home Style and fashion The flora and fauna of the republic of Khakassia are rare and endangered species. Summary of the lesson “Wild animals

The flora and fauna of the republic of Khakassia are rare and endangered species. Summary of the lesson “Wild animals

grade 6 students MBOU "KSSOSH" Afonin Sergey, Duryagin Ivan, Petrov Nikita, Kraev Ilya, Ivanova Polina

The purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the plant, animal world of the Republic of Khakassia.

This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks:

To study and analyze studies on the flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia, as well as characterize anthropogenic impact;

The subject of this study is the flora and fauna. The object of research is the Republic of Khakassia with its biogeographic diversity.

The structure of this work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study and in accordance with this consists of: introduction, three chapters, conclusion and literature review.

Research topic - Flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia: Modern floristic and faunistic composition. History of study and human impact

Research hypothesis - The variety of natural conditions characteristic of each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation led to a wide variety of types of vegetation

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Biology Research Project

Flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia Rare and endangered species

Completed: students of grade 6

Afonin Sergey, Duryagin Ivan,

Petrov Nikita, Kraev Ilya,

Ivanova Polina, Zhuravlev Artem

Head:

Teacher of biology, geography Khripakova M.L.

with. Kopievo 2018

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 3

Chapter 1. Literature review

An animal is a biological creature .............................. 5
A plant is a biological creature ……………………… 6

Chapter 2. Object of study ……………………………………………… 9

Flora of the Republic of Khakassia.

The history of the development and originality of the flora ........... ... 15
Modern floristic composition ………… ..16
The history of the study of vegetation ........... 18

Fauna of the Republic of Khakassia.

Wildlife of the Republic of Khakassia ...................... 23
The history of the study of the animal world ……………… .25

Man is nature.

The relationship of man with the outside world. 28

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… ... 45

List of used literature ……………………………………………

INTRODUCTION

The variety of natural conditions characteristic of each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation led to a wide variety of types of vegetation - steppe, forest, meadow, tundra and swamp. The history of studying the vegetation cover of Khakassia can be divided into several periods

The names of D.G. are associated with the first period dating back to the 15th century. Messerschmidt, and G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, Johann Sivers, who headed the expedition sent by the Russian Academy of Sciences to Asian Russia. The routes of these first academic expeditions went through many regions of Siberia and partially captured the territory of modern Khakassia.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the plant, animal world of the Republic of Khakassia.

This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks:

To study and analyze studies on the flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia, as well as characterize anthropogenic impact;

The subject of this study is the flora and fauna. The object of research is the Republic of Khakassia with its biogeographic diversity.

The structure of this work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study and in accordance with this consists of: introduction, three chapters, conclusion and literature review.

Research topic - Flora and fauna of the Republic of Khakassia: Modern floristic and faunistic composition. History of study and human impact

Chapter 1. Literature review.

1.1. An animal is a biological creature.

Animals, the kingdom of living organisms, one of the largest units in the system of the organic world. Probably arose about 1-1.5 billion years ago in the sea in the form of cells resembling microscopic chlorophyll-free amoebiform flagellates. Terrestrial animals originate from marine and freshwater forms, but some of them returned to their habitat.

In the aquatic environment. Animals appeared on Earth after prokaryotes, algae, fungi; the age of their reliable residues does not exceed 0.8 billion years. The remains of multicellular animals (intestinal, worms, and forms close to primitive arthropods) were first found in the Late Cambrian sediments of the Vendian system (690–570 million years ago). From the beginning of the Cambrian period (570–490 million years ago), most invertebrate groups with a mineralized (shell, or chitinous) outer skeleton — trilobites, brachiopods, mollusks, and archaeocytes — appear. From the end of the Cambrian vertebrates (ancient relatives of cyclostomes) with an external skeleton are known. The development of land by animals began in Silurian (445-400 million years ago) simultaneously with the appearance of terrestrial plants, the first representatives of scorpions are known from the Late Silurian, and the first vertebrates - archaic amphibians appeared at the end of the Devonian (400-345 million years ago). In Carboniferous (345-280 Ma), land was already dominated by invertebrates from insects, from primitive reptiles and amphibians. In the Mesozoic era (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous; 230-66 million years ago) reptiles dominated. From the middle of the Triassic (230-195 million years ago), dinosaurs appeared, and at the very end - mammals. Birds have been known since the end of the Jurassic (195-136 million years ago). At the end of the Cretaceous (136-66 million years ago), many groups of marine invertebrates, marine and terrestrial reptiles, including dinosaurs, became extinct.

1.2. A plant is a biological being.

Our knowledge of plants is not yet sufficient, which is reflected in their classification and taxonomy. Until the middle of the twentieth century. All plants were traditionally divided into lower plants (bacteria, algae, mucus, fungi, lichens) and higher plants (rhine, bryophyte, psilotic, plaunoid, horsetail, fern, gymnosperms and flowering, or angiosperms). At present, independent kingdoms are isolated by bacteria and fungi; therefore, the artificial grouping — lower plants — has retained primarily historical interest. In the modern sense, the plant kingdom includes three sub kingdoms: scarlet, true algae, higher plants. These sub kingdoms cover the entire diversity of the plant kingdom with a total number of species of about 350 thousand.

The origin of plants is associated with the first stages of the development of life on Earth. Organisms resembling blue-green algae or their predecessors appeared in the Archean; About 2 billion years ago, blue-green algae appeared with large thick shells, which, apparently, already had an oxidative metabolism. Real algae appeared in the Proterozoic. In the Early Paleozoic, green and red algae are known; perhaps, other groups of real algae appeared at the same time. When the plants began to conquer the land - is unknown. The first microscopic land plants appeared, probably, also on the border of the Proterozoic and Poleozoic. The first higher land plants, rhinophytes, existed in the second half of the Selur. They had no roots, and the so-called structural elements of the body were telomes. In the Early Devonian, higher plants were already very diverse and had roots and embryos of blood vessels .. At the end of the Devonian gymnosperms appeared, tree ferns developed luxuriantly in Carboniferous, replaced by modern fern-shaped ones in Perm. Coniferous trees appeared in Carboniferous, which, together with other gymnosperms in the Triassic and Jurassic, became widespread. The crown of the evolution of plants was flowering, which arose in the early Cretaceous era and then became dominant in the flora of the Earth.

The special role of plants in the life of our planet is that without them it would be impossible for animals and humans to exist. Only green plants containing chlorophyll are able to accumulate the energy of the sun, creating organic matter from inorganic; while plants are extracted from the atmosphere of CO2 and emit O 2 while maintaining her constant composition. As the primary producers of organic matter, the plant is the defining link in the complex nutrition chains of all heterotrophic organisms that inhabit the Earth. Terrestrial plants are represented by a wide variety of life forms. Growing in various conditions, they form various plant communities, causing the landscape diversity of the Earth and the endless variety of environmental conditions for other organisms. With the direct participation of plants, soil and peat are formed; accumulations of fossil plants formed brown and hard coal.

Chapter 3. The object of study.

PX is located in the southwestern part of Central Siberia and occupies 61.5 thousand km2 . It borders in the west with the Kemerovo region, in the southwest with the Republic of Altai, in the south with the Republic of Tyva, in the southeast, east and north with the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is the central part of the Asian continent, which is part of Altai - the Sayan Ecological Region, also includes the territories of the Altai and Tuva republics, and the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The territory within the administrative borders of the three republics as a natural object is distinguished by the pronounced nature of biosphere processes, which is why almost all landscape and natural zones of the Earth are represented here: semi-deserts, steppes, forest-steppes, taiga, alpine alpine meadows, alpine tundra and glaciers.

Fig. 1. Physical-geographical map of Khakassia

According to the nature of natural conditions, Khakassia is heterogeneous and belongs to three large geographical areas: the Western Sayan, Kuznetsk Highlands and the Minusinsk Basin, which are interconnected as separate parts of the Altai - Sayan mountain system.

Western Sayan in the territory of Khakassia it is represented by the western part of its northern macro slope; it occupies an area of \u200b\u200b20.5 thousand km.2 and is a watershed between the basins of the Abakan and Yenisei rivers. The administrative border of Khakassia with Altai and Tuva passes along it. The eastern elevations within the watershed ridge everywhere exceed 2000 m and increase in the south-west direction, reaching an absolute elevation of 2930 m (Mount Karatogi).

Alpine landforms, the absence of woody vegetation and numerous traces of glacier activity (trough valleys, kars, moraines, lakes) are characteristic of the alpine part. On the watershed of the Ona and Kantegir rivers, there is a large mountain junction with subparallel ridges (Kantegirsky, Dzhoysky, Dzhebashsky) with elevations ranging from 1500 to 2500 m. The forest border in the ranges of the Western Sayan passes at an altitude of 1500 - 1700 m. A significant part of the Sayan Mountains occupies mid-mountain relief with heights of 800 - 1700 m., steep slopes and narrow river valleys. There are also small intermountain basins with a calmer, well-coordinated relief.

The low-mountain belt is characteristic of complex spurs of mountain ranges; it stretched a narrow strip around the Minusinsk depression.

Kuznetsk Highlands in the territory of Khakassia it includes the eastern macro slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Abakan ridge, the Batenevsky ridge and covers an area of \u200b\u200b19.5 thousand km.2 .

The mountain system occupies the entire western part of Khakassia, has a submeridional strike, and is a watershed ridge between the Chuly and Tom rivers. Altitudes here rise from north to south from 1250 - 1550 m. (Mount Belaya) to 2178 (Mount Upper Tooth). The ridge is characterized by a combination of alpine alpine relief with traces of recent glacial activity (canals, troughs, plowing basins filled with lakes, etc.) with rugged ridges covered with draft taiga.

The second-order mountain ranges, the largest of which are the Batenevsky ridge and the Cannes ridge, depart from the main dividing ridge in the northeast direction. These highlands are characterized by medium- and high-mountainous terrain, their highest peaks (Mount Buya - 1373 m. And others) do not rise above the border of forests. Their territories are characterized by massive - flattened landforms, but with a large number of destroyed cars and circuses occupied by mountain lakes, snowfields in Kuznetsk Alatau are found even at an altitude of 900 - 1000 m (Saralinsky squirrels).

The middle mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau, as in the Sayan Mountains, are characterized by steep mountain slopes and narrow river valleys. However, wide river valleys and intermountain closed basins (Ulenskaya, Balyksinskaya) are more common here.

The Abakan ridge in the extreme south - western part of the republic stretches in the north - east direction, representing a natural watershed of the rivers Big Abakan, Chulyman, Mrassu and Tom. The elevations of the ridge range from 1600 to 1900 m. The maximum elevations in the northern part of the ridge (Mount Karlygan) reach 1747 m. In the southern part, on the border with the Altai Republic, 2510 m (Mount Kosbazhi). The lower mountain belt occupies a significant area of \u200b\u200bmarginal spurs, which are characterized by weak dissection and rounded mountain peaks with gentle slopes (with the exception of the southern ones). The low-mountainous relief is also characteristic of the Batenevsky ridge, which stretches from the Kuznetsk Alatau east to the Krasnoyarsk reservoir. The wide and powerful development of limestones in the Kuznetsk Alatau contributes to the formation of a large number of caves on its territory.

Minusinsk depressionentering the territory of Khakassia with its western part and covering an area of \u200b\u200b21.5 thousand km.2 It is divided by Batenevsky Ridge into three independent basins: in the north of Chulymo - the Yenisei, in the south of Sydo - Erbinsk and Abakan.

The relief of the basin is quite complex and is determined by the combination of hilly-plain spaces of river valleys and lacustrine depressions with low hilly-ridged ridges, and small isolated mountain ranges, the separated peaks of which reach a height of 800 - 900 m.

Chulymo - Yenisei basin includes the Shirin lake-basin steppe, Uzuro-Kopievsky hilly-steppe steppe, Iyus forest-steppe. The Sydo-Yerbinsk depression consists of the Bograd hilly steppe steppe and the Betenev mountainous forest-steppe, the Abak-4 basin consists of the Priabakan valley steppe, the Saksar rocky mountain steppe, the Uybat plain-hilly solonchak steppe, the Bolzhino-Kalmina-Salt-marsh and Bolzhoi-Salt-mountainous Salt-mountainous steppe, Sabinsky flat steppe, Beyskoy hilly-steppe steppe, Judean foothill meadow steppe and Tashtyp foothill steppe.

Climate Khakassia is sharply continental, with cold winters and hot summers. It is characterized by large fluctuations in not only annual, but also average daily temperatures.

The average monthly temperatures in January in the steppe minus 18-21о С, mountains -16 о WITH; July - in the steppe 17 -19о С, in the mountains - 12-15 о C (In some years, it is possible to lower the minimum temperature to 52about . The reason for such low winter temperatures is the orography conditions that contribute to runoff and stagnation of cold air in the basin.). The frost-free period lasts from 80 to 120 days (in the steppes 100-120, in the forest-steppe 110-90, in the mountains less than 85 days).

Chart No. 1 - Average monthly temperatures.

Atmospheric humidification is unstable and uneven, since most of the territory is in the rain shadow of the Kuznetsk Highlands. The amount of annual precipitation in the steppe is 250-350 mm, in the forest-steppe 350-600 mm and in the mountains up to 1000 mm. The minimum precipitation (less than 250 mm) is received by the Shirinskaya and Uibatskaya steppes, and the maximum (1700 mm) is received by the Tom River basin and the area of \u200b\u200bthe Priiskovy settlement (1092 mm). Most of the precipitation falls on the warm season. In winter (November - March) they fall in the steppe 24-49 mm, in the mountains 50-303 mm. Snow cover in the steppe lasts 140 days, with an average height of 13-15 cm, in the Uybat steppe 9 cm. However, the snow is often blown away by winds into logs, ravines and other windy places. In the mountains, the snow cover lasts 220 days with an average height of 30-60 cm, and in the mountain taiga and in the highlands reaches a height of more than 1 meter.

Diagram №2 - The sum of annual precipitation (by natural zones).

The territory of Khakassia receives a large amount of solar heat. Duration of sunshine from 2030 hours in the Abakan steppe to 1950 hours in the zone of dark coniferous taiga. The amount of radiation in the Abakan steppe 100-105 kcal \\ cm2 per year, which is significantly higher than in the western regions of the country located at the same latitudes.

A great influence on the climate is exerted by the wind regime. The weather in Khakassia is influenced by continental air entering the rear of western cyclones. In winter, in conditions of a complex relief of the basin, cold air stagnates, temperature inversions are formed, which are destroyed only when the fronts pass when turbulent mixing is intensified. Often, especially in spring and in the first half of summer, tropical air enters Khakassia in the front of southwestern cyclones, bringing very hot and dry weather.

Soil cover represented by a wide variety of soils: tundra and mountain meadow soils along the tops of the ranges; podzolic, brown and gray forest on mountain slopes; chernozem and chestnut soils on the plains. There are sandy, sandy loam and loamy soil types. In general, ordinary and southern chernozems dominate in the territory of Khakassia (19% of the total area), which allows us to talk about the Minusinsk chernozem soil district. The same territory is occupied by chestnut-meadow and saline soils. Primitive incompletely developed soils, including yields of weakly weathered rocks, and primitive gravelly soils of undeveloped profiles occupy an area of \u200b\u200babout 400 thousand hectares, or 7% of the territory of the republic.

Salt marshes along with swamp-marshy soils have a small distribution, occupying about 50 thousand ha (less than 1%).

Diagram №3 - Soil types (in% ratio to the total area)

The soils of Khakassia are very vulnerable, they are easily subjected to technogenic destruction and degradation, and they require a careful and scientifically sound attitude.

Water resources represented by river systems, lakes and artificial reservoirs.

Rivers form an uneven hydrographic network. Most of them are in the mountainous part of the republic and significantly less within the steppe zone of the Minusinsk depression. All rivers originate in the mountains, where they have narrow valleys, a rocky bottom, a fast current, many rifts and rapids. Upon exiting the mountains, the rivers become calm, their valleys expand, the channels are divided into many branches.

Rivers feed on groundwater and surface water, which makes them dependent on climatic conditions. In years with heavy rainfall, rivers are full-flowing throughout the year, and in dry years they become shallow. Typically, floods on rivers are repeated annually with a twofold rise in water in the spring and especially summer. The ice cover on the rivers is established in the first half of November, and its duration is 150-160 days. Most of the rivers open in the second half of April.

However, some mountain rivers are only partially covered by ice. The Yenisei River does not freeze in the area of \u200b\u200bthe downstream of the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations (100-150 km).

In Khakassia, there are 320 small rivers with a length of more than 10 km. Their total length is 8.5 thousand km.

Most of the rivers of southern Khakassia belong to the Yenisei river basin, and in the northern and northwestern parts of the republic - to the Ob river basin.

The largest river in Khakassia is the Yenisei River, which is turned into the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, along the fairway of which the border with the Krasnoyarsk Territory passes. The depth of the reservoir is 50 m.

The left tributary of the Yenisei - the Abakan River - is formed at the confluence of the Small and Big Abakan, the sources of which are in the Western Sayan. The length of the river is 514 km, the catchment area is 32 thousand km2 . Among the many tributaries that form the hydrographic network of the Abakan River, the rivers Ona, Tashtyp, Dzhebash, Askiz, Uybat and others stand out. In the middle and upper reaches, the Abakan River has a mountainous character, in the lower reaches, within the Minusinsk depression, it acquires the features of a plain river with a calm flow , winding channel, numerous islands and tributaries.

The Tom River, White and Black Iyus, forming the Chulym River at the confluence, and their numerous small tributaries belong to the Ob basin.

A number of small rivers flow into drainage lakes: the Karjin River in Lake. Itkul, Tuim River in Lake Bele, the Son River in Lake Shira.

Lakes are concentrated mainly in the steppe and alpine zones. They are different in origin, size, depth and degree of mineralization of water.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, the lakes are located in depressions of aeolian, tectonic, karst origin or are created artificially. The largest lakes: Bele (7714 ha), Shira (3470 ha), Black (2548 ha), Itkul (2140 ha), are concentrated in the Shirinsky district. Many of them are mineralized (Lake Tus 140 g \\ l, Lake Shira up to 20 g \\ l, etc.) and have healing properties (Lake Shira, Tus, Bele, Shunet, Utichye, Khan-Kul, Ulug-Khol and a lot others). Many artificial lakes were formed during the construction of dams that block small rivers and ravines. In the Koibal steppe, a large number of lakes formed on the site of small depressions and wetlands when they were filled with water from the Koibal irrigation system in the 1960-1970s. Most lakes freeze in late October - early November and open in late April - early May.

Chapter 3. The results of the study.

3.1. Flora of the Republic of Khakassia

3.1.1. History of development and originality of flora.

In accordance with the features of the relief and the history of formation, the flora and vegetation of Khakassia went through a difficult path of formation before appearing in its modern form. On the slopes of the Abakan Range and Western Sayan, floral elements of the non-moral Pliocene complex have been preserved. Here you can find ferns - Brown mnogoryadnik and male moths, Krylov's forget-me-not and Siberian brunera, giant and tall fescue, lump sedge, Siberian kandyk and others on stony outcrops of ultramafic rocks in the vicinity of st. Balyksu was discovered the oldest fern - the Sayansky ossuary with the closest family ties in remote Southeast Asia. Ice age significantly influenced the nature of the hollow flora, especially in their near part of the basin. According to the paleobotanists, the climatic conditions here have not changed much since the last glaciation, so glacial relics are frequent in their vegetation. In some places, such as around Lake. Balankul, to the east about 500 m., Forming phytocenoses, typical alpine species, such as spiked dryad (partridge grass), Saussurea Shangina, etc. In the Uibat steppe, communities with the participation of alpine species were studied by V.V. Reverdatto, K.A. Sobolevskaya. In the vicinity of the lake. Bele on Mount Chelpan, surrounded by steppe landscapes, feel alpine and arcto-alpine species - Siberian patrinia, a beautiful pine forest. In the Pliocene on the site of the modern Western Sayan, landscapes dominated that did not impede the free movement of desert-steppe species from Mongolia. Witnesses of these epochs are rarely found in Khakassia - Karagana Bunge, tragacanth ostracis, etc. here are known the spiraea of \u200b\u200bthree-celled spirea, isolated from the main part of the range, even in the highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau), juniper Cossack, etc.

Unlike the neighboring Kuznetsk depression, the territory of Khakassia is highly endemic. Along with endemic animals of the Altai-Sayan region (Siberian kandyk, Altai euphorbia, Pasco and two-flowered wrestlers, Dorogostoykiy and Baikal saussure, etc.), Khakass endemicism of different ages is quite pronounced. Tatar storks common in the Shirin steppes have the closest native species on the Pir and , belongs to the paleoendemic, and another endemic is the Khakass poppy, having relatives in Transbaikalia, undoubtedly a younger age. chnik In high endemic marked -. saussurea Sayanskaya, bluegrass Mary, astragalus saralinsky et al.

Most endemic plants grow in places with a large anthropogenic load, and therefore can be easily destroyed. In this regard, the organization of the Chazy steppe reserve, then transformed into Khakassky, was timely. However, in some places, to fully cover endangered species, adjustments to the boundaries of some parts of the reserve are necessary. In particular, the site on the lake. It is extremely necessary for Bele to expand due to the inclusion of the coast from Mount Chelpan to the south to 3-5 km with coastal larch forests and shrubberies containing a large set of Red Book species, noted in Khakassia in one or two places, since modern climatic conditions do not really correspond ecological nature of these species.

The Red Book of PX includes a group of species, the so-called pacifical relics of the nemoral complex, relatively widespread in the Far East of Russia. In Khakassia, they have the westernmost points of ranges. This is the Daurian moonseed, the Far Eastern fescue, the Baikal Vasilisnik, etc.

As we see many species of Khakassia flora are living witnesses to the long and amazing history of the formation of the landscapes of this country over the past 40-30 million years. And of course, these dumb, modest and vulnerable eyewitnesses ask for a sensitive and attentive attitude towards them.

As a result of increased anthropogenic impact over the past few decades, many newcomers from other regions of Eurasia and America have appeared in the expanses of Khakassia: for example, an ordinary bruise, a deceiver, etc. In many places, newcomers are crowding modest Aboriginal people, not wanting to coexist peacefully.

3.1.2. Modern floristic composition.

In Khakassia, 1526 species of higher plants were recorded, of which 85 species are endemic to the Altai-Sayan mountain country and 28 are endemic to the Khakass steppes.

Forest vegetation covers 12.2% of the republic. The largest area is occupied by small-sod (cereal, sedge, wormwood) and large-sod (feather grass, sheep) true steppes. Stony, meadow (forbs and grasses, shrubs) and solonetzic (cium, pikulnikovye) steppes are widespread. Deserted, sandy and karaganov steppes are represented by separate fragments.

Meadow vegetation, represented by valley and land meadows, occupies 11.6% of the territory. Of the valley meadows, real (cereal, herb-grass), steppe, boggy, and solonchak meadows prevail; of the dry meadows, forest upland meadows occurring in subtaiga and mountain taiga belts in clearings among forests, along river valleys, clearings, and burnt areas. Insignificant areas are occupied by steppe and real upland meadows, which are spread in the forest-steppe zone, as well as in the mountain steppe and forest-steppe areas in the low and middle mountain zones.

Forest vegetation is widespread along the slopes of the Western Sayan and Kuznetsk highlands. Small areas of forests are found in the Minusinsk depression. Forest vegetation occupies 46.2% of the territory of Khakassia. These are mainly dark coniferous mid-mountain forests, among which cedar-fir, fir, cedar and spruce dominate. On the border of the mid-mountain and low-mountain zones, mixed light-coniferous-dark coniferous forests are formed. Below all coniferous species spruce floodplain forests descend, which grow in the forest-steppe and even steppe zones. Light coniferous forests are distributed mainly in the subtaiga zone and foothills of the Minusinsk depression. In the basin of the river She, forests of larch come to the alpine zone. In Kuznetsk Alatau they grow in the mid-mountain zone. Larch forests occupy the largest area, pine forests are somewhat smaller, deciduous forests are more located in the subtaiga zone, and insignificant areas occupy the forest-steppe and especially mountain taiga zone. Deciduous forests are mainly of secondary origin, that is, they arise on the site of light coniferous and dark coniferous. And only in the steppe and forest-steppe zones are they primary, because they were originally associated with these places. Birch forests dominate, very rarely aspen. Poplar forests with an admixture of birch and willow trees grow in the floodplains of the steppe rivers.

Shrub vegetation forms independent phytocenoses, especially in the steppe and highland zones, and is part of the undergrowth of various forests. Willow, rhododendra, spirea, cotoneaster, bird cherry, Karaganny thickets, as well as thickets of Kuril tea, alder shrub, round birch, raspberry, etc. are most common.

Artificial forests are represented by shelterbelts and roadside lanes, as well as plantations around lakes and waste lands.

Alpine vegetation occupies 10.6% of the territory and is represented by cedar or fir woodlands, subalpine and alpine meadows, moss-lichen, stony-lichen, grass-shrub and shrub (dwarf) tundra. In the Kuznetsk Alatau in the alpine zone (Saralin squirrels) there are groves of winding birch.

Saline vegetation is not widespread and occurs mainly around highly mineralized lakes and on solonchak soils.

Deposits and grassy vegetation are common on abandoned, previously cultivated lands, around fields, settlements and other places with disturbed soil cover.

Aquatic and swamp vegetation. The swamp occupy only 0.6% of the territory of Khakassia and are found in small areas from the steppe to the highland zone. These are mainly sedge lowlands and sedge-moss swamps. Reed, sedge, and rocky bogs form near the lakes, and forested and shrubbed bogs form in the forest belt.

Agrophytocenoses occupy 13.8% of the territory and are represented by crops of grain and industrial crops, perennial grasses.

Diagram №4 - Types of vegetation (in% ratio to the territory).

Despite the diversity and mosaic nature of plant communities, the vegetation cover obeys the laws of altitudinal zonation, which makes it possible to clearly distinguish the steppe, forest-steppe, subtaiga, mountain taiga, and alpine zones of vegetation.

3.1.3 HISTORY OF STUDYING VEGETABLE COVER

The history of studying the vegetation cover of Khakassia can be divided into several periods, as was done at one time for Altai.

With the first period related to the ХУШ century, the names of D.G. Messerschmidt, and G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, Johann Sivers, who headed the expedition sent by the Russian Academy of Sciences to Asian Russia. The routes of these first academic expeditions went through many regions of Siberia and partially captured the territory of modern Khakassia. So, D.G. Messerschmidt was in separate places of the White and Black Iyus, Uybat and Abakan river basins; I.G. Gmelin drove in the Abakan steppe to Askiz; P.S. Pallas was in the vicinity of Bele, Itkul, Shira lakes, Askiz and Tashtyp villages; Johann Sivers in one of his routes captured the northern part of Khakassia. The expedition programs were wide, much attention was paid to ethnography, notes on nature provided some information about the vegetation, and the collected plants laid the foundation for the study of flora.

Studies of the second period (the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century) laid the foundation for a systematic study of flora, which is primarily associated with the name of the Minusinsk local historian N.M. Martyanov. Thirty years of life (from 1874 to 1904) was devoted by N.M. Martyanov to the study of the flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, carrying out routes along the territory of modern Khakassia. In 1876, his route passed along the Beya and Tabat rivers, the tributaries of Abakan, capturing the ridge. Sailor, Abakan plant (Abaza), the villages of Askiz and Tashtyp, the river Uzunzhul, Uybat and Kachin steppes. He traveled to the Kuznetsk Alatau districts in 1880, 1887, 1893 and 1900; to the areas of the Western Sayan - in 1892, 1893, 1900; repeatedly traveled to the steppe regions. The results of the extensive floristic gatherings of N.M. Martyanov are reflected in his printed works, including in the Flora of the South Yenisei, published after the death of the author (Martyanov, 1923).

In 1834, floral studies in the western part of Sayan were conducted by Lessing. Large floristic collections from the districts of the Abakan Range and Western Sayan in the 19th century. collected by D.A. Klements, and before the Great October Socialist Revolution - B.K.Shishkin and A.Ya. Tugarinov.

At the end of the second period, the foundation was laid for the study of vegetation by expeditions of the Migration Management. These studies were carried out from 1909 to 1914 (V.I.Smirnov conducted work in the Abakan valley, in the Black Iyus river basin and in the Iuso-Shirinsky steppe, and M.M.Ilyin in the territory of the Abakan steppe). The expeditions of the Resettlement Administration covered less extensive areas here than in other places on the Siberian border, but they were the first rudiments of territorial geobotanical studies that received the greatest development in subsequent periods.

The third, modern, period in the history of the study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and continues to this day. New opportunities in conducting scientific research related to the organization of research institutions, great attention to the study of the productive forces of Siberia, and the demands of the national economy served as a powerful impetus for a comprehensive study of the vegetation cover of the entire territory of our country, including in Khakassia.

The study of vegetation in Khakassia (from 1921 to 1953) is associated with the name of V.V. Reverdatto. During this period, almost annually personally participated and led the teams conducting a variety of field research. For the first time, detailed studies of the structure and composition of phytocenoses, closely related to the analysis of environmental conditions, were carried out. Much attention was paid to the study of flora, the processes of vegetation development in connection with irrigation; observations were made of animal eatability of plants. During the years of collectivization and organization of state farms V.V. Reverdatto led the extensive work on geobotanical survey of land use of farms, carried out simultaneously in Western and Eastern Siberia. Field studies provided material for mapping the vegetation of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which shows in detail the vegetation cover of the steppe part of Khakassia.

VV Reverdatto made a great contribution to the study of medicinal plants in the territory of Khakassia.

During the research, V.V. Reverdatto paid attention to all types of vegetation composing the vegetation cover of Khakassia: steppes, forests, meadows, alpine tundras, but he studied steppes in all areas in the most detail over the years. In 1927 and 1928 difficult riding routes to the mountains of the Western Sayan were carried out: in the first year to the Hansyn ridge, in the second to the upper river. Big He, pass Sur - Daban and Lake. Kara-Kol, located on the territory of Tuva. The route ran through an unexplored area and was accompanied by eye surveys conducted by V.P. Golubintseva. As a result of these expeditions, materials characterizing the vegetation cover of this region of Khakassia were first obtained.

In the expeditions of V.V. Reverdatto was attended by L.F. Reverdatto, N.V. Kuminova, V.P. Golubintseva, E.I. Steinberg, K.K. Polyahyacht. V.V. Tarchevsky, Z.I. Tarchevskaya and others. About the routes of V.V. Reverdatto, as well as the routes of other researchers up to 1953, is described in detail in the work of L.M. Cherepnina (1954) "History of the study of the vegetation cover of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory."

In 1921, L.F. led the large and difficult route from Tashtyp to the headwaters of Abakan and to the Kazyr Range with access to the Kuznetsk Basin. Reverdatto (1926). In 1931, M. M. studied the rubber-bearing plants in the Kantegir basin (Western Sayan). Ilyin.

First, the 40s of the last century, the vegetation and flora of Khakassia was studied by L.M. Cherepnin. Its routes in Khakassia took place in 1942, 1944, 1946 and 1948. Geobotanical studies were combined with floristic and collection of medicinal plants (Cherepnin, 1956, 1961). The main work of L.M. Cherepnin should be considered the floristic summary “Flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory”, the latest editions of which were finalized by his students and were published after his death. Together with L.M. Cherepnin worked botanists T.K. Nekoshnova, A.S. Koroleva, A.V. Skvortsova, A.P. Samoilova. Further A.V. Skvortsova studied irrigated meadows of Khakassia, and A.P. Samoilova study halophytes vegetation along the shores of salt lakes.

A number of interesting questions related to the analysis of the geographical elements of the flora and the locations of relict species and associations of the Ice Age on the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and in the Ulen basin are reflected in the works of K.A. Sobolevskaya (1945, 1946, a, b). Studies of A.V. are of great importance for the knowledge of the flora of Khakassia and its genetic connections. Polozhy (1957, 1964, 1965, 1972; and others), carried out in many regional Central Siberia, but the territory of the southern steppe regions of Khakassia was studied in most detail by these authors. To study the vegetation cover, D.I. Nazimova (1969) and I.V. Kamenetskaya (1969), exploring the forests of the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Despite the fact that the vegetation cover of Khakassia has been studied more fully than other regions of Siberia, there is still no work characterizing the vegetation cover of this entire territory as a whole, and the need for it is constantly felt. In particular, agricultural production needs new materials to evaluate the natural forage base of livestock.

To carry out a large research program, the theme “Plant cover of Khakassia” was included in the plan of the geobotany laboratory of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was carried out from 1966 to 1972.

The Khakass geobotanical expedition carried out research under the direction of A.V. Kuminova, and G.G. Pavlova, Yu.M. Maskaev, G.A. Zvereva, N.V. Logutenko, E.Ya. Neufeld, E.A. Ershova, I.M. Krasnoborov, A.S. Queen, T.G. Lamanova, V.P. Sedelnikov, N.L. Alekseeva, V.R. Lykova. Cartographic materials are mainly made by L.G. Morgacheva, A.D. Romanova, V.I. Rezinkina. Assistance in field research was provided by students of Perm, Tomsk, Leningrad and Novosibirsk universities, Abakan and Novokuznetsk institutes, who underwent practical training.

A monographic study of the vegetation cover of Khakassia included the identification of the complete typological diversity of vegetation, the study of patterns of geographical location, ecological relationships, the structure, dynamics and productivity of phytocenoses, an inventory of flora, and geobotanical mapping.

When studying the vegetation cover, route, detailed route and semi-stationary methods of geobotanical studies were used.

The method of detailed route studies was the main one when studying the vegetation cover of Khakassia. It allowed the most complete identification of the formation diversity of vegetation and geobotanical mapping on the habitable part of the republic, covering an area of \u200b\u200b22 thousand km.2 . A generalized large-scale map of vegetation has been compiled for the entire territory of Khakassia in the context of administrative regions. The presence of full-fledged cartographic materials made it possible to calculate the areas occupied by each unit of vegetation, determine the structure of the vegetation cover and conduct fractional geobotanical zoning, which took into account the whole range of environmental conditions.

Semi-stationary studies were carried out in typical sections of steppe vegetation in the river valley. Beyki in the Uybat steppe, on the western spurs of the Batenevsky ridge, on forest associations along the slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau in the basin of the Uybat river, at the top of the river. Big He in the Western Sayan and at the top of the river. Saral in the highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau. During semi-stationary studies, seasonal changes in the structure, species composition and productivity of phytocenoses, the most common and typical for various mountain zones, were revealed. The method of laying complex profiles with the simultaneous study of vegetation, soil cover and macroclimate was also widely used, which made it possible to identify the relationship between vegetation and the main environmental factors.

In total, more than 3200 specific sections of plant associations were analyzed, including steppe vegetation - 1300, meadow - 830, forest - 740, bush - 110, fallow - 115, and others - 146. In addition to subjective methods for accounting for abundance, the weight method was widely used to study the structure of phytocenoses analysis with the identification of participation in the herbage of certain species. Of the 2400 weighting records, more than 1000 are taken with a specific analysis. The vertical structure of the grass stand was taken into account, root systems were studied, and on typical phytocenoses the occurrence of species was determined, the coating, sodding, and vertical transects were drawn.

Much attention is paid to floristic studies: clarification of the general list of flora previously compiled from literature data, identification of formation floras of geobotanical provinces, clarification of plant ranges within Khakassia, and herbarium collections. A total of 24 thousand herbarium leaves of higher plants were collected and processed.

Studying the modern flora and vegetation and comparing them with the stages of the relief development of this part of the Altai - Sayan mountain country made it possible to understand in more detail the history of the formation and development of the vegetation cover of Khakassia.

The study of vegetation over the entire period was combined with applied research on the natural forage base of animal husbandry - this is part of the work published in a separate book, “Natural hayfields and pastures of the Khakass Autonomous Region” (1974).

In the last decades of the twentieth century, botany of KSU joined the study of the flora of Khakassia. Among them, N.G. Demorenko, who studied the vegetation cover of the Kaibal steppe, E.S. Ankipovich - the flora of the Abakan ridge (which was almost a white spot in the botanical sense), I.A. Ankipovich - flora of the Eastern macro slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, E.A. Lebedev, who studied the biology and ecology of rare species from the genera Astragalus and Ostrich. An employee of the Chazy nature reserve (now the Khakassky nature reserve) O.O. Lipatkina studied the flora of the steppe areas of the nature reserve. A scientific herbarium was founded at KSU, in which collections containing about ten thousand samples belonging to 1,500 species are kept in satisfactory condition, university graduate students and graduate students energetically study the flora. The book “Rare and Endangered Plant Species of Khakassia” (1999), prepared by E.S. Ankipovich, I.A. Ankipovich, MK. Voronina, L.P. Kravtsova, E.A., played a great role in the study of the Red Book species of plants in Khakassia. .Lebedev, N.I. Likhovid, M.A. Martynova, L.D. Utenova - employees of the Research Institute of Agrarian Problems of Khakassia and KSU named after N.F. Katanov. This book stimulated research on the establishment of new locations for a short period of time, after its release, of the rarest species in the republic. It should be noted the large role of the employees of the Research Institute of Agrarian Problems in the study and introduction of useful and rare plant species of Khakassia, working under the direction of N.I. Likhovid.

3.2. Fauna of the Republic of Khakassia.

3.2.1. The animal world of the Republic of Khakassia

The fauna of the Republic of Khakassia is extremely diverse and numerous, which is explained by the variety of natural conditions and the location of the territory in the transition zone, where western, eastern faunal groups meet, as well as Central Asian, Tibetan and Arctic faunal complexes.

The insects of Khakassia remain the least studied, which allows us to give only a brief description of their individual groups and orders.

Over forty species of ants, about 140 species of club-headed Lepidoptera or diurnal butterflies, more than 180 species of leaf beetles and 50 species of orthoptera were observed. In forest biocenoses the most common are red ant, thin-headed and light-blue lazne. A black shiny ant is often found in the steppe belt.

Diagram №5 - The number of species of insects.

Lepidoptera squad unites numerous butterflies. Families of real moths, leafworms, woodworms, gerbils belong to the lowest dissimilar butterflies; to the highest dissimilarities - peacock-eye, shingles, crested, silkworms, scoops, dipper. Mace (daytime) butterflies are combined into seven families and 140 species. Of these, the most common are swallowtail, whitetail, hawthorn, cabbage, Lycaenidae, large-eyed, lycaon, angrywing, urticaria, mourning, peacock eye, etc. Of the Saranchev, filly, skates, grasses, greenfinches are common; of the grasshoppers - steppes, spotted, melodic, hoppers. 5 types of insects are included in the Red Book of Russia (carpenter bee, Armenian bumblebee, Apollo, etc.). Rare are: a sailing ship-naméon, Nigeria Flechera, Lycaena Kiana, tail of Frivaldsky, Ascolaph Siberian, lemongrass, lenticulum poplar, mackerel, rhinoceros beetle, etc.)

37 species of fish inhabit the territory of Khakassia, of which 10 species are acclimatized: rainbow trout, chum salmon, vendace, Baikal omul, peled, carp (carp), and others. Of the most valuable species live: Siberian sturgeon, (two forms of semi-aisle and freshwater), sterlet, taimen, lenok, grayling, tugun, whitefish, whitefish (two forms), nelma and pike perch are found. Rare species include: Siberian sturgeon, nelma, sterlet. Actively develops the water resources of the republic of bream. According to the Khakass fish inspection, on the river. Abakan bream meets the top from the city of Abaza for 200 km

Amphibians are not numerous and are represented by 4 species of amphibian - a Siberian frog and a sharp-faced muzzle, an ordinary toad and a Siberian lance. It is possible to find two more species (common newt and green toad).

Reptiles are ubiquitous and are represented by 6 species (creeping and viviparous lizard, common, crawling snake, common viper and common muzzle).

In Khakassia, 334 bird species belonging to 19 orders were recorded. By the nature of their stay, the largest group consists of nesting birds - 254 (of which 55 are sedentary and semi-sedentary and 199 are migratory species). Migratory include 22 species, flying - 17, flying - 16, arriving in winter - 5. An independent group consists of 20 species with very rare summer occurrences, the nature of which is unclear - they may nest. In the summer period, 307 species are observed, of which 254 are nesting and 53 are non-nesting. In winter, 118 species are recorded, of which 55 are settled and semi-settled, 23 are nomadic, 5 are arriving for the winter, 34 are irregular or partially wintering. vagrants - 1.

The distribution of birds throughout the territory of Khakassia is uneven. The largest number of species (295) was noted in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Significantly less - subtaiga (196), mountain taiga - (149) and alpine (143) zones. Such a significant species diversity of birds in the steppe and forest-steppe zones (89% of all registered in the Republic) is explained by the high mosaic nature, natural, man-made and man-made landscapes.

Diagram №6 - Distribution of birds on the territory of Khakassia (by belts).

In Khakassia, there are 40 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation; 28-globally rare in Europe and Asia; 202 - are included in the list of the International Convention concluded between the government of the USSR and India on the protection of migratory birds; 62 - Included in the International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

The mammals of Khakassia are assigned to 6 orders, of which 76 species are known (artiodactyls - 8, carnivores - 154, insectivores - 11). 3 species (hare, American mink, muskrat) appeared as a result of acclimatization, and two (beaver and wild boar) - when moving from other areas. There is a change in the number of mammals. In recent decades, the number of steppe polecat, northern deer, Siberian mountain goat, musk deer has sharply decreased. Extremely rare became argali and red wolf. At the same time, the number of wolves, bears, foxes increased. Three species living in mountainous regions (red wolf, snow leopard and argali) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the International Red Book.

Diagram №7 - Mammals of Khakassia (by orders).

3.2.2. The history of the study of the animal world.

Khakassia is still among the few republics of Russia that have not yet been studied faunistically. The study of the fauna of vertebrates, in particular the fauna of mammals, began here much later than in other parts of Siberia. The first attempt to enter the study area dates back to 1778, when P.S. Pallas collected a series of specimens of a narrow-vole vole in the valleys of Abakan and Chulym.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. A. Ya. Tugarinov visited Khakassia, who described the state of sable reserves in the article “Sable in the Yenisei Province” (1923). In 1914, the famous geographer and historian of Asia, G.E. Grum-Grzhimailo noted the presence of an otter in the river basin. Abakan and its tributary Tashtyp. In the summer of 1915, Professor of Tomsk University M.Yu. Ruzsky, conducting zoological research in the Minusinsk district, along the way, got a field vole on the Abakan River.

In 1927, the work of B.S. Vinogradov, in which he described the collection material of the Minusinsk Museum. Martyanova, where the collections of 6 species of animals from the territory of Khakassia were stored. In the 20s. M.K. Serebrenikov in the Abakan, Sagai, Kachin steppes collected about a dozen species of mouse-like rodents. The first zoologists to give extensive material on mammals were N.M. Dukelskaya and M.D. Zverev. In the summer of 1927-1928 N.M. Dukelskaya in the vicinity of the village of Monok, Ust - Tashtyp and Oznachenny collected a collection of animals of more than 20 species and based on this material in a German magazine published an article.

In the same years, in the former Minusinsk and Khakassky districts, she carried out work on the biology of the long-tailed gopher and developed measures to combat it with the Siberian regional STAZRA. Members of the expedition traveled to the upper reaches of the Askiz River on the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau (Mount Karylgan) and along the Anna (Ona) River in the Western Sayan Mountains (Khan-Son Son Range). As a result, 300 specimens of small rodents were collected.

M.D. Zverev, on the basis of the materials collected in this expedition, wrote the articles “Inspection of the land occupied by ground squirrels” (1928), “Mass reproduction of Siberian steppe pestlets and water rats” (1928), “Overview of rodents of the southern parts of Minusinsky and Khakassky okrugs” ( 1930). In 1930, O. and M. Zverev published an article “Botanical and zoological notes of the eastern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau”.

In the summer of 1928, an Abakan expedition of the Siberian Studies Society worked in the region of northeastern Altai, in which zoologist V.N. The slope. Based on the materials he collected during this and other expeditions, he published a number of works (1929.1936, 1949), where he reported on the presence of the northern Pisuchka and the Siberian mountain goat in the valley of the river. Anna (She), about the entry of a reindeer into the area between the rivers She and Maly Abakan, about its wealth of mountain goats, deer, roe deer, elk, about the habitat of a mountain sheep at the head of the river. Chehan. V.N. The slope collected mouse-like rodents in the valleys of the Monok and Nenya rivers.

In the 30s. in the Altai Reserve, the northern part of which was formed due to the territory of the Tashtyp district, an expedition worked under the guidance of professors S.S. Turov and V.G. Heptner. Here, in different years, ungulate P.M. Zelessky (1934), V.V. Dmitriev (1938) and F.D. Shaposhnikov (1951, 1955), V.N. Nadev (1940, 1947) studied the biology of Altai proteins and the distribution of sable.

These travelers and zoologists made a significant contribution to the study of mammals of Khakassia. However, until recently, only relatively small areas and far from all species of mammals were studied. A lot of data is outdated. Materials on mammals that have been preserved in most cases are dispersed in various publications, many of which are now a bibliographic rarity and inaccessible to a wide range of readers.

The most complete information about the mammals of Khakassia, taking into account their practical significance, is presented by N.A. Kokhanovsky (1962).

In the middle of the twentieth century, a new stage begins in a more thorough study of the fauna of Khakassia, carried out by zoologists of a number of scientific institutions in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), as well as Moscow and Leningrad. Since the early 1960s Inspection of the Yenisei part of the Western Sayan was conducted by employees of the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Forest and Timber named after V.N.Sukacheva SOAN of the USSR (G.A.Sokolov, V.M. Yanovsky and others). Their research emphasized the uniqueness of the natural complexes of the Sayan Range, the Yenisei Valley. Work was undertaken to identify the biocenotic role of large predatory and ungulate animals, the ecology and protection of rare species of animals of the Western Sayan and adjacent territories (B.P. Zavatsky, V.A. Staheev, S.Yu. Petrov, A.Ya. Uglev and other).

The ecology of small rodents and a number of game animals was studied by G.A.Sokolov, A.I. Khlebnikov, I.P. Khlebnikova, F.R. Shtilmarkom and others. Almost simultaneously, the fauna of mammals and birds investigated B.S. Yudin, A.F. Potapkina, L.I. Galkin and other employees of the Biological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Novosibirsk), as well as T.A. Kim (Krasnoyarsk). In 1960-1970 Khakassia was repeatedly visited by zoologists E.V. Rogacheva and E.E. Syroechkovsky (Moscow). The data they collected was included in large consolidated monographs. Since the 1970s a systematic study of the animal world by local zoologists began - B.S. Nalobin, S.M. Prokofiev, Yu.I. Kustov. The latter, being employees of the scientific department of the Khakassky State Nature Reserve, made a significant contribution to the knowledge of rare species of birds and mammals. The research activity of the Khakassky Reserve is aimed at studying the vegetation and wildlife and the entire natural complex within the framework of the unified program of the Russian Nature Chronicles nature reserves. Currently, the reserve has almost completed an inventory of vertebrates of protected areas.

In some years, birdwatching was carried out by D.V. Vladyshevsky, A.A. Baranov, V.I. Bezborodov, S.P. Gureev, I.K. Gavrilov, V.N. Vamokh. Since 1985, the staff of the Krasnoyarsk State University (V.I. Emelyanov, A.V. Kutyanina, N.I. Maltsev, N.V. Karpova, A.S. Zolotykh, E.V. Khokhryakov, etc.) under the supervision of A.P. Savchenko conducted systematic studies of land vertebrate migrations and the ecology of waterfowl and near-water birds. Long-term observations of the state of the number of migratory and nesting bird species, especially rare and endangered, have become priority and guiding ones. For the first time in Khakassia, mass ringing and tagging was undertaken, more than 26 thousand birds belonging to 149 species were captured, as a result, their territorial connections, main flight routes and the most important places of stops and concentrations, such as Lake. Ulug-Khol, the tract of three-lake, etc.

In accordance with this cycle of work V.I. Emelyanov collected and summarized unique material on geese, proposed measures for their protection and rational use. N.I. Maltsev singled out and characterized the operational groups of roe deer, the key areas of their habitat, the migratory movements of the species, the main trends in the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, environmental features and adaptations. One of the most important areas - conducting accounting work and monitoring the dynamics of the numbers of the main commercial (bear, red deer, sable, etc.) and rare species of animals (snow leopard, Siberian goat, argali) - is supervised by Doctor of Biological Sciences, professors of KrasGU M. N. Smirnov and G.A. Sokolovym. In 2004, under the leadership of M.N. Smirnova V.S. Okemov conducted research on the brown bear of the Kuznetsk Alatau.

3.3. Man is nature.

3.3.1. The relationship of man with the outside world.

The most ancient settlement of Homo sapiens is the Upper Paleolithic site of Malaya Syya, explored on the banks of the river. White Iyus. The age of this "Village" of the Stone Age, consisting of 10 round dugouts, totals (by radiocarbon) 34 thousand years. Residents, judging by the remaining animal bones, were mainly engaged in round-robin hunting for reindeer, mountain rams, saigas, bison, as well as for small fur-bearing animals. Mammoth and rhino bones found. The stone and bone tools of the ancient Siberians characterize the level of development of their culture. So, for example, about the drawings on the Boyarskaya pisanitsa of the era of "Tagar culture" of the UP - W centuries. BC. we read: “Drawings of animals depicted in profile reveal a deep observation of performers and good knowledge of individual characteristics (animals).

With repeatable patterns, identical figures cannot be found. The image of animals is dynamic, full of expression ”

A later settlement of Stone Age people (20-10 thousand years ago) was discovered on the shores of Chulym, Abakan, Yenisei. It was the time of the last glaciation. The tundra zone penetrated far south. Mammoths, woolly rhinos, herds of reindeer, musk oxen, as well as arctic foxes and lemmings roamed around the expanses. To the south in the steppes lived horses, saigas, bison and deer. Hunters for mammoths, reindeer, bison and other animals still lived in the mountains, in earthen dwellings with domed roofs. Stone tools were made from river pebbles and quartzites. The tips of spears and darts, knives with grooves, game awls, etc. were cut from bones.

Late steppe camps were populated seasonally, and people lived there in terrestrial dwellings with pit pockets lined with flagstone. Stray hunters with moving herds of wild animals got their first pets - a dog.

New progressive forms of managing, life, culture, human collectives took shape. In addition to hunting, people mastered fishing. Bow and arrow, bone harpoons, hooks and nets appeared. The importance of hunting large forest animals (elk, deer and roe deer) has increased. Weaving, grinding of stone began, tools such as stone axes, adzes, knives arose. Tools with polished blades were much more productive than before. Dugout shuttles, rafts, traps and tackles made of treated wood were built. People learned how to make pottery and cook food in it.

All this is confirmed by archaeologists excavated sites and burial grounds on lakes in the valleys of the Yenisei, Tomi, Abakan, Chulym.

Conclusion

In accordance with the features of the relief and the history of formation, the flora and vegetation of Khakassia went through a difficult path of formation before appearing in its modern form.

The variety of natural conditions characteristic of each region of Khakassia, the natural processes of development and change of vegetation led to a wide variety of types of vegetation - steppe, forest, meadow, tundra and swamp. In addition, under the influence of anthropogenic factors, peculiar types of vegetation are formed that are not characteristic of the natural vegetation cover: agrophytocenoses, deposits, thickets of weedy (weed) vegetation, and forest belts.

The history of studying the vegetation cover of Khakassia can be divided into several periods

Studies of the second period (Х1Х century and the beginning of the XX century) laid the foundation for a systematic study of flora, which is primarily associated with the name of the Minusinsk local historian N.M. Martyan

The relationship of a person with the outside world was primarily manifested during the extraction of food, life support, as can be judged by archaeological finds and cave paintings.

Thus, after analyzing the available scientific sources, we can draw the following conclusions:

The flora and fauna of Khakassia are largely relict and peculiar structural units of nature;

http://www.marimedia.ru/tvguide/anons/433253/

Khakassia is a land of picturesque and truly unique nature. The republic is located in the central part of Eurasia. The complex terrain with elevation differences from 250 m above sea level in the flat part and up to 2969 m in the Western Sayans, combined with the sharply continental climate of the region, made it possible to preserve the unique natural landscapes in their original form.

In a relatively small area concentrated mountains with peaks covered with glaciers and snow, tundra, alpine and subalpine meadows, forests and steppes. The land is rich in fast-moving rivers and deep lakes, grottoes and caves.

Flora

A highly fragmented relief with different types of soil layer, uneven illumination of steep mountain slopes and ravines formed the conditions for an extraordinary diversity of the plant world. Over 1670 species of higher plants grow here, from mighty cedars and larches to tremulous forest orchids.

Plants of all types of vegetation are found in Khakassia: steppe, forest, meadow, tundra and swamp.

Of the steppe grasses, the most common are sedge, wormwood, feather grass, chiy, pikulnik, and plants of the bluegrass family. Meadow plants are represented by herbs and herbs: meadow fescue, clover, yarrow, aconite Dzhungarsky and others from the family of cereals and legumes.

Coniferous trees prevail among the forest vegetation: cedars, fir, spruce, larch, and only in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Khakassia grow birch, and very rarely aspen and poplar forests mixed with willows.

Mosses and lichens predominate in the alpine tundra. Swamp vegetation is represented by reeds, reeds, sedges, and mosses. Achnaterum and hemp nettle are common on saline soils near mineralized lakes.

Endemic plants

A unique landscape, clean air and a pristine environment untouched by man are ideal conditions for the conservation of species sensitive to human impact. Many relic plants grow in Khakassia. 28 species can be seen only here, these plants are endemic to the republic.

These are Saxar birch, crossbill Reverdatto, narrow-leaved ovary, Tatar crane, Khakassian leafworm, Sayurea Sayanskaya and others.

Fauna

The animals of Khakassia are also diverse and unusual. Gigantic moose, bears, deer, otters, snow leopards, wolves, chipmunks, etc. live here.

Among mammals in the mountain coniferous taiga, you can find shrews, chipmunks, foxes, squirrels and sables. Weasel, columns, ermine are sometimes found, but the populations of these animals in Khakassia are few. Bears, deer, Siberian forest reindeer, lynxes, wolverines are typical representatives of large animals in coniferous forests. In the river valleys hare and mink live. Sometimes you can see an otter. In alpine meadows, vole mice, moles, shrews, and Dzungarian hamsters are widespread.

Unique animals

Among the plants and animals of Khakassia are many unique. You will rarely meet them. 281 species of plants and animals of Khakassia are listed in the Red Book. The red wolf, Tuva beaver and Pallas are classified as a probably extinct species. The snow leopard and argali are threatened with extinction; the population of the Siberian forest reindeer is declining. Animals such as the Siberian goat and river otter have become rare.

The protection and restoration of populations of rare and endangered species, the preservation of the gene pool of plants and animals is the main concern of the staff of the Khakass State Nature Reserve, established in 1999.

We wish them good luck hoping to see animals from the Khakassia Red Book in the wild in a couple of decades.

Khakassia in its vast expanses has many protected places organized by the state in order to save various representatives of the fauna, in order to increase their population. Because due to the active life of a person in the territory that used to belong exclusively to the local fauna, animals were affected. Of course, not only through the fault of people hundreds of species disappear, but humanity is seventy percent guilty of this.

To date, only vertebrate animals have been studied on the territory of the Khakassia State Nature Reserve, and the rest of the local nature is still a mystery.

One of the representatives listed in the Red Book, which are under the strict supervision of people because of their small numbers, is snow leopard or snow Leopard.

At the moment, their number is very small, around the world there are about 1300 individuals. And in Khakassia, according to the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 20-50 individuals. To date, only 5-8 species are kept within the republic.

The main factor in the disappearance of such a wonderful animal was poaching. The snow leopard has a beautiful, thick fur, which is why it has become popular among illegal hunters. His skin is very much appreciated; there is a great demand for it. And demand, as you know, creates supply.

The impudence of the poachers was, and remains, so great that loops for catching animals were found in the reserve, where hunting is prohibited. In particular, snow leopard hunting is banned everywhere as part of a program to increase the population of this species.

Also, one of the endangered species listed in the Red Book of Khakassia is river otter.

The otter also suffered at the hands of poachers. The illegal sale of otter skins is very common to this day. Hunting for otters is also prohibited, but it is also known that they illegally kill 12-14 otters per year. The condition of this species is not as bad as the state of the snow leopard, but it is also approaching a dangerous one.

According to various estimates, from 200 to 400 representatives of the species live in Khakassia. The data is different. Another problem for the otter is poor ecology and illegal fishing. Polluting rivers, we deprive river otters of their natural habitat. And abundant illegal fishing deprives otters of food.

Otters live in the territory of the Khakassia State Nature Reserve, where they are monitored in order to increase the population.

Every year, animals suffer from human hands. We should be at least a little kinder to our smaller brothers: take care of their natural homes, not create demand for carcasses of Red Book animals, and monitor the environment. To study this topic in elementary school lessons and to prepare reports and short reports to cover this issue.

Flora and fauna of Khakassia.

Actors: host, team captains, two teams of players, readers, a jury.

Preliminary preparation:

Come up with a team name

Choose a team captain

Leading: Today we will try to supplement our knowledge of the flora and fauna of Khakassia, what impact a person has on their life. What is a nature reserve that relates to specially protected natural areas? According to the Federal Law of March 14, 1995 No. 33 - ФЗ “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, bowels, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use in the reserve. Staying on the territory of the reserve of citizens is allowed only with the permission of the management of the reserve.

Leading: The nature of Khakassia is truly diverse in its beauty, uniqueness and wealth. On a relatively small territory of the republic, five natural zones are concentrated - steppe, forest-steppe, subtaiga, mountain taiga and high mountain. The mosaic of natural conditions is characteristic not only for the republic as a whole, but even for one belt and a separate site.

Leading:In the Republic of Khakassia in 1991 the Chazy steppe reserve was created, in 1993 - the Small Abakan taiga reserve. In 1999, these reserves were combined into one state nature reserve “Khakassky”. The purpose of organizing the reserve is to preserve natural complexes and historical monuments of the Republic of Khakassia. Currently, the reserve consists of 9 cluster sites with a total area of \u200b\u200b267.6 thousand hectares: “Small Abakan”, “Lake Bele”, “Lake Itkul”, “Lake Shira”, “Oglakhty”, “Khol-Bogaz”, “Sub-zaploty ”,“ Kamyzyak steppe with lake Ulukh –Kol ”,“ Zaimka Lykovs ”.

Leading:In the reserve, 295 species of birds were recorded (35 species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, 57 in the Red Book of the Russian Federation), 6 species of reptiles; 4 species of amphibians; 32 species of fish; 68 species of mammals.

Leading:An example of vegetation and animals of the taiga and steppe in the poetic works of many Khakass poets: for example, Pyotr Shtygashev's “Taiga River”

Apprentice (reads a poem).

Pyotr Shtygashev “The Taiga River”

Where the taiga is noisy, deaf,

Where squirrels scurry along trunks

Dropping drops, they drink water.

Throws cones in the pond.

Blueberries are sweet as honey

And loudly sucks berries.

Choose any place here,

You will fall asleep and the dream will be sound.

Last year's fallen needles

Dull air is drunk.

A bee sings over Ivan - tea,

Mushrooms are hiding under the tree.

Turning his head, black

And suddenly carried away, taking off.

And you will see in the depths

Like grayling from an otter fast

Shyly hid at the bottom.

My river, you are not wide

Calm bosom of clear waters,

The people are happy and rich.

Lives on your shores.

Leading:Our first competition. The task of attentiveness and speed. Here is a map of Khakassia. You need to find and show the city of Abakan. (each team and fans have a small map of Khakassia)

Leading:Over the years, people have been studying animals and are becoming more and more surprised at them. They are so different: funny and formidable, furry and spiky, domestic and wild. These are funny animals.

Leading:team captains please go to the table and select the envelopes. In the envelopes of the assignment: you must separate the wild and domestic animals.

Leading: (task for the fans) While the teams carry out the task among us, we will hold the “Attentive Listener” contest. Answers the one who first raised his hand, if correct, plus 1 point to his team, if incorrect minus one point.

Leading:In this competition we will check how you are attentive to the animals around you. Team captains please go to the table and select the envelopes. The animal is written in the envelope, you must depict this animal without words, so that the opposing team guesses what kind of animal it is. To prepare the task 2 minutes.

Leading: (task for the fans) While the teams carry out the task, we will hold a “Tell a Word” contest among you, plus 1 point to your team for each correct answer.

Leading:

Approach and take the envelopes from the table. The envelope poems by Peter Shtygashev "Taiga river."

In this poem, there are words that answer the questions:

Who! What?

Task: Distribute words into groups.

Who! What?

For example: who? Moose ... what? Taiga,….

Leading: captains of teams please go to the table and select the envelopes. In the envelopes of the assignment: select for each word the words that are appropriate in meaning

Words - hints:

Khakassian, red, clubfoot, smart, yellow.

The book (what?) ............

The reserve (what?) ..............

The sun (what?) ............. ..

Bear (what?) .............

Children (what?) ……… ..

Leading:team captains please go to the table and select the envelopes. In job envelopes: choose a model that fits the word.

Reserve, book

The reserve, a plot of land or water, within which the entire natural complex is completely and eternally withdrawn from economic use and is under state protection. The reserve is also called the research institutions for which these territories are assigned. In the Russian Federation (as of 1994) there are about 90 nature reserves and game hunting reserves. Any activity that violates natural complexes or threatens their safety is prohibited in the reserve.

Leading: Our cognitive game is coming to an end. Question to the teams: "Give your definition of the word" Reserve? "

Answers children.

Summarizing.

ATTACHMENT

Competition "Attentive listener".

Listen to the text about the reserve, memorize dates, names and answer the questions asked.

In the Republic of Khakassia in 1991 the Chazy steppe reserve was created, in 1993 - the Small Abakan taiga reserve. In 1999, these reserves were combined into one state nature reserve “Khakassky”. Currently, the reserve consists of 9 cluster sites: “Small Abakan”, “Lake Bele”, “Lake Itkul”, “Lake Shira”, “Oglakhty”, “Khol-Bogaz”, “Podzaploty”, “Kamyzyak steppe with Lake Ulukh –Kol ”,“ Capture of the Lykovs ”.

Questions:

In what year was the Khakassky State Nature Reserve created?

What are the cluster sites of the reserve.

Competition "Tell a word."

He has a striped back,

The tail is as light as a feather.

All stocks, like in a chest,

Hiding in the hollow ........ (chipmunk)

In spring, rushing to us from the south

Black as a raven, a bird.

For our trees a doctor,

The insect eats everyone .... (rook)

In every city yard

There is joy to the children -

Bird, don’t beat her!

This bird ... .. (sparrow)

At night in the thickets and forests

Wailing gives you fear.

The scream is strong and strong

So screaming huge ... .. (eagle owl)

I’m not afraid of the word “scatter”, I’m a forest cat .... (lynx)

The color is grayish,

The thief is a thief,

Hoarse Screaming -

Famous person.

It …. (crow).

Winter white, gray summer. (Hare)

Who goes to bed in the fall and gets up in the spring? (Bear)

Ginger little animal

From branch - jump, to branch - lope. (Squirrel)

3. Peter Shtygashev “The Taiga River”