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Social changes in society. Social Change and Community Development

When completing assignments, you have to perform certain work, which is better organized as follows:

read the assignment carefully;
if you are answering a theoretical question or solving a situational problem, consider and formulate a specific answer (the answer should be short and its contents should be entered in the space provided; keep notes clearly and legibly).

For each correct answer you can get a number of points determined by the jury members, not higher than the specified maximum score.

The total score for all resolved issues is the result of your work.

The maximum number of points is 100.

Tasks are considered completed if you have handed them over to the jury members on time.

Wish you success !

Methodology for assessing the performance of olympiad tasks

Exercise 1

Choose the correct answer and enter its number in the table.

1.1. The increase in the gold content or the exchange rate of the monetary unit of the state is

devaluation
revaluation
denomination
deflation

1.2. According to the code of the public organization “A Healthy Mind is in a Healthy Body”, its members must refrain from using tobacco and alcohol, abide by the rules of courtesy with each other, help the elderly members of the organization, and take part in sports and recreational activities organized by the organization. What social norms are reflected in these provisions of the code?

corporate and moral
moral and legal
legal and corporate
moral and political

1.3. A totalitarian political regime distinguishes from an authoritarian

restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens
lack of responsibility of the authorities to society
applying repression to opponents of the regime
state control over all spheres of public life

Answer:

1.1	1.2	1.3
2	1	4

By1 point for each correct answer.

Maximum per mission3 point.

Task 2

Select some correct answers. Enter the answers in the table.

2.1. Select from the list below examples of upward vertical social mobility.

The deputy of the State Duma of the sixth convocation M. was re-elected to the State Duma of the seventh convocation.
Accountant V. has retired.
Major was promoted to lieutenant colonel.
The seller has been appointed store manager.
A student of Tomsk University K. transferred from the Faculty of History to the Philology.
Plumber V. won the lottery 42 million rubles.

2.2. Who in the Russian Federation has the right of legislative initiative in adopting federal laws?

The State Duma
Council of the Federation
Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
President of the Russian Federation
Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation
legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
local government

2.3. The areas of philosophy include

idealism
cubism
positivism
marxism
abstractionism
classicism

2.4. The marriage is divorced in the case of

objection of a spouse against divorce
spouses have common minor children
recognition of one of the spouses as legally incompetent
minority of one of the spouses
conviction of one of the spouses to imprisonment for a term of more than 3 years

Answer:

2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4
346	246	134	12

By2 point for a completely correct answer, 1 point for a response with one error(one of the correct answers is not specified, or along with all the correct answers indicated, one incorrect).

Maximum per mission8 points.

Task 3

What unites the concepts below? Give the most accurate answer.

3.1. Promissory note, stock, bond, check.

Answer: Securities.

3.2. Custom, tradition, taboo, morality.

Answer: Types of social norms.

By2 point for each correct answer.

Maximum per mission4 point.

Task 4

Give a brief rationale for the series (which combines the listed elements). Indicate which of the elements is redundant for this reason.

4.1. Region, Territory, City of Federal Importance, Federal District, Autonomous Okrug

Answer: view of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, another element is the federal district.

4.2. Labor, land, taxes, entrepreneurial skills, capital

Answer: factors of production, an extra element - taxes.

By3 point for the correct answer(2 justification score, 1 extra point).

Maximum per mission6 points.

Task 5

"Yes or no"? If you agree with the statement, write “yes”, if you do not agree, “no”. Enter your answers in the table.

5.1. All world religions originated in the ancient world.

5.2. The role of the state in economic processes is the subject of study of macroeconomics.

5.3. Most states of the world are unitary.

5.4. “On December 19, 2016, electoral college in 50 US states and the District of Columbia formally elected Donald Trump as US President by a majority vote.” This message reflects the stepped-up nature of the presidential election.

Oh! I feel: nothing can do us
Amid worldly sorrows to calm;
Nothing, nothing ... except a conscience.
So, healthy, she will triumph
Over malice, over dark slander. -
But if it has a single spot,
One, accidentally wound up,
Then - trouble! like a pestilential ulcer
The soul will burn, the heart will pour poison
As a hammer knocks in the ears rebuke
And everything feels sick, and my head is spinning.

(A.S. Pushkin)

This fragment reflects external social control.

Answer:

5.1	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.5
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No

By1 point for each correct answer.

Maximum per mission5 points.

Task 6

The student was preparing a presentation on social studies, but in its final version there was a failure, resulting in mixed illustrations. Help restore the presentation of the available illustrations. Fill out the scheme, indicating a category common to all images (a general concept), as well as its constituent elements. Enter the lettering of the illustrations in the appropriate cells that relate to the elements you named.

Answer:

1 generalization score. By1 point for each correct element of the answer of the second level.

Maximum per mission10 points.

Task 7

Read a passage from John Locke's Two Treatises on the Reign.

But although people, when they enter the state, renounce the equality, freedom and executive power that they possessed in a natural state, and transfer them to the hands of the state, so that in the future this will have the legislative power to the extent that it will to demand the benefit of society, yet this is done by everyone only with the intention of preserving himself, his freedom and property as best as possible. The power of a society or a legislative body created by people can never extend further than is necessary for the common good; this power is obliged to protect the property of everyone ... And no matter who has the legislative or supreme power in any state, he is obliged to rule in accordance with established permanent laws, proclaimed by the people and known to the people, and not by impromptu decrees; rule with the help of impartial and fair judges, who must resolve disputes through these laws and use the power of the state in the country only when these laws are implemented, and abroad to prevent harm or to obtain compensation for it and to protect the state from intrusions and seizures. And all this should be carried out for no other purpose, but only in the interests of peace, security and the public good of the people.

7.1. To protect which of their natural rights do people, according to the author, establish state power? Indicate three rights.

7.2. What theory of the origin of the state is reflected in this text? Justify your answer with a quote from the text.

7.3. The author says that the ruler should "rule in accordance with established permanent laws, and not through improvised decrees." What consequences can be if this rule is not observed? Give three possible consequences.

Answer:

7.1. The right to life, the right to liberty and security of person, the right to property.

By1 point for each named right. Total3 point.

7.2. Theory of social contract. “But although people, when they enter the state, renounce the equality, freedom and executive power that they possessed in a natural state, and transfer them to the hands of the state, so that in the future this will have the legislative power to the extent that it will demand the benefit of society. ”

3 point for a correctly named theory. 3 rationale score. Total6 points.

7.3. The arbitrariness of the ruler, the establishment of tyranny, a violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens (other consequences may be given).

Answers may be given in other, similar wording.

2 point for each named consequence. Total6 points.

Maximum per mission15 points.

Task 8

Solve the problem

15-year-old Anton came to a mobile phone salon and told the seller that he would like to exchange his old cell phone for a new one with a surcharge as part of the campaign held by the salon. The amount of the surcharge was to be 3,500 rubles. When asked by the seller about the source of funds, Anton replied that he had earned these funds during the holidays, working as a courier. The seller exchanged and issued Anton a cashier's check for the amount of the surcharge. The next day, Anton’s mother demanded that Anton return the phone and money paid by him to the store. Is the store obliged to fulfill the requirements of Anton’s mother? Justify the answer. What regulatory act governs this situation?

Answer:

The seller must terminate the contract and return the money. Although Anton had the right to independently manage the money earned by him, he could not dispose of his telephone without the consent of legal representatives. This situation is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

1 point for answering the first question. 3 point for the given justification.

2 point for correct indication normatively— legal act.

Maximum per mission6 points.

Task 9

Insert the sequence numbers of the corresponding words from the list instead of the gaps. Words are given in the singular, adjectives in masculine form. Please note: in the list of words there are also those that should not appear in the text! Enter the answer in the table.

If changes in society occur gradually, new things accumulate in the system rather slowly and sometimes imperceptibly for the observer. The old, the previous is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous. Such gradual progressive changes we call ______ (A) . This path assumes the catastrophic development of society and costs much less to people. Its external manifestation, the main method of implementation, is ______ (B), an imperious action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life, with the goal of giving society greater stability and ______ (C).

Not all societies could not always solve problems due to organic gradual transformations. In an acute systemic ______ (D) society, when the accumulated ______ (D) literally blows up the established order, ______ (E) occurs. It involves ______ (F) the transformation of social structures, the demolition of the old order, rapid rapid innovation. The significance of these forms of development is differently evaluated by thinkers. So, for example, K. Marx, the founder of the scientific ______ (Z), defined them as locomotives ______ (I). At the same time, many emphasized their ______ (K), a destructive effect on society.

List of terms

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E	F	3	AND	TO
2	11	5	9	1	6	8	10	18	14

By1 point for each correct insert.

Maximum per mission10 points.

Task 10

Title the outline. Combine the following concepts into a classification scheme. (The concepts are given in masculine, singular.)

Territorial, federation, decentralized, national, centralized, unitary, national-territorial, confederation.

Answer:

By1 point for every valid element.

Maximum per mission9 points.

Task 11

Read an excerpt from the Weiner brothers' novel “Era of Mercy” and answer the questions.

In four years of the war, having drastically dragged “languages” across the front line, I knew exactly how much a person taken by surprise could tell. I did not doubt at all that he, this bandit captured by me, would be able to “talk” at the MUR. And so the whole idea, where the main role was assigned to this yellow-handed sucker Vekshin, seemed to me unreliable. Yes, and inappropriate. I swung again in the chair (he shrieked piercingly - a stupid chair, on the bent back of which hung a round tin tag that looked like a medal) and said, clearing his throat:

“Or maybe it makes sense to capture this bandit and seriously talk with him here?”

Everyone looked back at me, for a moment in the study there was perplexed silence, then split with deafening laughter ...

Zheglov put a hand on my shoulder and said:

- We have here, a friend of the city, not a front! We need "languages" unnecessarily ...

And I was surprised how Zheglov accurately guessed my thought. Of course, it would be best to keep silent and give them the opportunity to forget about my proposal, which, judging by the reaction, seemed to them all flagrant stupidity, or absurdity, or illiteracy. But I’ve already started up, and when I get started, I don’t get into a fever, but become stubborn like a tank. Therefore, he asked, calmly and quietly:

- And why do you need “languages” unnecessarily?

Zheglov turned the cigarette in his hands, blew it with a whistle, shrugged:

“Because the law is simple at the front: the“ language ”you dragged is an adversary, and the question with him is clear to the end. And the bandit whom you twist can only be called an enemy when you prove that he committed a crime. Here we take him, and he will send us away.

- How will it “send”? He is the one and “language” to tell what is being asked. And then you can prove it, ”I said convincingly.

Zheglov lit a cigarette, blew smoke, asked without pressure:

- At the front, if the “language” is silent, what do they do with it?

- Like what? - I was surprised. - Do with him, as they say, according to the laws of wartime.

“Exactly,” agreed Zheglov. - And why? Because he is a soldier or officer of the enemy army, is fighting with you with weapons in his hands and his guilt does not require proof ...

- A bandit without weapons, or what? - I rested.

- It may well come to a meeting without weapons.

- And then. His passport does not say that he is a gangster. On the contrary, it is even written that he is a citizen. Registration for some Crooked Generation there, five. Take him by the rupe twenty!

Questions

11.1. Which branch of Russian law regulates the situation that has become the subject of a dispute between the protagonists of the novel? What is the name of the section of international law governing the treatment of prisoners of war, including “languages”?

11.2. In accordance with what legal principle does Zheglov reject the storyteller’s offer to take the language?

11.3. Expand the three provisions of this principle, enshrined in the current Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Response Elements	Points
11.1. Should be called: criminal procedure law, international humanitarian law	2 points for each correctly indicated position. Maximum 4 points
11.2. Presumption of innocence	3 points for a correctly named principle
11.3. The following provisions may be mentioned. · Each person accused of committing a crime shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty in the manner prescribed by federal law and established by a court verdict that has entered into legal force. · The accused is not required to prove his innocence. · Fatal doubts about the guilt of a person are interpreted in favor of the accused.	3 points for each correct position. Maximum 9 points
Maximum per mission	16 points

Task 12

Read the sayings of famous people. In each case, several statements are devoted to one social science concept (in quotes the concept itself is replaced by asterisks). In different statements, the form of the word denoting this concept, or part of speech, can change. Define concepts, write down the answer directly in the table.

Statements	The concepts
BUT) Napoleon Bonaparte) N. Machiavelli)
B) R. Dal) At. Churchill)
AT) Time is **. ( B. Franklin) ** - good servants, but bad masters. ( F. Bacon)
G) *** is a theft. ( F. Proudhon) The great and main goal of uniting people into states and transferring them under the authority of the government is to save them **. ( D. Lock*)

Answer

Statements	The concepts
BUT) A people who do not want to feed their *** will feed a stranger. ( Napoleon Bonaparte) Whoever has a good *** will find good allies. ( N. Machiavelli)	army
B) Silent citizens are ideal subjects for an authoritarian ruler and unhappiness for ***. ( R. Dal) *** - the worst form of government, not counting all the others. (

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Summary on the theme: "The multivariance of social development" Page 2

State budgetary professional educational institution of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

"November College of Professional and Information Technology"

on the subject "Social Studies"

on the topic “The multivariance of social development”

Students Denisova Yu.S.

Teacher: Kovach Yu.O.

Noyabrsk

Introduction

Revolutions and their types

Traditional society

Industrial society

Post-industrial society

List of references

Introduction

If you mentally take a look at the course of world history, you will notice a lot in common in the development of different countries and peoples. Primitive society has everywhere been replaced by a state-run society. Feudal fragmentation was replaced by centralized monarchies. Bourgeois revolutions have occurred in many countries. All colonial empires collapsed, and dozens of independent states arose in their place. You yourself could continue to list similar events and processes that took place in different countries, on different continents. This similarity shows the unity of the historical process, the certain identity of successive orders, the common destinies of different countries and peoples.

However, historical events are always unique and inimitable. The specific development paths of individual countries and peoples are diverse. There are no peoples, countries, states with the same history. The variety of concrete historical processes is caused by the difference in natural conditions, and the specifics of the economy, and the peculiarity of spiritual culture, and the peculiarities of lifestyle, and many other factors. Does this mean that each country has its own development option predetermined and is it the only one possible? Historical experience indicates that under certain conditions various solutions are possible for urgent problems, there is a choice of methods, forms, ways of further development. Alternative options are often offered by certain groups of society, various political forces.

Reforms, their types and directions

Impulses of development can come both from society itself, its internal contradictions, and from the outside.

External pulses can, in particular, be generated by the natural environment, by space. For example, the climate of our planet, the so-called “global” warming, poses serious problems for modern society. And the answer to this “challenge” was the adoption by a number of countries of the world of the Kyoto Protocol, which requires countries to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In 2004, Russia also ratified the protocol, committing itself to environmental protection.

If changes in society occur gradually, new things accumulate in the system rather slowly and sometimes imperceptibly for the observer. The old, the previous is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous. We do not feel the conflict and denial of the new old. And only after a lapse of a long time, we exclaim with surprise: “How everything has changed around!”. Such gradual translational changes we call evolution. The evolutionary path of development does not involve breaking, destroying previous social relations.

The external manifestation of evolution, the main method of its implementation, is reform. By reform we mean imperious action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life, with the goal of giving society greater stability and stability.

The evolutionary path of development is not the only one. Not all societies could not always solve problems due to organic gradual transformations. In conditions of an acute crisis affecting all spheres of society, when accumulated contradictions literally blow up the existing order, revolutions ensue. Every revolution taking place in society involves a qualitative transformation of social structures, the demolition of the old order, rapid rapid innovation. The revolution releases significant social energy, which is not always able to be controlled by the forces that initiated the revolutionary changes. The ideologists and practitioners of the revolution seem to be releasing "gin from a bottle" in the form of a folk element. Subsequently, they try to put this genie back, but this, as a rule, does not work. The revolutionary element begins to develop according to its own laws, confounding its creators.

Types of reforms:

1. Progressive - these changes entail the improvement, improvement of any sphere of life or the whole system. For example, the abolition of serfdom entailed a significant improvement in the life of the broad masses of the population. Progressive reforms positively affect the development of the economy, living standards or social security, as well as other indicators, depending on the scope of their implementation.

2. Regressive - transformations that entail a deterioration in the functioning of systems and structures, lower living standards or other negative consequences in society. For example, the introduction of a high tax rate can lead to a reduction in production, the transition of the economy to the so-called “shadow activity”, and a deterioration in the standard of living of the population. Regressive reforms can develop into unrest, riots, strikes. But, despite all its negative consequences, such measures are sometimes forced and subsequently give a positive result. For example, an increase in fees or taxes in order to enhance social protection of the population will initially cause a lot of popular indignation, but when the system works fully and the people feel the positive aspects of the transformation, the unrest will stop and the updates will positively affect the standard of living of citizens.

Directions of reforms:

1. Social - transformations, changes, reorganizations of any aspects of public life, which do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people). For example:

Maternity and childhood support - providing women who have given birth to a second or subsequent child the right to additional state support measures in the form of the possibility of providing maternal (family) capital in the amount established by law and indexed taking into account the inflation rate when a child reaches three years of age, obtaining medical services for mother and child, for the purchase of housing, for education.

Pension reform - Pension reform is aimed at changing the existing distribution system for calculating pensions, supplementing it with a funded part and a personified account of the state's insurance obligations to each citizen. The main objective of the reform is to achieve long-term financial balance of the pension system, increase the level of pension provision for citizens and the formation of a stable source for additional income to the social system. The essence of the reform is to fundamentally change the relationship between the employee and the employer: to increase the responsibility of workers to ensure their old age, as well as to increase the employer's responsibility for paying insurance premiums for each employee. The previously existing pension system did not give the employee the opportunity to earn a normal pension, it only redistributed funds between groups with different income levels and from one region to another. Whereas the new pension model is much more insurance and takes into account the pension rights of citizens depending on the size of their salaries and paid pension contributions. According to the new pension model, contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, which together account for 28%, are divided into three parts:

· 14% goes to the federal budget and is used to pay the basic state pension; at the same time, a guaranteed minimum basic pension has been established;

· 8-12% of wages are the insurance part of the retirement pension and are transferred to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

· From 2 to 6% are sent to the fund to form<накопительной составляющей трудовой пенсии> The cumulative component will be formed at the expense of the part of the unified social tax (UST) paid by the employer, and its size is tied to wages and, accordingly, to the amount of funds accumulated in the individual account of the citizen.

The size of the pension in the new pension model is determined, first of all, not by the length of service of the employee, but by his real earnings and the amount of contributions to the Pension Fund made by the employer. This should encourage workers, and after them employers, to abandon all sorts of<серых> salary schemes and remove the hidden parts of salaries from the shadows, thereby increasing the flow of funds for the payment of pensions to today's pensioners. The size of the base and insurance part of the pension is supposed to be indexed annually taking into account inflation rates. Under the law "On Compulsory Pension Insurance", the state bears full responsibility for paying pensions to citizens, including subsidiary liability for the activities of the Pension Fund of Russia and is liable for its obligations to insured persons.

Education reforms: - introduction of the exam.

The division of higher education into 2 levels - undergraduate and graduate. 2. Political - changes in the political sphere of public life (changes in the Constitution, the electoral system, the expansion of civil rights, etc.). For example:

1860 - The abolition of serfdom in 1860 under Alexander III.

December 12, 1993 - Constitutional reform (the adoption of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation, which provided the President with significant powers, while the powers of the Parliament were significantly reduced).

2000 - Decree “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District”, according to which federal districts were created in Russia.

3. Economic - transformations of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of managing the country's economy (privatization, bankruptcy law, antitrust laws, etc.). For example:

1993 - Monetary reforms in Russia.

1998 - Ruble denomination - early 1990s -

Privatization. A significant part of state property passed into private ownership.

2002 - Adoption of the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. Allowed to establish a stable, reliable system of legal relations, rights and obligations of entities in a situation of insolvency.

Reforms can take place in all areas of public life.

The degree of reformist transformations can be very substantial, up to changes in the social system or type of economic system: the reforms of Peter I, the reforms in Russia in the early 90's. XX century

Revolutions and their types

Revolution - (French-radical revolution): a sharp abrupt transition of society from one qualitative state to another. It can be carried out in a peaceful or violent way, depending on the presence (or absence) of opposing social groups of understanding the objective necessity of this transition, seeing the peaceful ways of its implementation and, finally, political will to commit it by humane means with the least sacrifice. Often in the history of mankind, revolutions alternated with periods of counter-revolution - temporary deviations from the general course of transformations of society, its progressive development.

Types of revolutions:

Long-term, for example:

Neolithic revolution - X --III millennium BC. e. represents a transition from the appropriating economy (hunting, gathering and fishing) to the producing (agriculture and cattle breeding), which led to the transformation of hunting and collecting societies into agrarian. The most important cause of fundamental changes in the development of mankind in the period between the X and III millennia BC. e. , called the Neolithic (New Stone Age), began the transition to a manufacturing economy.

Industrial revolution - XVII-XVIII centuries. (industrial revolution, the Great Industrial Revolution) is the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from manufactory to factory. The transition from a predominantly agrarian economy to industrial production, which results in the transformation of the agrarian society into industrial society. The industrial revolution did not take place in different countries at the same time, but on the whole it can be considered that the period when these changes took place began from the second half of the 18th century and continued throughout the 19th century. A characteristic feature of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of productive forces on the basis of large-scale machine industry and the adoption of capitalism as the dominant world economic system. The term "industrial revolution" was coined by the outstanding French economist Jerome Blanqui. The industrial revolution is connected not only with the beginning of the mass use of machines, but also with a change in the whole structure of society. It was accompanied by a sharp increase in labor productivity, rapid urbanization, the beginning of rapid economic growth (before that, economic growth, as a rule, was noticeable only on the scale of centuries), and a historically rapid increase in the living standard of the population. The industrial revolution allowed only 3-5 generations to pass from an agrarian society (where the majority of the population conducted subsistence farming) to an industrial one.

Short-term, for example:

For our country, the most significant is the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, which brought global changes and influenced the historical development of many countries, if not to say, the whole world.

The French Revolution is important both for France and for the world, because it showed the whole world how to change the lives of a large number of people quickly and seriously.

The Velvet Revolutions are now in use, without casualties or upheavals.

More painful are the “color revolutions” that take place with the help of mass protests, riots, usually organized by the opposition.

evolution society revolution reform

Classifications (typologies) of societies

Highlighting the various types of societies, thinkers are based, on the one hand, on a chronological principle, noting the changes that occur over time in the organization of public life. On the other hand, certain attributes of societies are grouped. coexisting with each other at the same time. This allows you to create a kind of horizontal slice of civilizations. So, speaking of a traditional society as the basis for the formation of modern civilization, it is impossible not to note the preservation of many of its features and signs in our days.

The most established in modern social science is the approach based on the identification of three types of societies: traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial (sometimes referred to as technological or information). The basis of this approach is to a greater extent a vertical, chronological section - that is, it is assumed that one society will be replaced by another in the course of historical development. With K. Marx’s theory this approach is related in that it is primarily based on the distinction between technical and technological features.

What are the characteristics and characteristics of each of these societies? First of all, let us turn to the characteristic of a traditional society - the foundation of the formation of the modern world for us. First of all, traditional is called the ancient and medieval society, although many of its features have been preserved for a long time in later times. For example, the countries of the East - Asia, Africa bear the signs of traditional civilization today. So, what are the main features and characteristics of a traditional type of society?

First of all, in the very understanding of traditional society, it is necessary to note the focus on reproducing in an unchanged form the ways of human activity, interactions, forms of communication, organization of life, and cultural samples. That is, in this society, the established relations between people, methods of labor activity, family values, lifestyle are carefully observed.

A person in a traditional society is connected by a complex system of dependence on the community, state. His behavior is strictly regulated by the norms adopted in the family, estate, society as a whole.

Traditional society

It is distinguished by the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the majority of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, works on the land, lives on its fruits. The main wealth is considered land and the basis for the reproduction of society is what is produced on it. Mostly used manual tools (plow, plow), updating equipment and production technology is quite slow.

The main element of the structure of traditional societies is the agricultural community, the collective managing the land. The personality in such a team is poorly singled out, its interests are not clearly identified. The community, on the one hand, will limit a person, on the other hand, to provide him with protection and stability. The most severe punishment in such a society was often considered expulsion from the community, "deprivation of shelter and water." Society has a hierarchical structure, often divided into estates according to the political and legal principle.

A feature of traditional society is its closeness to innovation, the extremely slow nature of change. And these changes themselves are not considered as a value. More important - stability, stability, following the commandments of the ancestors. Any innovation is considered as a threat to the existing world order, and the attitude towards it is extremely wary. "The traditions of all dead generations gravitate like a nightmare over the minds of the living."

Czech teacher Janusz Korczak noticed the dogmatic way of life inherent in traditional society. “Prudence up to complete passivity, to ignoring all rights and rules that have not become traditional, not sanctified by authorities, not rooted by day-to-day repetition ... Everything can become a dogma - the earth, the church, the fatherland, virtue, and sin; can become science, social and political activity, wealth, any confrontation ... "

Traditional society will diligently preserve its behavioral norms, the standards of its culture from influences from outside, from other societies and cultures. The centuries-old development of China and Japan, for which a closed, self-sufficient existence and any contacts with foreigners were practically excluded by the authorities, can serve as an example of such “closeness”. A significant role in the history of traditional societies is played by the state, religion.

Of course, as trade, economic, military, political, cultural and other contacts between different countries and peoples develop, such “closeness” will be violated, often through a very painful way for these countries. Traditional societies, under the influence of the development of technology, technology, exchange, and means of communication, will enter the period of modernization.

Of course, this is a generalized portrait of a traditional society. It should be said more precisely that we can talk about traditional society as a kind of aggregate phenomenon, including the developmental features of different peoples at a certain stage, and there are many different traditional societies: Chinese, Japanese, Indian, West European, Russian and many others bearing the imprint of their culture .

We are well aware that the society of ancient Greece and the Old Babylonian kingdom significantly differ among themselves in the prevailing forms of ownership, the degree of influence of community structures and the state. While private property and the beginnings of civil rights and freedoms are developing in Greece and Rome, the traditions of despotic rule, the suppression of man by the agricultural community, and the collective nature of labor are strong in eastern societies. And, nevertheless, both of them are different variants of a traditional society.

The long-term preservation of the agricultural community - the world in Russian history, the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the peasantry as part of the population, the joint labor and collective land use of peasant communes, and autocratic power allow us to characterize Russian society over the centuries of its development as traditional.

The transition to a new type of society - industrial will be carried out quite late - only in the second half of the XIX century.

This is not to say that this traditional society is a stage past, that everything connected with traditional structures, norms, and consciousness has remained in the distant past. Moreover, considering this, we make it impossible for ourselves to orient and understand many of the problems and phenomena of the modern world. And today, a number of societies preserve the traditional features, primarily in culture, public consciousness, the political system, and everyday life.

The transition from a traditional society devoid of dynamism to an industrial type society is reflected in such a concept as modernization.

Industrial society

It is born as a result of the industrial revolution, leading to the development of large-scale industrial industry, new types of transport and communications, a decrease in the role of agriculture in the structure of the economy and the relocation of people to cities.

The “Modern Philosophical Dictionary”, published in London in 1998, contains the following definition of an industrial society: “An industrial society is characterized by an orientation of people towards ever-increasing volumes of production, consumption, knowledge, etc. The ideas of growth and progress are the “core” of an industrial myth, or ideology. A significant role in the social organization of industrial society is played by the concept of machine. The result of the realization of ideas about the machine is the extensive development of production, as well as the "mechanization" of social relations, human relations with nature ... The boundaries of the development of industrial society are revealed as the limits of extensively oriented production are discovered. "

Before others, the industrial revolution swept the countries of Western Europe. The first of their countries to implement it was Great Britain. By the middle of the 19th century, the vast majority of the population in it was employed in industry. Industrial society is characterized by rapid dynamic changes, the growth of social mobility, urbanization - the process of growth and development of cities. Contacts and ties between countries and peoples are expanding. These communications are carried out by telegraphic communication, telephone. The structure of society is changing, its foundation is not classes, but social groups that differ in their place in the economic system - classes. Along with changes in the economy and social sphere, the political system of industrial society is also changing - parliamentarism, a multi-party system are developing, and the rights and freedoms of citizens are expanding. Many researchers believe that the formation of a civil society that is aware of its interests and acts as a full partner of the state is also associated with the formation of an industrial society. To a certain extent, this particular society was called capitalist. The early stages of its development were analyzed in the XIX century. English scientists J. Mill, A. Smith, German scientist K. Marx.

At the same time, the era of the industrial revolution leads to greater unevenness in the development of various regions of the world, which leads to colonial wars, conquests, and enslavement of the weak by strong countries.

Russian society is quite late, only by the 40s of the XIX century. enters the period of the industrial revolution, and talk about the establishment in Russia of the foundations of an industrial society is possible only at the beginning of the XX century. Many historians believe that our country at the beginning of the XX century. It was an agro-industrial country. Russia was not able to complete industrialization in the pre-revolutionary period. Although it was precisely on this that the reforms initiated by S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin.

To the task of completing industrialization, that is, creating a powerful industry that would make the main contribution to the country's national wealth, the authorities returned already in the Soviet period of history.

We know the concept of "Stalinist industrialization" that came in the 1930s - 1940s. In the shortest possible time, due to the accelerated development of industry, using primarily the funds received from the robbery of the village and mass collectivization of peasant farms, by the end of the 1930s, our country had created the foundations of heavy and military industry, mechanical engineering, and gained independence from equipment supplies from abroad. But did this mean the end of the industrialization process? Historians argue. A number of researchers believe that all the same, even in the late 1930s, the main share of national wealth was formed in the agricultural sector, agriculture produced more product than industry.

Therefore, experts believe that the end of industrialization takes place in the Soviet Union only after the Great Patriotic War, by the middle - second half of the 1950s. By this time, industry had taken a leading position in the production of gross domestic product. Also, most of the country's population was employed in the industrial sector.

Post-industrial society

This is the modern stage of human development.

The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of fundamental science, engineering and technology. Science is turning into an immediate powerful economic force. The rapid changes that spanned a number of spheres of life in modern society made it possible to talk about the entry of the world into the post-industrial era. In the 1960s, the term was first proposed by the American sociologist D. Bell. He also formulated the main features of such a society: the creation of an extensive sphere of the economics of services, an increase in the layer of qualified scientific and technical specialists, the central role of scientific knowledge as a source of innovation, ensuring technological growth, and the creation of a new generation of intellectual technology. Following Bell, the theory of post-industrial society was developed by American scientists J. Galbraith, O. Toffler.

The basis of the post-industrial society was the structural restructuring of the economy, carried out in Western countries at the turn of the 1960s-1970s. Instead of heavy industry, the leading positions in the economy were taken by knowledge-intensive industries, the “knowledge industry”. The symbol of this era, its foundation is the microprocessor revolution, the mass distribution of personal computers, information technology, electronic communications. The pace of economic development and the speed of transmission of information and financial flows to a distance increase many times. With the advent of the world in the post-industrial, information age, there is a decrease in employment in industry, transport, industrial sectors, and, on the contrary, the number of people employed in the service sector and the information sector is growing. It is no coincidence that a number of authors call the post-industrial society informational or technological.

Describing modern society, a modern American researcher P. Drucker notes: “Today, knowledge is already applied to the field of knowledge itself, and this can be called a revolution in the field of management. “Knowledge quickly turns into a determining factor in production, relegating both capital and labor to the background.”

Scientists who study the development of culture, spiritual life, introduce another name in relation to the modern, post-industrial world - the era of postmodernism. (By the era of modernism, scientists understand industrial society). If the concept of post-industrialism mainly emphasizes differences in the sphere of economics, production, methods of communication, then postmodernism covers, first of all, the sphere of consciousness, culture, behavior patterns.

The new perception of the world, according to scientists, is based on three main features.

Firstly, the end of faith in the possibilities of the human mind, a skeptical questioning of everything that European culture considers rational. Secondly, the collapse of the idea of \u200b\u200bunity and universality of the world. A postmodern understanding of the world is based on plurality, pluralism, and the absence of common models and canons for the development of various cultures. Thirdly, the era of postmodernism considers the person differently, “the individual as responsible for the formation of the world, resigns, he is out of date, he is recognized as being connected with the prejudices of rationalism and discarded.” The sphere of people’s communication, communications, collective agreements comes to the fore.

As leading signs of a society of postmodernism, scientists note the increasing pluralism, multivariance and diversity of forms of social development, changes in people's values, motives and incentives.

The approach we have examined summarizes the main milestones of human development, focusing primarily on the history of Western Europe. Thus, it substantially narrows down the possibility of studying specific features and development features of individual countries. He draws attention, first of all, to universal processes. Much remains outside the field of vision of scientists. In addition, willy-nilly, we take for granted the point of view that there are countries that have pulled ahead, there are those who are successfully catching up with them, and there are those who hopelessly lagged behind, having not had time to jump onto the bandwagon of the last car of the modernization vehicle rushing forward. The ideologists of the theory of modernization are convinced that it is precisely the values \u200b\u200band development models of Western society that are universal and represent a guideline for development, imitation for all.

The concept of social progress

Starting a new business for himself, a person believes that it will be successfully completed. We believe in the best and hope for the best. Our grandfathers and fathers, undergoing all the hardships of life, war years, working tirelessly, were convinced that we, their children, would get a happy life, easier than the one that they lived. And it always has been.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the Europeans expanded the expanses of the Oikumena (Promised Land), opening the New World, when new branches of science began to appear, the word "progress" appeared.

This concept is based on the Latin word progressus - forward movement.

In the modern scientific dictionary, social progress has come to mean the totality of all progressive changes in society, its development from simple to complex, the transition from a lower level to a higher one.

However, even inveterate optimists, convinced that the future should inevitably be better than the present, realized that the update process does not always go smoothly and progressively. Sometimes, a backward movement follows a rollback - a backward movement, when society can slide into more primitive stages of development. This process has been called "regression." Regression is opposed to progress.

Also in the development of society, we can distinguish periods when there is no obvious improvement, progressive dynamics, but there is no movement back. This condition was called the word "stagnation" or "stagnation." Stagnation is an extremely dangerous phenomenon. It means that “braking mechanisms” are activated in society, that it is not able to perceive the new, the advanced. A society in a state of stagnation rejects this new one, striving at all costs to maintain the old, obsolete structures, and opposes renewal. Even the ancient Romans emphasized: “If you do not move forward, you move back” ..

And progress, and regression and stagnation do not exist separately in human history. They are intricately intertwined, succeed each other, complement the picture of social development. Often when studying historical events, for example, reforms or revolutions, you came across such a concept as “counter-reforms”, “reactionary turn”. For example, when considering the “great reforms” of Alexander II, which affected all spheres of Russian society, led to the overthrow of serfdom, the creation of nonsense bodies of local self-government (zemstvos and city councils, an independent judiciary), we cannot but note the reaction that followed - “counter-reforms” of Alexander III. This usually happens when innovations are too significant, fast and the social system does not have time to adapt to them successfully. Inevitable comes the correction of these changes, a kind of "shrinkage" and "utruska". The famous Russian publicist M.N.Katkov, a contemporary of the "great reforms", wrote that Russia has gone too far along the path of liberal reforms, that it is time to stop, look back, and comprehend how these changes relate to Russian reality. And, of course, amend. As you know from the lessons of history, it was in the 1880s and early 1890s that the powers of the jury were limited, and tighter control over the activities of zemstvos by the state was established.

Significant upheaval caused reforms for Peter I in our country, in the words of A. Pushkin, "raising Russia on its hind legs". And to a certain extent, as the modern Russian historian A. Yanov aptly defined, it took “de-deproization” of the country after the death of Tsar Peter. In other matters, the reaction should not be considered only in a negative way. Although most often, at the lessons of history, we are talking specifically about its negative side. The reaction period is always curtailing reforms, attacking the rights of citizens. "Arakcheevschina", "Nikolaev reaction", "gloomy seven years" - these are examples of such an approach. But the reaction is different. It can be a response to both liberal reforms and conservative transformations.

So, we noted that social progress is a complex and ambiguous concept. In its development, society does not always follow the path of improvement. Progress can be supplemented by regressive periods and stagnation. Consider another side of social progress that convinces us of the contradictory nature of this phenomenon.

Progress in one of the areas of social life, for example, in science and technology, does not necessarily have to be supplemented by progress in other areas. Moreover, even that which we consider progressive today may turn into a catastrophe tomorrow or in the foreseeable future. We give an example. Many of the great discoveries of scientists, for example, the discovery of x-rays or the phenomenon of fission of the uranium nucleus, brought to life new types of terrible weapons - weapons of mass destruction.

Further, progress in the life of one of the countries does not necessarily entail progressive changes in other countries and regions. History gives us many such examples. The Central Asian commander Tamerlan contributed to the significant flourishing of his country, the cultural and economic upsurge of its cities, but due to what? Due to the robbery and ruin of other lands. The European colonization of Asia and Africa contributed to the growth of wealth and living standards of the peoples of Europe, but in some cases preserved the archaic forms of social life in the countries of the East. We will touch upon another problem that touches on the topic of the progress of society. Speaking of “better” or “worse”, “high” or “low”, “primitive” or “complex” - we always mean the subjective characteristics inherent in people. Progressive for one person, may not be one for another. It is difficult to talk about progress, when we mean the phenomena of spiritual culture, the creative activity of people.

Social development will be influenced by both objective factors that do not depend on the will and desire of people (natural phenomena, cataclysms), as well as subjective ones, determined by people's activities, their interests, aspirations, and capabilities. It is the action of the subjective factor in history (of man) that makes the concept of social progress so complex and contradictory.

Social progress and modernization

A generalizing concept, reflecting the process of renewal, development of society, is the concept of “modernization”. This is the extremely broad sense of this concept.

However, more often speaking of “modernization”, we have in mind a different understanding of this process within the framework of the so-called theory of modernization. This is the narrow meaning of this concept, that is, consideration as a process of transition from a development of a traditional type of society devoid of dynamism to an industrial society. Further, we use modernization in the narrow sense. In this case, historically, modernization coincides with the transition from a feudal society to a capitalist society and is organically linked to the industrial revolution and the processes that it brings to life.

Thinkers distinguish several faces (sides) of modernization. Thus, economic modernization is understood as the industrial revolution, that is, the transition from the manufacturing stage of production to the factory, from manual labor to the widespread dissemination of machine production. - Social modernization seems to be the crowding out of the estates (groups of people that differ by political and legal grounds) by social classes (groups of people who differ by their place in the division of labor, in relation to property, social wealth).

The political side of modernization includes the formation of parliamentarism, a multi-party system, and democratic institutions of interaction between society and government.

Spiritual modernization involves the formation of a new picture of the world, a change in the role of science in society, the formation of a new spiritual image of man.

This understanding of modernization sins with a certain one-sidedness, paying attention mainly to economic processes - the industrial revolution, the birth of engineering and technology of a new generation. The remaining processes are considered as secondary, indirect.

Modern Russian philosophers A.S. Akhiezer and S. Ya. Matveeva offer their interpretation of modernization that can overcome this economic determinism. They see in modernization, above all, changes in value orientations, guidelines for the development of society.

S. Ya. Matveeva understands modernization as “a process of non-catastrophic (that is, not implying destruction, breakdown of previous structures and relations) transformation of society, the perception and adaptation of the culture of innovation and cultural values \u200b\u200bby the host culture." The host culture is a traditional type of society. The values \u200b\u200bof an industrial society are accepted. Moreover, each culture, each people masters new (in fact, Western European) norms and values \u200b\u200bin its own way. There is no uniform borrowing model for all.

It is very important to understand modernization as a non-catastrophic process, that is, one that does not lead society to destruction, destruction, and the destruction of its underlying foundations. A catastrophe in a certain sense is also considered a gap in the continuity of development, loss of connection with one's own past, interruption of historical continuity. This understanding of modernization in our country, Russia, is especially important. Since over the course of the 20th century we had to survive in fact two national-state disasters that led to the collapse of the former statehood. This is the revolution of 1917 that buried the Russian Empire, and the events of 1991-1992, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of post-Soviet states. The new Russian statehood is very young, it totals only one and a half decades. By historical standards, this is an extremely short time. And an analysis of the lessons of the past, an understanding of how important it is to carry out transformations, reforms, not allowing the destruction of the entire system of social relations, breaking the connection between generations, continuity of historical development - a necessary element in the formation of modern Russia.

Bibliography

1. Belokrylova O.S., Mikhalkina E.V., Bannikova A.V., Agapov E.P. Social Studies. Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2006.

2. Kasyanov V. Century. Social studies. Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2007.

3. Kokhanovsky V. P., Matyash G. P., Yakovlev V. P., Zharov L. V. Philosophy for secondary and special educational institutions. Rostov n / a, 2008.

4. Kravchenko A. I. Social studies. M .: Russian word, 2006.

5. Kurbatov V. I. Social studies. Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2007.

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The multivariance of social development. Typology of societies

The life of every person and society as a whole is constantly changing. Not a single day and hour we have lived is like the previous ones. When are we talking about a change? Then, when it is clear to us that one state is not equal to another and something new has appeared that has not been before. How do all changes take place and where are they directed?

At every single moment in time, a person and his associations are affected by many factors, sometimes disagreeable and multidirectional. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about any clear, distinct arrow-shaped line of development characteristic of society. The processes of change are complex, uneven, their logic is sometimes difficult to grasp. The winding paths of social change are manifold.

Often we come across such a concept as “social development”. Let's think, but how will change in general be different from development? Which of these concepts is broader, and which is more specific (it can be entered into another, considered as a special case of the other)? Obviously, not every change is development. But only that which involves complication, improvement and is associated with the manifestation of social progress.

What drives the development of society? What can be hidden behind each new stage? The answers to these questions should be sought first of all in the very system of complex social relations, in internal contradictions, conflicts of different interests.

Impulses of development can come both from society itself, its internal contradictions, and from the outside.

External pulses can be generated, in particular, by the natural environment, by space. For example, climate change on our planet, the so-called "global warming," has become a serious problem for modern society. The answer to this "challenge" was the adoption by a number of countries of the world of the Kyoto Protocol, ordering to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In 2004, Russia also ratified this protocol, committing itself to environmental protection.

If changes in society occur gradually, then new things accumulate in the system rather slowly and sometimes imperceptibly for the observer. And the old, the previous, is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous. We do not feel the conflict and denial of the new old. And only after some time we exclaim with surprise: "How everything has changed around!". Such gradual translational changes we call evolution. The evolutionary path of development does not imply a sharp breakdown, the destruction of previous social relations.

The external manifestation of evolution, the main way of its implementation is reform. Under reform we understand the imperious action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life in order to give society greater stability and stability.

The evolutionary path of development is not the only one. Not all societies could solve pressing problems through organic gradual transformations. In an acute crisis affecting all spheres of society, when accumulated contradictions literally blow up the existing order, the revolution. Every revolution taking place in society implies a qualitative transformation of social structures, the demolition of the old order and rapid innovation. The revolution releases significant social energy, which is not always able to be controlled by the forces that initiated the revolutionary changes. The ideologists and practitioners of the revolution seem to be releasing "gin from the bottle." Subsequently, they try to drive this "genie" back, but this, as a rule, does not work out. The revolutionary element begins to develop according to its own laws, often confusing its creators.

That is why in the course of the social revolution, spontaneous, chaotic principles often prevail. Sometimes revolutions bury those people who stood at their origins. Or the results and consequences of the revolutionary explosion are so significantly different from the original tasks that the creators of the revolution cannot but admit defeat. Revolutions give rise to a new quality, and it is important to be able to timely translate further development processes into evolutionary channels. In the XX century, Russia experienced two revolutions. Particularly severe shocks fell on our country in 1917-1920.

As history shows, many revolutions were replaced by reaction, a rollback to the past. We can talk about various types of revolutions in the development of society: social, technical, scientific, cultural.

The significance of revolutions is differently evaluated by thinkers. So, for example, the German philosopher K. Marx, the founder of scientific communism, considered revolutions "the engines of history." At the same time, many emphasized the destructive, destructive effect of revolutions on society. In particular, the Russian philosopher N. A. Berdyaev (1874–1948) wrote the following about the revolution: “All revolutions ended in reactions. It is inevitable. That is the law. And the more violently and fiercely the revolutions were, the stronger the reactions. There is a kind of magic circle in the alternations of revolutions and reactions. ”

Comparing the ways of transforming society among themselves, the famous modern Russian historian P.V. Volobuev wrote: “The evolutionary form, firstly, made it possible to ensure the continuity of social development and thereby preserve all the accumulated wealth. Secondly, contrary to our primitive ideas, evolution was accompanied by major qualitative changes in society, not only in productive forces and technology, but also in spiritual culture, in the way of life of people. Thirdly, to solve the new social problems that arose during the evolution, she adopted the method of social transformation, such as reforms, which in their “costs” were simply incomparable with the gigantic cost of many revolutions. Ultimately, as historical experience has shown, evolution is able to provide and maintain social progress, giving it a civilized form. ”

Typology of societies

Highlighting the various types of societies, thinkers are based, on the one hand, on a chronological principle, noting the changes that occur over time in the organization of public life. On the other hand, certain attributes of societies coexisting with each other at the same time are grouped. This allows you to create a kind of horizontal slice of civilizations. So, speaking of a traditional society as the basis for the formation of modern civilization, it is impossible not to note the preservation of many of its features and signs in our days.

The most established in modern social science is the approach based on the allocation three types of societies: traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial (sometimes referred to as technological or informational). The basis of this approach is to a greater extent a vertical, chronological section, i.e., it is assumed that one society will be replaced by another in the course of historical development. With the theory of K. Marx, this approach is related in that it is primarily based on the distinction between technical and technological features.

What are the characteristics and characteristics of each of these societies? We turn to the characteristic traditional society - the foundations of the formation of the modern world. Ancient and medieval society is primarily called traditional, although many of its features are preserved in later times. For example, the countries of the East, Asia, Africa retain the signs of traditional civilization in our days.

So, what are the main features and characteristics of a traditional type of society?

In the very understanding of traditional society, it is necessary to note the focus on reproducing in an unchanged form the ways of human activity, interactions, forms of communication, organization of life, and cultural samples. That is, in this society, relations between people, methods of work, family values, and lifestyle are carefully observed.

Traditional society it is distinguished by the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the majority of the population is employed precisely in the agricultural sector, works on the land, lives on its fruits. The main wealth is considered land, and the basis of the reproduction of society is what is produced on it. Mostly hand tools are used (plow, plow), updating equipment and production technology is quite slow.

The main element in the structure of traditional societies is the agricultural community: the collective that manages the land. The personality in such a team is poorly singled out, its interests are not clearly identified. The community, on the one hand, will limit a person, and on the other, provide him with protection and stability. The most severe punishment in such a society was often considered expulsion from the community, "deprivation of shelter and water." Society has a hierarchical structure, often divided into estates according to the political and legal principle.

The Czech teacher J. Korczak noticed the dogmatic way of life inherent in traditional society: “Prudence up to complete passivity, to ignoring all rights and rules that have not become traditional, not sanctified by authorities, not rooted by day-to-day repetition ... Everything can become a dogma - and the earth , and the church, and the fatherland, and virtue, and sin; can become science, social and political activity, wealth, any confrontation ... "

Traditional society will diligently protect its behavioral norms and standards of its culture from outside influences from other societies and cultures. The centuries-old development of China and Japan, for which a closed, self-sufficient existence and any contacts with foreigners were practically excluded by the authorities, can serve as an example of such “closeness”. A significant role in the history of traditional societies is played by the state, religion.

Of course, as trade, economic, military, political, cultural and other contacts between different countries and peoples develop, such “closeness” will be violated, often by a very painful way for these countries. Traditional societies, under the influence of the development of technology, technology, and means of communication, will enter a period of modernization.

Of course, this is a generalized picture of a traditional society. More precisely, we can talk about traditional society as a kind of cumulative phenomenon, including features of the development of different peoples at a certain stage. There are many different traditional societies (Chinese, Japanese, Indian, West European, Russian, etc.) bearing the imprint of their culture.

We are well aware that the society of ancient Greece and the Old Babylonian kingdom significantly differ in the prevailing forms of ownership, the degree of influence of community structures and the state. While private property and the beginnings of civil rights and freedoms are developing in Greece and Rome, the traditions of despotic rule, the suppression of man by the agricultural community, and the collective nature of labor are strong in eastern societies. Nevertheless, both are different variants of a traditional society.

The long-term preservation of the agricultural community, the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the peasantry as part of the population, the joint labor and collective land use of peasant communes, and autocratic power allow us and the Russian society to characterize it as traditional for many centuries. Transition to a new type of society - industrial- It will be carried out quite late - only in the second half of the XIX century.

This is not to say that traditional society is a stage past, that everything connected with traditional structures, norms, consciousness, has remained in the distant past. Moreover, considering this, we make it difficult for ourselves to understand many problems and phenomena from the temporary world. And today, a number of societies preserve the traits of tradition, primarily in culture, public consciousness, the political system, and everyday life.

The transition from a traditional society devoid of dynamism to an industrial type society reflects such a concept as modernization.

Industrial society born as a result of the industrial revolution, leading to the development of large-scale industry, new types of transport and communications, the reduction of the role of agriculture in the structure of the economy and the relocation of people to cities.

The Modern Philosophical Dictionary, published in 1998 in London, contains the following definition of industrial society:

An industrial society is characterized by an orientation of people to constantly increasing volumes of production, consumption, knowledge, etc. The ideas of growth and progress are the "core" of an industrial myth, or ideology. A significant role in the social organization of industrial society is played by the concept of machine. The consequence of the realization of ideas about the machine is the extensive development of production, as well as the “mechanization" of social relations, human relations with nature ... The boundaries of the development of industrial society are revealed as the limits of extensively oriented production are discovered.

Before others, the industrial revolution swept the countries of Western Europe. The first of the countries that implemented it was Great Britain. By the middle of the XIX century, the vast majority of its population was employed in industry. Industrial society is characterized by rapid dynamic changes, the growth of social mobility, urbanization - the process of growth and development of cities. Contacts and ties between countries and peoples are expanding. These communications are carried out by telegraph and telephone. The structure of society is also changing: its foundation is not social classes, but social groups that differ in their place in the economic system, - classes. Along with changes in the economy and social sphere, the political system of industrial society is also changing - parliamentarism, a multi-party system are developing, and the rights and freedoms of citizens are expanding. Many researchers believe that the formation of a civil society that is aware of its interests and acts as a full partner of the state is also associated with the formation of an industrial society. To a certain extent, such a society was called capitalist. The early stages of its development were analyzed in the 19th century by English scientists J. Mill, A. Smith, and the German philosopher K. Marx.

At the same time, during the era of the industrial revolution, unevenness in the development of various regions of the world intensifies, which leads to colonial wars, conquests, and enslavement of weak countries by strong ones.

Russian society is quite late, only by the 40s of the 19th century it is entering the period of the industrial revolution, and the establishment of the foundations of an industrial society in Russia was noted only by the beginning of the 20th century. Many historians believe that at the beginning of the 20th century our country was agrarian-industrial. Russia was not able to complete industrialization in the pre-revolutionary period. Although it was precisely on this that the reforms initiated by S. Yu. Witte and P. A. Stolypin were directed.

By the end of industrialization, that is, the creation of a powerful industry that would make the main contribution to the country's national wealth, the authorities returned already in the Soviet period of history.

We know the concept of "Stalinist industrialization", which came in the 1930s-1940s. In the shortest possible time, at a accelerated pace, using primarily the funds received from the robbery of the village and the mass collectivization of peasant farms, our country by the end of the 1930s laid the foundations for heavy and military industry, machine building and ceased to depend on supplies of equipment from abroad. But did this mean the end of the industrialization process? Historians argue. Some researchers believe that even in the late 1930s, the bulk of national wealth was still formed in the agricultural sector, that is, agriculture produced more product than industry.

Therefore, experts believe that industrialization in the Soviet Union ended only after the Great Patriotic War, in the middle - second half of the 1950s. By this time, industry had taken a leading position in the production of gross domestic product. Also, most of the country's population was employed in the industrial sector.

The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of fundamental science, engineering and technology. Science is turning into an immediate powerful economic force.

The rapid changes that spanned a number of spheres of life in modern society made it possible to talk about the entry of the world into post-industrial era. In the 1960s, the term was first proposed by the American sociologist D. Bell. He formulated and main features of a post-industrial society: the creation of an extensive sphere of the economics of services, an increase in the layer of qualified scientific and technical specialists, the central role of scientific knowledge as a source of innovation, ensuring technological growth, the creation of a new generation of intelligent technology. Following Bell, the theory of post-industrial society was developed by American scientists J. Gal Braith and O. Toffler.

Basis post-industrial society became a structural reorganization of the economy, carried out in Western countries at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s. Instead of heavy industry, the leading positions in the economy were taken by high-tech industries, the “knowledge industry”. The symbol of this era, its foundation is the microprocessor revolution, the mass distribution of personal computers, information technology, electronic communications. The pace of economic development and the speed of transmission of information and financial flows to a distance increase many times. With the entry of the world into the post-industrial, information age, there is a decrease in the employment of people in industry, transport, industrial sectors, and vice versa, the number of people employed in the service sector and in the information sector increases. It is no coincidence that a number of scientists call the post-industrial society informational or technological.

Describing modern society, the American researcher P. Drucker notes: “Today, knowledge is already applied to the field of knowledge itself, and this can be called a revolution in management. “Knowledge quickly turns into a determining factor in production, relegating both capital and labor to the background.”

Scientists who study the development of culture, spiritual life, in relation to the post-industrial world, introduce another name - postmodern era. (By the era of modernism, scientists understand industrial society. - Note. Auth.) While the concept of post-industrialism mainly emphasizes differences in the sphere of economics, production, methods of communication, then postmodernism primarily covers the sphere of consciousness, culture, and behavior patterns.

The new perception of the world, according to scientists, is based on three main features.

Firstly, at the end of faith in the possibilities of the human mind, skeptical questioning of everything that European culture has traditionally considered rational. Secondly, the collapse of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity and universality of the world. A postmodern understanding of the world is based on plurality, pluralism, and the absence of common models and canons for the development of various cultures. Thirdly: the era of postmodernism considers the person differently, “the individual, as the person responsible for the formation of the world, resigns, he is outdated, he is recognized as being connected with the prejudices of rationalism and discarded. The sphere of people’s communication, communications, collective agreements comes to the fore.

As the main features of post-modern society, scientists call increasing pluralism, multivariance and diversity of forms of social development, changes in the system of values, motives and incentives of people.

The approach we have chosen in a generalized form represents the main milestones of human development, focusing primarily on the history of Western Europe. Thus, it substantially narrows down the possibility of studying specific features and development features of individual countries. He draws attention primarily to universal processes, and much remains outside the scope of scientists. In addition, willy-nilly, we take for granted the point of view that there are countries that have pulled ahead, there are those that are successfully catching up with them, and those that are hopelessly behind, not having time to jump into the last car of the modernization vehicle rushing forward. The ideologists of the theory of modernization are convinced that it is precisely the values \u200b\u200band development models of Western society that are universal and are a guide for development and a role model for all.

Society structure

Social Institutions:

organize human activity in a specific system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of human behavior in various areas of public life;
include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral;
streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;
provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features:

It is characterized by a wide variety of different social structures and subsystems.
Society is not only people, but also social relations arising between them, between spheres (subsystems) and their institutions. Social relations are diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as relationships that arise between different social groups (or within them).
Society is able to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for its own existence.
Society is a dynamic system, it is characterized by the emergence and development of new phenomena, the obsolescence and withering away of old elements, as well as the incompleteness and alternative development. The choice of development options is carried out by a person.
Society is characterized by unpredictability, non-linearity of development.
Functions of the company:
   - reproduction and socialization of man;
   - production of material goods and services;
   - distribution of labor products (activities);
   - regulation and management of activities and behavior;
   - spiritual production.

The structure of socio-economic formation

Productive forces - these are means of production and people with industrial experience, skills for work.
Relations of production - the relations of people that take shape in the production process.
Type of add-ons predominantly determined by the nature basis. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the belonging of a particular society.
The authors of the approach highlighted five socio-economic formations:

primitive communal;
slaveholding;
feudal;
capitalist;
communist.

Selection criterion socio-economic formations is production activities of people, the nature of labor and methods of inclusion in the production process (natural necessity, non-economic coercion, economic coercion, labor becomes the need of the individual).
Driving force of development society is a class struggle. The transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out as a result of social revolutions.

Strengths of this approach:

   - it is universal: almost all nations went through the indicated stages (in one volume or another) in their development;
   - it allows you to compare the levels of development of different peoples in different historical periods;
   - It allows you to track social progress.

Weaknesses:

- does not take into account the specific conditions and signs of individual peoples;
- pays more attention to the economic sphere of society, subordinating to it all the rest.

The staged civilization approach (W. Rostow, Toffler)
The basis of this approach is the understanding of civilization as a stage in the process of the progressive development of mankind, in its ascent up the stairs leading up to a single world civilization.
Proponents of this approach distinguish three types of civilizations: traditional, industrial, post-industrial (or information society).

Description of the main types of civilizations

Criteria for comparison	Traditional (agrarian) society	Industrial (Western) Society	Postindustrial (informational) society
Features of the historical process	Long, slow evolutionary development, the absence of clear boundaries between eras	Abrupt, spasmodic, revolutionary development, the boundaries between eras are obvious	The evolutionary development of society, revolution only in the scientific and technical sphere, globalization of all spheres of public life
Relations between society and nature	Harmonious relationships without destructive effects, the desire to adapt to nature	The desire to rule over nature, active transformative activity, the emergence of a global environmental problem	Awareness of the essence of the global environmental problem, attempts to solve it, the desire to create the noosphere - the "sphere of reason"
Features of economic development	The leading sector is the agricultural sector, the main means of production is land, is in community ownership or incomplete private, as the supreme owner is the ruler	Industry predominates, the main means of production is capital, which is privately owned.	The prevailing service sector and information production, global economic integration, the creation of multinational corporations
Social structure of society	A rigid closed caste or estate system, the level of social mobility is low or absent	Open class social structure, high level of social mobility	An open social structure, the stratification of society by income, education, occupational characteristics, a high level of social mobility
Features of the political system, regulation of public relations	The predominance of monarchical forms of government, the main regulators of social relations are customs, traditions, religious norms	The prevalence of republican forms of government, the creation of a rule of law, the main regulator of public relations
The position of the individual in society	The personality is absorbed by the community and the state, the rule of collectivist values	Individualism, individual freedom

It is easy to see that all these types of changes are closely related. Changes in one species entail changes in other species. When analyzing real social phenomena, it is not easy to distinguish one type of change from another or others. Nevertheless, it is necessary to try to do this, because such differentiation makes it possible to have a clearer, concrete understanding of social Reality and the real changes that are taking place in it.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that directly social changes are interconnected with other changes taking place in society - economic, political, technological, etc. The nature of this relationship is very complicated, ambiguous and ambiguous. For example, the actual practice of post-socialist transformations in our country and other countries has shown that certain government policies in the economic sphere cause the most varied - the expected, and mostly not expected, social consequences, and often the absence of the social changes that they expected . So changes in one species or in one sphere of society as a whole affect changes in other species or in other areas of society, but this effect is neither automatic nor unambiguously predictable. Therefore, each situation, each case of social change requires a comprehensive and detailed concrete analysis of the totality of interacting factors.

The main trends of modern world development

At all times, mankind has been worried about the mysterious and unknown flow of time, about the evolution of humanity, the world, the Universe. State, country, civilization - all of them are subject to theories, concepts that determine the type, periodization, and which quite clearly predict the final fading or a new round in the development of society.

Currently, the concepts of social revolutions and reforms, as well as social progress, are distinguished.

When considering the issue of social revolutions and reforms, it must be taken as an axiom that truth is always concrete. Therefore, neither reform nor revolution can be absolutized. Both the social revolution and social reform, although different, but interconnected aspects of social development. Both of these forms lose their meaning without each other. Both are known to history. We know the great revolutions well, but there have been great, wonderful reforms. For example, the reforms of the ancient ruler of Solon, the reforms carried out under the leadership of the American President Roosevelt, the reforms initiated at the beginning of the 20th century by the Russian Minister P.A. Stolypin, the reforms implemented in the 20-30s of the twentieth century by the President of Turkey Ataturk.

In a modern democratic state, where there is a civil society, great opportunities are opening up to prevent social conflicts, to resolve them in time, preventing the disintegration of society and social cataclysm. Most often, revolutionary political and social explosions are the result of the inability of power structures and socio-political forces to carry out overdue fundamental reforms and social transformations.

As for the theory of social progress, the classical ideas about it regard it as a gradual movement of mankind towards ever higher levels of civilization. Moreover, the movement is inevitable in nature, continues, despite all the vicissitudes of history, deviations, accidents. The full prosperity of society, the achievement of this state in all structures of society - this is the goal of the progressive movement.

Social sciences criticized the optimistic idea of \u200b\u200blinearly progressive development of mankind, which underlies the paradigm of sociocultural progress. The twentieth century, with its unprecedented disasters - political, environmental, military, gave rise to doubts and disappointment in the theory of progress. The idea of \u200b\u200ba crisis that has embraced the minds of millions of people, has become the leitmotif of public opinion, helps to consolidate the pessimistic forecasts of the future of mankind. If earlier the crisis situation was considered as a temporary phenomenon, now they speak and write about crisis processes as the norm. Crises are "normalized", sociologists, political scientists, cultural scientists discover crises everywhere and in everything. Belief in progress is lost, optimistic reasoning about social evolutions and reasoning is not justified.

But can it be argued that the idea of \u200b\u200bprogress, the only alternative of which only universal despair can burn, has exhausted its purpose, because “not a single idea was important or as important as the theory of progress” (R. Nisbet) for three millennia? What are the arguments of critics of linear, progressive theories of development? First, facts contradict existence. Any universal and eternal linear trends, universal stages of evolution, relating to all of humanity, to any communities and countries. And in fact, studies by historians, archaeologists, ethnographers have shown that most human societies existed and disappeared in the initial stages of development. And today there are societies that still remain at the earliest stages of evolution. Only a few nations were able to create great civilizations. Secondly, a simplified scheme was criticized: the ancient world - the Middle Ages - New time. In the same way, the Marxist theory of “socio-economic formations” was rethought, which sought to accommodate the complex, contradictory rhythm of different cultures in the framework of a single scheme. In addition, in the twentieth century, there was a full realization that the events that were crucial for Europe were not at all such for other nations. For example, the fall of the Roman Empire, which signified the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages for European peoples, did not have such a meaning for the population of Japan, India, and China. The same can be said of the Battle of Kulikovo, which was of importance primarily for the peoples of Russia. The stages of the history of various civilizations, as can be seen, do not fit into the concept of Eurocentrism, which emphasizes the presence of various historical periods and cultures, the presence of cultural pluralism in the world.

So, the very concept of progress has changed. “The progress of mankind, - as N. Danilevsky wrote,“ consists not in going in one direction, but in ensuring that the entire field, which constitutes the field of historical activity, proceeds in different directions. ”

Home and life. Psychology. Technics. State. Finance. Health. the Internet

Social changes in society. Social Change and Community Development

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