S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Ah, union. 1. Connects sentences or members of a sentence, expressing opposition, comparison. He went and I stayed. Write with a pen, not a pencil. Handsome, not smart. 2. Attaches sentences or members of a sentence with the meaning of adding something. in a sequential presentation, with the meaning of explanation, objection, strengthening, transition to another thought. There is a house on the mountain, and a stream under the mountain. It would be a swamp, but there are devils (last). What are you. are you doing today? and tomorrow? It's not his fault. - And who is to blame, if not him? 3. Control. at the beginning of interrogative and exclamation sentences, as well as at the beginning of a speech to enhance expressiveness, persuasiveness (often in combination with pronouns, adverbs, and other conjunctions). And how much fun we will have! Still, I disagree. * And also (and), union - expresses accession, amplifying or comparative addition. A skilled driver as well as a locksmith. Filmed in films, as well as on television. And then - 1) union, otherwise, otherwise. Hurry, otherwise you will be late; 2) in reality, but in reality. If it were so, then everything is the other way around; And then! (otherwise how!) (simple.) - in response, expresses: 1) confident agreement, confirmation. Freeze? - And then! Frost in the yard; 2) ironic disagreement, denial: Will he go? Wait! Otherwise, the union is the same as that (in 1 meaning). And even, the union - adds a message about something. undesirable or unexpected. He will scream, or even beat.

A2, particle (colloquial). 1. Indicates a question or response to someone else's. the words. Let's go for a walk, huh? Why don't you answer? - AND? What? 2. Enhances circulation. Vanya, and Vanya! 3. [pronounced with varying degrees of duration]. Expresses clarity, satisfied understanding. Ah, so it was you! Why didn't you call? - The phone did not work! - Oh! Ah, so what's the matter!

A3 [pronounced with varying degrees of duration], int. Expresses annoyance, bitterness, as well as surprise, gloating and other similar feelings. What have I done? - Oh! Oh, I got caught!

Ah ..., prefix. Forms nouns and adjectives with meaning. absence (in words with a foreign language root), the same as "not", eg. asymmetry, illogical, immoral, arrhythmic, asynchronous.

ABAZHUR, -a, m. Cap for lamp, lamp. Green a. 11 app. lampshade, th, th.

ABAZINSKY, th, th. 1.See Abaza. 2. Relating to the Abazins, to their language, national character, lifestyle, culture, as well as to the territory of their residence, its internal structure, history; such as the Abaza. A. language (Abkhazian-Adyghe group of Caucasian languages). In Abaza (adv.).

ABASINS, -in, units -inets, -ntsa, m. People living in Karachay-Cherkessia and in Adygea. II f. Abazinka, -and. II adj, Abaza, th, th.

ABBAT, -a, m. 1. Abbot of the male Catholic monastery. 2. Catholic priest. II app. abbey, th, th.

ABBATISA, -y, well. Abbess of a female Catholic monastery.

ABBY, -a, cf. Catholic monastery.

ABBREVIATIONS, -y, well. In word formation: a noun formed from truncated word segments (for example, executive committee, Komsomol), from the same segments in combination with a whole word (for example, maternity hospital, spare parts), as well as from the initial sounds of words or the names of their initial letters (for example ., university, automatic telephone exchange, Moscow art theater, computer, SKV), compound abbreviated word. II app. abbreviated, th, th.

ABERRATION, -and, well. (specialist.). Deviation from something, as well as distortion of something. A. light rays. A. optical systems (distorted images). A. ideas (translation). II app. aberrational, th, th.

ABZATS, -a, m. 1. Red line, indent at the beginning of the line. Start writing with a paragraph. 2. Text between two such indents. Read the first a.

ABISSINSKY, th, th. 1.see the Abyssinians. 2. Relating to the Abyssinians, to their language, national character, lifestyle, culture, as well as to Abyssinia (the former name of Ethiopia), its territory, internal structure, history; such as the Abyssinians in Abyssinia. In Abyssinian (adv.).

ABISSINTSY, -ev, v. -nets, -ntsa, m. Former name of the population of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), Ethiopians. II f. Abyssinian, and. II app. Abyssinian, th, th.

ABITURIENT, -a, m. 1. High school graduate (outdated). 2. A person entering a higher or special educational institution. II f. applicant, -and. II app. entrant, th, th.

SUBSCRIPTION, -a, m. A document granting the right to use something., Something. service, as well as the very right. A. to the theater. A. for a cycle of lectures. Interlibrary a. II app. subscription, th, th.

SUBSCRIBER, -a, m. The person using the subscription, who has the right to use something. by subscription. A. libraries. A. telephone network (person or institution that has a telephone). II f. subscriber, -and (colloquial). II app. subscriber, th, th.

SUBSCRIBE, -wry, -you; -anny; owls. and unsov. that. Get (-to) by subscription, become (be) a subscriber of something. A. lodge in the theater.

ABORDAZH, -a, m. In the era of rowing and sailing fleets: an attack on an enemy ship in close proximity to it for hand-to-hand combat. Take on a. (also translated). II app. boarding, th, th.

ABORIGEN, -a, m. (Book). A native of the country, locality. II f. aboriginal, and (colloquial).

ABORIGENOUS, th, th. Relating to the aborigines, to their life, to the places of their original habitat; such as the aborigines.

ABORTION, -a, m. Premature termination of pregnancy, spontaneous or artificial, miscarriage.

ABORTIVE, th, th (special). 1. Suspending or drastically changing the development, course of the disease. A. method. Abortive remedies. 2. Underdeveloped. Abortive organs of plants. II noun abortion, -and, f. (to 2 values).

ABRAZIV, -a, m. (Special). A hard, fine-grained or powdery substance (flint, emery, corundum, carborundum, pumice, garnet) used for grinding, polishing, sharpening. II app. abrasive, th, th. Abrasive materials. A. tool (grinding, polishing).

ABRACADABRA, -y, well. A senseless, incomprehensible set of words [initial: a mysterious Persian word that served as a saving magic spell].

ABREK, -a, m. During the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia: a mountaineer who participated in the struggle against the tsarist troops and administration.

ABRIKOS, -a, born med. -ov, m. Southern fruit tree sem. rosaceous, giving juicy sweet fruits with a large stone, as well as its fruit. II app. apricot, th, th s apricot, th, th.

APRIKOSOVY, th, th. 1.see apricot. 2. Yellow-red, ripe apricot color.

ABRIS, -a, m. (book). Outline of an object, contour. II app. outline, th, th.

ABSENTHEISM [sente], -a, m. (Book). Evasion of voters from participation in elections to state bodies. II app. ab-senteistic, th, th.

ABSOLUT, -a, m. (Book). 1. In philosophy: the eternal, unchanging fundamental principle of all that exists (spirit, idea, deity). 2. Something self-sufficient, independent of any others. conditions and relationships. Erect something. in a.

ABSOLUTISM, -a, m. The form of government, in which the supreme power belongs entirely to the autocratic monarch, unlimited monarchy. adj. absolutist, th, th.

ABSOLUTE, th, th; -ten, -tna. 1.full f. Unconditional, not dependent on anything, taken out of comparison with anything. The absolute value of a real number (in mathematics: the number itself, taken without a + or - sign). A. zero (temperature at -273.15 ° C). A. champion (athlete - winner in all-around, in some other types of competitions). 2. Perfect, complete. A. rest. He is absolutely (adv.) Right. The absolute majority (overwhelming majority). Absolute monarchy (autocracy). A. hearing (hearing that accurately determines the pitch of any tone). II noun absoluteness, -and, well. (to 2 values).

ABSTRACT, -you, -you; -a-nny; owls. and not sov. that (book.). Produce (lead) an abstraction (in 1 value) of something.

The dictionary of the Russian language by S.I.Ozhegov is the very first of those published in Russia (USSR) after the October Revolution to date, a unique one-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. For the first time in Russian lexicography, a one-of-a-kind explanatory dictionary was compiled - a normative manual accessible to all, created to promote the improvement of the speech culture of wide strata and designed to serve as a guide to the correct use of words, the correct formation of word forms, correct spelling and pronunciation. In this dictionary, from the whole vast variety of vocabulary of the modern literary Russian language, its extract was formed, in a concise and accessible form the traditions of Russian literary speech that developed in the middle of the last century are described. The work on the dictionary, which appeared for the first time in 1949, began immediately before the Great Patriotic War. In the compilation of the initial edition of the dictionary, prof. V.A. Petrosyan, G.O. Vinokur, and also Acad. SP Obnorsky as editor-in-chief.

SI Ozhegov did not stop working on the dictionary until the end of his life, improving its composition and structure. In an enlarged and revised version, the dictionary was published twice during his lifetime - in 1960 and 1952 (the rest of the versions were stereotyped). The second and fourth editions of the dictionary, revised by the author, were fundamentally different from the first in terms of volume (it increased by almost 40 author's sheets) and also in content. SI Ozhegov intended to prepare a revised and enlarged edition for publication, but death prevented the implementation of these plans.

The dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov is the first and so far the only one-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, published in our country after 1917. For the first time in Russian lexicography, a dictionary of a special type was created - a normative publicly available manual designed to promote the culture of speech of the broad masses and to be a guide to the correct use of words, correct formation of forms, correct pronunciation and spelling. In this dictionary, from the whole variety of vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, its main composition was selected, in a compact and popular form the norms of Russian literary speech, which had developed by the middle of the 40s of the XX century, were described. Work on the dictionary, first published in 1949, began on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The preparation of the first edition was attended by prof. G.O. Vinokur, V.A.Petrosyan, and also Acad. SP Obnorskiy as editor-in-chief of the dictionary.

Since 1949, the dictionary has been reprinted 8 times, with a total circulation of 1 million 750 thousand copies. Multiple reprints of the dictionary indicate that this book is needed by the general reader. People of various professions receive here a variety of and necessary information about the modern Russian language: interpretation of the meanings of words, indications of the scope of their use, their grammatical forms, stylistic characteristics, phraseological connections, etc.

SI Ozhegov until the end of his life worked on the dictionary, improving its structure and composition. In a revised and supplemented form, the dictionary was published twice during his lifetime - 1952 and 1960 (the rest of the editions were stereotyped). Both the second and fourth editions of the dictionary, corrected by the author, significantly differed from the first both in volume (it increased by almost 40 author's sheets) and in content. SI Ozhegov intended to prepare a new, additional and revised edition for publication, but death prevented him from realizing this plan.

After the death of SI Ozhegov in 1964, the publishing house found it necessary to continue work on improving the dictionary in the direction that was determined by SI Ozhegov. It was decided to prepare a new, supplemented and revised edition. With a request to carry out this work, the Publishing House turned to the Doctor of Philology prof. N. Yu. Shvedova, who in 1952 carried out the lexicological edition of the second edition.

The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov is an extensive dictionary of the Russian language, containing more than eighty thousand words and phraseological expressions. This dictionary is a handbook for any linguist. The dictionary contains words and phraseological units that relate to literary vocabulary and related spheres of the Russian language. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary is also presented. All words and phraseological units are described and explained in detail. Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Burns

The book is written in a fairly simple and understandable language, which makes it convenient to use it without having a linguistic education. With the help of this dictionary, you can learn how to correctly build polysemantic words, correctly understand and apply grammatical and accentological characteristics of a word. All words are accompanied by a detailed article on the type of phraseological expression, what it is associated with and what influenced its creation.

Using the Ozhegov Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, you can easily and quickly find the definition and interpretation of an unfamiliar word, learn how to use it correctly and learn many words and expressions unknown to you until that moment.

The last edition was in 2015 and it is the twenty-seventh. This dictionary is a revised and supplemented edition of the classic "Dictionary of the Russian language" by SI Ozhegov. The new edition of the Dictionary includes about 100,000 words, scientific terms, dialectisms and archaisms, stable phraseological combinations; while maintaining the general structure and nature of the presentation of the material. New words and expressions reflect not only changes in the socio-political, scientific and cultural life of Russia over the past 40-50 years, but also the actual linguistic processes of our time. The dictionary contains vocabulary actively used in various areas of the Russian language. A dictionary entry includes the interpretation of a word, examples of its use in speech, reveals its phraseological and word-formation capabilities; the stress is indicated and in difficult cases pronunciation, the stylistic characteristics are given. Dictionary entries that in the previous edition were given in a special appendix and new additions are distributed in the general text and are highlighted with a special polygraphic sign.

Once Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov (1900 - 1964) arrived with colleagues in Leningrad. At the station, I asked the taxi driver to take them to the Academy. It meant, of course, the Leningrad branch of the Academy of Sciences. The taxi stopped in front of ... the theological academy. The driver clearly wondered where else could such a fine-looking man with a gray beard and old-fashioned manner go? Not otherwise than a priest.
Sergei Ozhegov really had priests in his family: his mother was the grand-niece of Archpriest Gerasim Petrovich Pavsky, author of the book "Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language." And he himself had a deep respect for Orthodoxy. In his famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" Ozhegov included many words that describe the phenomena of church culture, for which many colleagues took up arms against him.

However, Ozhegov generally had to listen to a lot of criticism. After all, he had a chance to compose the first popular one-volume explanatory dictionary in Russia - a real “visiting card” of Russian vocabulary. And opinions about what words should be included there were very different.

In the obituary to Ozhegov, Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky wrote: “Experiencing the strongest pressure from both the defenders of the clichéd, clogged speech, and from the stubborn retrograde purists, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov did not yield to anyone. And this is quite natural, because the main property of his charming personality is wise balance, calm, bright faith in science and in the Russian people, who will sweep away from their language everything false, superficial, ugly. "

Sergei Ozhegov worked hard to get people to pronounce the words correctly: he edited the reference books "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" (1955), "Correctness of Russian speech" (1962), consulted radio announcers. Meanwhile, his own surname was often pronounced incorrectly ("Burns"), thinking that it comes from the word "burn". In fact, it is formed from the word "burn" (with an emphasis on the first syllable) - this is how a stick was called in the Urals, which was dipped into molten metal to find out if it could be poured.

1. "Dictionary corpses"

The scientist Fedot Filin, when Ozhegov was preparing his dictionary for publication in 1950, wrote him a critical letter, in which he met this vivid and not at all scientific expression: "dictionary corpses."

2. "Depraved meaning"

Ozhegov participated in the compilation of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov: he is the author of a whole third of the entries in this dictionary. The dictionary was being prepared in the second half of the 1930s, and, of course, passed the censorship, which found fault with the word "mistress", supposedly having a "depraved meaning". This nagging may seem especially comical to someone who knows the history of the Russian language and is familiar with the poetry of the 19th century, where this word simply means a loving girl and does not mean anything else. But in any case, during Ozhegov's time the word had already acquired a modern meaning, and the picky censor insisted that such a phenomenon - and a word - did not exist in the Soviet Union. References to literature did not convince the examiner. Then Ozhegov showed humor and cunning: he knew that, coming from Leningrad to Moscow, the censor stayed with a woman. "Who is this lady to you?" Sergei Ivanovich asked him. Here the censor had to make concessions, leaving the insidious word in the dictionary.

3. Dictionary under the bombs

During the Second World War, Ozhegov worked on his "Dictionary of the Russian language", as well as on the "Dictionary to the plays of AN Ostrovsky". After the first bombing of Moscow in 1941, he sent his family to Tashkent, and he himself enlisted in the militia. But it turned out that he, as a prominent scientist, was "armored" - and he could not get to the front. Then Sergei Ivanovich became the director of the Institute of Language and Writing of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and remained in this post until the return of the previous leadership from the evacuation. His belief that the Germans would not be able to take Moscow was unshakable. This is how he spent the war: in Moscow, at his old desk, in the light of a kerosene lamp, under the roar of bombings, working on compiling dictionaries. We add that the Dictionary to the Plays of A. N. Ostrovsky was later banned and its entire set was scattered. The reprinted edition of the surviving prints appeared only in 1993 - almost 30 years after the death of the author.

4. Yezhov and intelligence

The word "intelligence" is also not neutral for the Soviet era. Therefore, the author of the dictionary had to make a compromise: the dictionary, one of the principles of which was brevity and conciseness, contained a huge quote that in the capitalist countries the state security bodies are hated by the working masses, and in the USSR, on the contrary, they enjoy the respect and love of the people. The quote was taken from N.I. Yezhov - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. However, at the last moment, Ozhegov suddenly removed his name, that is, in fact, he violated the copyright of the People's Commissar. After that, he received a call to the Lubyanka. And there ... the scientist suddenly began to find out how he learned that the People's Commissar Yezhov was removed at the same time - after all, they had not even had time to report this in the newspapers!

5. Leninist is not lazy

In the Ozhegov dictionary, there are no words-names of city residents. You cannot find the words "Minsker", "Perm" or "Irkutsk residents" there, but the word "Leningrader" is there - at least in the second edition of the 1952 dictionary. This word is also a product of the special logic of the Soviet censorship, which did not like the fact that the words "lazy" and "Leninist" were neighbors. The matter, of course, did not come to a change in the alphabet, so it was decided to separate the incompatible neighbors with the word "Leningrader". Indeed, some Leningraders are truly lazy!

6. The enlightened prisoner

They say that at least one person was saved by Ozhegov's dictionary - or rather, helped him get out of prison. The young man was imprisoned for rape, and his term under this article was the maximum. In his spare time, he took from the prison library the fourth edition of the dictionary that had just arrived there (1960) and looked at the meaning of the word "rape." After that, the prisoner sent a letter to the prison authorities. The letter explained that in his case no violence was committed: everything happened by mutual consent, and the girl simply took revenge on him for refusing to marry her. Surprisingly, the young man got the case reviewed and was released.

On the initiative of Ozhegov in 1958, the Russian Language Reference Service was created at the Institute of the Russian Language - free consultation on issues related to the correctness of the Russian speech.

During Ozhegov's lifetime, 6 editions of his dictionary were published: the second and fourth were revised, the rest were stereotyped. In March 1964, already seriously ill, he wrote an official appeal to the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" that he found it inappropriate to publish the dictionary further in a stereotypical way. We need to prepare a new edition: include new vocabulary, revise the definitions of some words, etc. The plans were not destined to come true: on December 15, 1964, Ozhegov died due to a medical error.

Since 1972, the dictionary has been published under the editorship of student S.I. Ozhegova Natalia Yulievna Shvedova. From edition to edition, the vocabulary increased and reached 80 thousand words. Since 1992, both names have appeared on the cover. Both the heirs of Ozhegov, to whom the publishing house did not pay them a fee (they have the right to do so until 2014), and some linguists were outraged - due to the fact that the principle of brevity and compactness formulated by Ozhegov was violated in the dictionary, archaisms were included and even explicitly profanity. For example, it contains one very popular word with the letter "g", rhyming with the word "long ago", a word with the letter "z", which rhymes with the word "Europe". In 2003, the "canonical" fourth edition of the 1960 dictionary (with minor updates) was published under the editorship of LI Skvortsov.

DICTIONARY, -I, m. 1. A collection of words (usually in alphabetical order), fixed expressions with explanations, interpretations or translation into another language. Explanatory s. Encyclopedic p. Phraseological p. Bilingual c. Terminological p. Dictionaries of synonyms, homonyms, antonyms. S. morpheme (interpreting the significant parts of words). 2.units A set of words language, as well as words used in some n. one work, in the works of some n. writer or generally used by someone. The richness of the Russian dictionary. Poetic s. Pushkin. He speaks English with difficulty: his s. very poor. || decrease. dictionary, -a, m. (to 1 value). || adj. vocabulary, th, th. Dictionary entry (a chapter of the dictionary dedicated to a single word or phraseological unit included in its title). C. stock.

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Brief annotation: One-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova contains 80,000 words and phraseological expressions (including heading words, derived words), placed in the word-formation nest, and phraseological expressions and idioms. The words and phraseological units included in the dictionary refer to the general literary Russian vocabulary, as well as to the special spheres of the language interacting with it; in the explanatory dictionary is also widely represented vernacular vocabulary used in literature and in colloquial speech. The dictionary entry includes the interpretation of the meaning, characteristics of the structure of a polysemantic word, examples of use, information about the compatibility of the word, grammatical and accentological (if necessary, also orthoepic) characteristics of the word. The dictionary entry is accompanied by a description of those phraseological expressions that are generated by this word or are somehow associated with it. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers: it can be used both by those who are starting to study the Russian language and by those who are fluent in it and refer to the explanatory dictionary to clarify or replenish their knowledge.

A.S. Pushkin

Dictionary of Pushkin's language: in 4 volumes / Ed. acad. USSR Academy of Sciences V.V. Vinogradov. - 2nd ed., Add. / The Russian Academy of Sciences. Inst rus. lang. them. V.V. Vinogradov. - M .: Azbukovnik, 2000.

Brief annotation: This book is the 2nd edition of the "Dictionary of Pushkin's Language" in four volumes (Moscow, 1956-1961), supplemented by "New Materials for Pushkin's Dictionary" (Moscow, 1982), given in the section "Supplements to the Dictionary" ... It is the most complete and theoretically developed dictionary of the writer's language. It describes more than 20,000 words of the Russian language found in the artistic and journalistic works of A.S. Pushkin, as well as in his letters and business papers. For each word, a dictionary entry has been developed, which shows the number of cases of its use in Pushkin's texts, formulates its meanings, illustrated with quotations and provided with a complete list of word usage, containing an indication of grammatical forms and links to all texts in which this word occurs; the functioning of the word as part of phraseological combinations is shown separately. Each volume also contains annexes that present the book's help material. Especially for the 2nd edition, the "Alphabetical Index of Poems" was compiled. The book "Dictionary of Pushkin's Language" is a lexicographic monument and will be of interest to philologists, as well as to everyone who is interested in the Russian language and its history.