot around the country with stories about Pavlik's feat. She died in 1983 in her apartment lined with bronze busts of Pavlik.
The name of Morozov was assigned to the Gerasimov and other collective farms, schools, pioneer squads and was the first to be entered in the Book of Honor of the Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization. Monuments to Pavlik Morozov were erected in Moscow (1948), the village of Gerasimovka (1954) and in Sverdlovsk (1957). Poems and songs were composed about Pavlik, an opera of the same name was written, and the great Eisenstein tried to make a film about him. However, the director's idea was not implemented.
The myth of the "pioneer-hero" created by Soviet propaganda existed for several decades. However, in the late 1980s, publications appeared that not only debunk the myth of Pavlik Morozov, who was called a traitor and informer, but also questioned the very existence of a person with that name. First of all, doubts about the existence of the "hero" arose due to discrepancies with the dates of birth and death. His speech at the trial, in which he exposed his father, exists in 12 versions. In fact, it is impossible even to restore the appearance of Pavlik Morozov, since there are many descriptions that differ from each other. A number of publications also questioned the fact that the teenager was indeed a pioneer.
In 1997, the administration of the Tavdinsky District decided to insist on a review of the criminal case on the murder of Pavlik Morozov, and in the spring of 1999 members of the Kurgan Society "Memorial" sent a petition to the General Prosecutor's Office to review the decision of the Ural Regional Court, which had sentenced the teenager's relatives to death.
His teacher Lyudmila Isakova presented her version of Pavlik Morozov's story. Moreover, this version was confirmed by Pavel's younger brother Alexey. According to Isakova, Pavlik's father drank, mocked his sons and, in the end, left the family for another woman. Perhaps it was precisely this purely everyday motive that explained the desire of the “pioneer-hero” to take revenge on his father.
The General Prosecutor's Office, which is involved in the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, has come to the conclusion that the murder of Pavlik Morozov is purely criminal in nature, and, therefore, the criminals are not subject to rehabilitation on political grounds. In April 1999, the Supreme Court agreed with the opinion of the Prosecutor General's Office.
In Chelyabinsk, the children's railway is named after Pavlik Morozov; its bas-relief adorns the alley of pioneer-heroes on the Alom field. In Moscow, the monument to the "pioneer-hero", which stood in the eponymous children's park on Druzhinnikovskaya street, was demolished in 1991, and a wooden chapel was built in its place.
Facts from the life of Pavel Morozov
According to the latest conclusions of historians, Pavel Morozov was not a member of the pioneer organization. In the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V.I. Lenin, it was brought in only in 1955, 23 years after the death.
At the trial against his father, Pavel Morozov did not speak out and did not denounce him. During the preliminary inquiry, he testified that his father had beaten his mother and brought into the house things he had received as payment for issuing false documents.
Trofim Morozov was prosecuted not for concealing grain, but for falsifying documents with which he supplied members of the counter-revolutionary group and persons hiding from Soviet power.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
| Patriotic, spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren | Young heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pioneer Heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pavlik Morozov
Pioneer Heroes of the Great Patriotic War
Pavlik Morozov
Pavel Trofimovich Morozov (Pavlik Morozov; November 14, 1918, Gerasimovka, Turinsky district, Tobolsk province, RSFSR - September 3, 1932, Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Ural region, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet schoolboy, student of the Gerasimov district of the Ural school of the Tavdinsky region during the Soviet era, he gained fame as a pioneer hero who opposed the kulaks in the person of his father and paid for it with his life.
According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Pavlik Morozov was “the organizer and chairman of the first pioneer detachment in the village. Gerasimovka ". Monuments were erected to Pavlik Morozov in many cities and pioneer camps of the Soviet Union.
Pavel Trofimovich Morozov was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district of the Ural region. His father, Trofim Morozov, became the chairman of the village council of his native village. It was a difficult time.
Back in 1921, the villagers of Central Russia started a riot, rebelling against the Bolshevik surplus appropriation system, which took the last grain from the people for the proletarians.
Those of the rebels who survived the battles went to the Urals or were convicted. Someone was shot, someone was amnestied a few years later. Two years later, five people, the Purtov brothers, who played their part in the tragedy of Paul, were also amnestied.
The boy's father, when Pavlik reached the age of ten, left his wife and children, leaving for another family. This event forced young Morozov to become the head of the family, taking upon himself all the worries about his relatives.
Knowing that the power of the soviets was the only shield for the poor, with the onset of the 1930s, Paul joined the ranks of the pioneer organization. At the same time, my father, having taken a leading position in the village council, began to actively cooperate with the kulak elements and the Purtov gang.
Here the story of Pavlik Morozov's feat begins.
The Purtovs, having organized a gang in the forests, hunted robbery in the vicinity. On their conscience only proven robberies 20. Also, according to the OGPU, five brothers were preparing a local coup against the Soviets, relying on special settlers (kulaks). They were actively assisted by Trofim Morozov. The chairman provided them with blank documents, issuing fake certificates of poor condition.
In those years, such certificates were an analogue of a passport and gave the bandits a quiet life and legal residence. According to these documents, the bearer of the paper was considered a peasant of Gerasimovka and did not owe anything to the state. Pavel, who fully and sincerely supported the Bolsheviks, reported the actions of his father to the competent authorities. His father was arrested and sentenced to 10 years.
Pavlik paid for this report by losing his life, and his younger brother Fyodora was deprived of his life. While picking berries in the forest, they were slaughtered by their own relatives. At the end of the investigation, four were convicted of the murder: Sergei Morozov, paternal grandfather, Ksenia Morozova, grandmother, Danila Morozov, cousin, Arseny Kulukanov, Pavel's godfather and his uncle.
Kulukanov and Danila were shot, grandfather and grandmother died in custody. The fifth suspect, Arseniy Silin, was acquitted.