Ruminant animals. Artiodactyl mammals chewing gum. These include Johnston’s okapi, deer, deer, giraffes, antelopes, cattle, sheep and goats. All ruminants, except for deer, have a four-chamber STOMACH. They got their name ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- (animals). The Old Testament Law classified animals, for whom the hooves and J. were bifurcated, to pure animals; their meat could be eaten (Leo 11: 3 et seq. Deuteronomy 14: 6). An exception among chewing gum was a camel, jerboa and a hare, because they … Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia

- (Ruminantia), artiodactyl suborder. Known from the Upper Eocene; come from primitive deer. For the most part slender, high-legged animals, with four, less often two fingers with hooves. Top, no incisors; instead, a dense corpus callosum ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

Ruminants - GUM, Ruminantia, a group of artiodactyl mammals (Artiodactyla) belonging to the order of ungulates (Ungu lata). The legs of artiodactyls carry an even number of fingers due to reduction of the first finger; the second and fifth fingers are usually developed ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Ruminants ... Wikipedia

- (Ruminantia) suborder of mammals of the artiodactyl order. The stomach in most of J. consists of 4 departments: scar, mesh, books and abomasum; some of them have no 3rd department (book). In the process of digestion plays an important role ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (Cotylophora) A group of mammals containing typical ruminants. This name is based on the structure of the fetal organs during fetal development. In mammals, it is on the outer germinal membrane (serous) of the embryo ... ...

Mammals in which the placenta (placenta, see) is equipped with villi, more or less evenly distributed over the entire surface of the serous membrane (chorion), and is called vague, or spilled (placenta diffusa). These include: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (Bovidae) ** * * The family of bovids, or bovines, is the most extensive and diverse group of artiodactyls, includes 45 50 modern genera and about 130 species. Gentle animals make up a natural, clearly defined group. No matter ... ... Life of animals

Domestic artiodactyl ruminants of the family of bovids of the genus of real bulls. Came from a wild bull tour. It is bred mainly because of milk and meat. The average annual milk yield of dairy cows is 4 5 thousand kg, the maximum is about 20 thousand kg; ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Tall legs, in most cases (slender animals). The number of fingers is two or four, but functionally the limb is always two-fingered, since the lateral fingers, if any, are underdeveloped and, under normal conditions, usually do not touch the soil when walking. Metapodia of the lateral rays of the foot and hand are reduced to one degree or another and do not articulate with the bones of the tarsus and wrist; from lateral metapodia usually only proximal or distal vestiges are preserved; often, especially on the hind limbs, they disappear altogether. Metapodia of the middle (III and IV) rays, as a rule, are merged and form an unpaired bone. The ulna in the distal and middle parts is significantly reduced, often grows together with the radius. The tibia is subjected to even greater reduction; from it, as a small independent bone, only the distal end, the so-called ankle bone, articulating with the tibia, calcaneus and calcinus (astragalus) and functionally part of the tarsus, is preserved. An exception is members of the deer family (Tragulidae), in which the tibia is more fully preserved and merges with the tibia in the lower half. In the wrist, a small polygonal bone (trapezoideum) merges with the capitate (capitaturn s. Magnum) or is rudimentary; a large polygonal bone (trapezium) disappears or merges with previous bones. In tarsus, a merger of the cuboid bone (cuboideum) with the scaphoid (naviculare) is characteristic of all ruminant groups. The second and third sphenoid bones (cuneHorme II and III) also merge into one. On the distal articular block of the middle metapodia there is one or another pronounced median crest. The bases of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae are perforated by a channel for the passage of the vertebral arteries.

Unlike the callosus, the final phalanges of the ruminant fingers are dressed with real hooves. Instead of the coracoid process, the lower arch of the atlas carries only a slightly protruding tubercle on the ventral surface. The tooth-like process of the second cervical vertebra (epistrophy) has the shape of a hollow half-cylinder. The thoracic vertebrae are thirteen, rarely fourteen.

The mastoid (mastoid) part behind the scaly bone extends to the outer surface of the skull. The eye socket is always closed. The frontal bones usually carry some form of outgrowths, horns. The sagittal sagittal crest on the skull is not developed, even though the parietal scallops on both sides are in contact with each other. The articular fossa for articulation with the lower jaw and the articular condyle of the latter are transversely elongated. The front and orbital part of the lacrimal bone are developed evenly. On its front surface there is often a preorbital fossa for the preorbital skin glands. Between the lacrimal, nasal, frontal and maxillary bones, many forms have so-called ethmoid fissures.

Incisors in the upper jaw are absent. In the lower, they have a scapular or chisel shape. The upper fangs can also disappear, but in hornless forms, on the contrary, they are strongly developed and protrude from the oral cavity downwards (deer, musk deer). The fangs of the lower jaw are adjacent to the incisors and take the form of the latter. Posterior teeth are cinque (selenodont). Some groups develop hypsodontia. Anterior (premolar) form a continuous row with posterior. The first premolar does not develop. The second premolar does not have the shape of a canine, like that of camels. There is a significant toothless gap between the fangs and molars.

The skin has a normal hairline, consisting of thinner than pigs, awn and thin, delicate fluff (undercoat). The formation of a thick subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue does not take place. In addition to the mammary, sebaceous and sweat glands inherent in all mammals, and on the skin of most ruminants, a number of special skin glands, characteristic only of them, are formed. The main ones are:

1. Inter-hoofed, or interdigital in the form of a bag-like or bottle-shaped invagination of the skin, opening either between the bases of the hooves, or slightly higher on the front side of the limbs;

2. The preorbital glands of various sizes and shapes, located in the corresponding recesses on the surface of the lacrimal bones of the skull;

3. Carpal glands, externally protruding in the form of a pillow or a bundle of hair on the anterior (dorsal) side of the limbs, lower than the wrist joint (available only in some gentle.

4. Tarsal (tarsal) and metatarsal (metatarsal) glands, also having the form of pillows or tufts of protruding hair; the former are located on the inner (medial) side of the hock (ankle) joint, and the latter are lower, on the inside of the metatarsus;

5. Inguinal glands - bag-shaped invaginations of the skin in the back of the abdomen on the sides of the mammary gland (available only in some gentle.

The skin glands secrete a different secretion and odor secretion, which probably serves for the recognition and tracing of animals by each other. The function of some glands is associated with sexual activity. The presence or absence of individual glands in some cases is a systematic sign of a particular group.

The stomach is complex, divided into clearly delimited four (rarely three) departments: a scar, a net, a book and an abomasum. Actually the stomach, its digestive part, represents only the last of the named departments. In the process of digestion, belching of food swallowed in the first part of the stomach and its secondary chewing (chewing gum) takes place. The placenta is plural cotyledon, with the exception of deer. The mammary gland is two- or four-lobed, located in the posterior part of the abdominal wall.

The evolution and classification of ruminants

Ruminants appeared on the geological scene in the Eocene in the form of small forms, which, compared to non-ruminants, occupied an insignificant place in the fauna of that era. Currently, they represent the most progressive and numerous group of ungulates that have not yet survived their heyday. The evolution of ruminants went in the direction of adapting to eating exclusively plant foods and running fast as a means of salvation from enemies and a way to use vast, but scarce and devoid of watering fodder areas. Associated with this: the shape of the molar molars adapted to chewing hard plant foods, lengthening of the middle and reduction of the lateral rays of the four-fingered limb, which functionally turns into a two-fingered limb, strengthening of the central rays (III and IV) and fusion of their metapodia into one unpaired bone, which increases limb fortress. The complication of the stomach is also associated with the adaptation to food of indigestible, rich in fiber, plant foods and with protection from possible enemies. The voluminous first section of the stomach, the scar, allows the animal to swallow hastily a large number of weakly or completely unsatisfied food and process it in a shelter, in a calm environment. Under the influence of saliva and microorganisms that break down cellulose (ciliates), food in the rumen macerates and burps up in small portions for secondary chewing in the oral cavity. Re-chewed, it is supplied for further processing by digestive juices and bacteria in the following sections of the stomach and intestines. This direction of evolution allowed small at first ruminants to become winners in life struggle and crowd out most of the groups of ungulates less adapted to changing environmental conditions.

Like other groups of pair-fingered, ruminants originate from primitive Lower or Middle Eocene Paleodonts (Palaeodonta). Their earliest representatives appeared in the second half of the Eocene.

Morphologically close and, most likely, a direct ancestor of modern higher ruminants (Resoga) was the genus Gelocus Aymard from the lower Oligocene of Europe. The upper incisors of Gelocus were lost, the anterior premolars did not have the shape and position of the canine. On the hind limbs, the middle metapodia already merged into one bone, but on the forelimbs were still separate. It is close to modern deer (Tragulidae) and is sometimes included with them in the same family. Gelocus itself can be considered as one of the immediate ancestors of the bovids (Bwidae). The divergence that started early in the Gelocidae group led to the appearance of forms (the genera Lophiomeryx, Prodremotherium and some others) that served as the source for other families of the Resoga.

Of the other extinct groups of ancient ruminants, protoceratids (Protoceratidae), the probable descendants of hypertragulides that existed from the Lower Oligocene to the Lower Pliocene in the territories, should be mentioned. North America. Representatives of this group for the first time in the history of pair-fingered appeared horns. The latter represented two or three pairs of bone outgrowths on the maxillary, nasal and frontal bones, probably covered with skin with hair, as in modern giraffes. In the modern fauna, protoceratids left no descendants.

Modern ruminants comprise five or six families.

1. Deer (Tragulidae), the most primitive group that has preserved a large number of archaic features common to the common ancestors of the suborder. There are no horns. The elbow, tibia, as well as the bones of the lateral rays of the wrist are fully preserved, although to a lesser extent. The metapodia of the central rays completely merged only on the hind limbs; on the front they remain either completely independent, or only partially merge. Only three departments are developed in the stomach, the book remains in its infancy. The placenta is diffuse. Includes only two modern genera: Tragulus brisson from southeast Asia and Hyemoschus Gray from Equatorial Africa.

All the rest, the so-called higher ruminants, have a fully developed tarsus on all limbs, a four-parted stomach, a plurality of cotyledon placenta, and are usually combined into a superfamily (or infraorder) of the Resoga, including the other five families.

Class - Mammals

Infraclass - placental

Suborder - ruminants

Literature:

1. I.I. Sokolov "Fauna of the USSR, Ungulates" Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1959.

The systematic suborder Ruminant:

Family: Antilocapridae Gray, 1866 \u003d Pronghorn

Family: Moschidae Gray, 1821 \u003d Musk deer

The Ruminant suborder includes wild and domesticated forms of animals.Of the representatives of the suborder, it is worth noting the domestic cattle and small cattle, and of the wild animals - bison, bison, buffalos, yaks, mountain sheep and goats, antelopes, deer, giraffes. The suborder includes about 160 species of ungulates of different sizes.

Dimensions small, medium and large. Body type the majority are slim, limbs are long, four or two-fingered. The terminal phalanges of the fingers carry real hooves. Hoofed animals. The lateral fingers (if the extremity is four-fingered) are underdeveloped, and when walking, as a rule, do not touch the soil. Sexual dimorphism is usually well defined. Most species have horns. With few exceptions, all ruminants have specific skin glands on the head, groin, and extremities. One or two pairs of nipples are located in the groin.

Ruminants are characterized, first of all, a kind of digestion process- the presence of chewing gum. Roughly chewed food first gets into the first section of the complex stomach - the scar, where it is fermented under the influence of saliva and the activity of microorganisms. From the rumen, food moves to the second part of the stomach - a mesh with a cellular structure of the walls. From here, it burps back into the oral cavity, where it undergoes grinding with teeth and is abundantly moistened with saliva. The resulting semi-liquid mass is again swallowed and enters the third part of the stomach - a book, the walls of which form parallel folds - leaves. Here, the food is somewhat dehydrated and passes into the last part of the stomach - abomasum, where it is exposed to gastric juice.
For ruminants, the absence of incisors in the upper jaw is characteristic; they are functionally replaced by a solid cross roller.
On molars there are folds of enamel shape. The intestines of ruminants are very long. The mammary glands form an udder located in the groin of the female, with 2-4 nipples. In most species, horns of various shapes and structures sit on the frontal bones of the skulls of males (and sometimes females). Usually these are slender animals capable of running fast. Their fingers II and V are embryonic or completely reduced. The metacarpal bones of the III and IV fingers on the forelimbs and the metatarsals on the hind legs are fused into massive bones, which, together with a partial reduction of one of the bones of the forearm and lower leg, gives the limbs a rod-like structure - a sign that has developed as an adaptation to running (as well as a reduction in the number of fingers) .
Usually polygamy. Inhabitthe most diverse biotopes. Usually kept in herds, sometimes very significant. Only representatives Tragulidae - single animals. They feed on various plants, mainly herbs. There are 1-2 cubs in the litter, and only 4-7 in the water deer.
At representatives of the Bull family (Bovidae) males, and sometimes females have horns formed by conical (straight or curved) bone outgrowths of the frontal bones of the skull, wearing horn covers. In almost all species (except the American pronghorn), they are not subject to annual change. There are no fangs in the upper jaw.
Of the wild animals of the fauna of our country, this family includes bison, mountain goats and sheep, saigas, gazelles, zerens, chamois and gorals. Mighty wild bulls - bison were formerly widespread in the forests of Europe, but later were almost completely exterminated. Currently, they have been able to reproduce them again, and now herds of bison graze in a number of reserves.
Several species of wild mountain goats live within the CIS in the Caucasus, in the mountains of Central Asia and in Altai. They inhabit the alpine zone, holding on to rocks and in alpine meadows. Usually grazed in small herds. Two species of wild sheep live in the CIS: one of them is mountain sheep ( Ovis ammon) found in the mountains and foothills of southern Siberia, Central Asia and the Caucasus, acclimatized in the Crimea. It inhabits the highland steppes (syrty), the foothills of the foothills, mountain outcrops among the steppe; the other is a rhino ( Ovis canadensis), which differs from a mountain sheep in thick horns, lives in the mountains of the northern regions Far East, Yakutia and Taimyr. Both species are valuable hunting animals. In the steppes of the Lower Volga and Kazakhstan, huge herds of saigas now roam Saiga tatarica), which 50 years ago were very rare animals here. Now they serve as an object of intensive fishing. In the deserts of Central Asia there is a slender gazelle - gazelles ( Gazella gutturosa) In connection with a sharp reduction in the number entered in the Red Book of Russia.
Cattle bred by humans evolved from a tour widespread in Europe and Asia ( Bos taurus), exterminated already in historical time. In the Caucasus, buffaloes are also bred, which differ from cattle in almost naked skin and huge lunate horns. These animals are the domesticated form of wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee) In the mountains of the Pamirs and Altai, you can meet herds of domesticated bulls - yaks ( Bos mutus) Our domestic sheep lead their family tree from wild mountain sheep ( Ovis ammon), and goats - from a kind of wild bezoar goat ( Capra aegagrus), and now found in the mountains of Transcaucasia and Western Asia.
Kinds deer family (Cervidae) are characterized by the fact that their males, while the reindeer and females wear branched bone horns on their heads, replaced annually. Of the wild representatives of this family in the CIS, moose, northern, noble and sika deer and roe deer are found. In the northern regions of the country and in the south of Siberia, domesticated reindeer are bred, which are used as transport animals, they receive meat, milk, fur and leather skins from them. In the south of the Far East and Altai, sika deer and red deer (a species of red deer) are bred to obtain antlers - young horns that grow back after the annual shift and have not yet had time to ossify. From antlers make a valuable medicine - pantocrine.
Suborder includes 6 families. Prosperous group

Many authors wrote novels about horses and composed songs. These animals are mentioned in many poems, books, films, series, they played a very important role in them, served as a wonderful backdrop. What is so magical in this word - a horse that many are not able to talk about these animals indifferently? The little beloved pony - this horse is the dream of almost every girl. Well, almost every boy in childhood wants to become an excellent rider.

Noble eyes, long ears, an ideal design, an impeccable voice (they can very beautifully laugh) and thick hair (we are talking about wool and mane) - this is what the horse characterizes.

Man's irreplaceable friend

Domestic horse is a mammal belonging to the order of equidae and the family of equidae. It was domesticated about 3.5 thousand years BC in what is now Kazakhstan. Since ancient times, people have valued the power, speed and intelligence of horses. There is no exaggeration in the statement that these beautiful animals changed our lives and had an impact on historical development. Modern are a symbol of strength, courage and beauty, and many people call their relations with people friendship.

Thanks to horses, people were able to overcome great distances in a shorter time, which brought development in communication and trade. They played an equally important role in the development of industry. In addition, many historical battles were won precisely because of the cavalry.

Currently, these animals are rarely involved in hard, physical work, they are increasingly bred for sporting purposes to participate in races and other competitions. It is also worth noting that many rich people are passionate about breeding horses as a hobby. for such people? The answer is simple: an excellent means of earning.

Origin history

The immediate ancestors of modern domestic horses were wild horses, which at present can only be found in the open territories of Africa and Asia. The oldest living species is Przewalski’s horse, but the Arabian horses, of course, belong to the Arabian horses in beauty and grace. It was the crossing of representatives of this breed with the European that laid the foundation for the spread of new breeds.

Certain needs and climatic conditions have formed a number of features in individual breeds. Breeds with long, strong legs are the fastest, and animals with a massive body have proven themselves in work. Individuals with long hair and mane feel good in a cold, harsh climate.

The anatomy of these four-legged animals is almost the same, however, they can differ in the proportions of individual parts of the body and color, that is, the color of the coat.

Classification

• Class: Mammals.
• Squad: Ostrich.
• Family: Horse.
• Gender: Horses.
• Species: Wild Horse.
• Subspecies: Domestic horse, Przewalski's horse, tarpan (extinct).

Breeds

Breeds of horses - this is their division by origin, that is, there are natural breeds and artificially grown by humans by crossing individuals. For an example of a natural breed, one can cite who originally lived only on the Shetland Islands. For an example of an artificially obtained breed, you can cite a purebred English horse, which was bred for speed, which is why it participates mainly in racing.

Horse Description - Species:

Thoroughbreds;

Cold-blooded (with a strong, massive construction - work horses and ponies);

Warmblood (mixed).

In general, there are more than 350 species of horse breeds.

Horse evolution

Over the centuries, these four-legged ones have adapted to survive in open areas covered with sparse vegetation. They grew up in ecosystems in which mainly ruminant domestic animals grazed, so they had a slow pace of development.

The earliest representatives of the equine family are small mammals from the genus Hyracotherium. They lived on Earth in the Eocene era, from 45 to 55 million years ago. Three fingers grew on their hind limbs, four on their forelimbs. Over the next centuries, extra fingers on the forelimbs disappeared, so the first representatives of modern horses appeared.

Dimensions

The height of horses, like many other four-legged animals, is measured from the base to the so-called withers - the upper fixed point of the body, that is, the junction of the neck and spine. The size of the horse depends on the breed and suit. Light domestic riding horses are 142-163 cm high at the withers and can reach a weight of 380-550 kg. Large individuals reach 157-173 cm in height at the withers, and weigh from 500 to 600 kg.

Sensory organs

The eyes of horses are large, located on the sides of the head. The angle of their view includes more than 350 degrees. They perfectly see both day and night, but do not distinguish some colors. They have a better sense of smell than humans, but worse than dogs. However, it is believed that this feeling plays an excellent role in communication between horses, as well as in detecting odors from the environment, including pheromones. They also have very well-developed hearing.

• Their life expectancy can reach 30 years. Only about 2% of individuals can survive this age threshold.
• For racehorses, speed can be 65 km / h.
• Stallions, as a rule, have better eyesight than mares, because they must be constantly awake, protecting the herd from predators.
• Horses can fall asleep while standing.
• The color of the mane and tail is usually different from the color of the coat.
• The very first breed of domestic horse was bred more than 5.5 thousand years ago.
• Horses have the largest eyes of all mammals.
• There are 205 bones in their skeleton.
• The largest stallion ever living weighed 1372 kilograms.

Owners of personal farmsteads with ruminant animals in order to receive the greatest amount of products from them and for the animals to be healthy need to know the digestion features of this group of animals.

In ruminants, of all farm animals, the stomach is the most complex — multi-chamber, divided into four sections: a scar, a net, a book, the first three sections are called pre-stomachs, the last - the abomasum is a true stomach.

Scar- the largest section of the ruminant stomach, its capacity in cattle, depending on age, is from 100 to 300 liters, in sheep and goats from 13 to 23 liters. In ruminants, it occupies the entire left half of the abdominal cavity. Its inner shell, as such, does not have glands, it is keratinized from the surface and is represented by many papillae that roughen its surface.

Grid- is a small rounded bag. The inner surface also has no glands. The mucous membrane is represented by protruding in the form of lamellar folds up to 12 mm high, forms cells along appearance reminiscent of a honeycomb. With a scar, a book and an esophagus, the mesh communicates with the esophagus groove in the form of a semi-closed tube. The net in ruminants works on the principle of a sorting organ, passing only sufficiently chopped and liquefied feed into the book.

Book- lies in the right hypochondrium, has a rounded shape, on the one hand it is a continuation of the mesh, on the other it passes into the stomach. The mucous membrane of the book is represented by folds (leaflets), at the ends of which short coarse papillae are located. The book is an additional filter and grinder of roughage. In the book there is abundant absorption of water.

Abomasum- It is a true stomach, has an elongated shape in the form of a curved pear, at the base - a thickened narrow end of which passes into the duodenum. The mucous membrane of the abomasum has glands.

Food swallowed by animals will first enter the vestibule of the scar, and then into the scar, from which, after some time, it returns to the oral cavity for re-chewing and thoroughly wetting with saliva. This process in animals is called chewing gum. Belching of the food mass from the rumen into the oral cavity is carried out according to the type of vomiting, in which the mesh and diaphragm are successively reduced, while the larynx in the animal closes and the cardiac sphincter of the esophagus opens.

Gum in animals usually starts 30-70 minutes after eating and proceeds in a rhythm strictly defined for each type of animal. The duration of the mechanical processing of a food coma in the form of chewing gum in the mouth is about one minute. Next portion food feed enters the mouth after 3-10 seconds.

The ruminant period in animals continues in average 45-50 minutes, then the animals have a dormant period, which lasts for different animals at different times, then again there is a period of chewing gum. A cow chews about 60 kg nutritional content of the scar.

The chewed food is then re-swallowed and enters the scar, where it is mixed with the entire mass of scar contents. Due to the strong contractions of the muscles of the pancreas, food is mixed and moves from the vestibule of the scar to the abomasum.

A multi-chamber stomach in ruminants performs a unique, complex digestive function. In the rumen, the animal's body uses 70-85% digestible dry matter diet but only 15-30% is used the rest of the gastrointestinal tract animal.

The biological feature of ruminants is that they consume a lot of plant foods, including roughage, which contain a large amount of hard-to-digest fiber. Due to the presence of numerous microflora in the contents of the rumen (bacteria, ciliates and fungi), plant feeds undergo a very complex enzymatic and other treatment. Quantity and species composition microorganisms in the rumen of animals depends on a number of factors, of which feeding conditions play a paramount role. At each microflora is changing at the same timeTherefore, for ruminants, the gradual transition from one type of diet to another is of particular importance. The role of ciliates in the rumen is reduced to the mechanical processing of feed and the synthesis of their own proteins. They loosen and break the fiber so that the fiber later becomes more accessible to the action of enzymes and bacteria. Under the action of cellulolytic bacteria in the stomach, up to 70% of digestible fiber is split, of which 75% of the dry matter of the feed is digested. In the rumen under the influence of microbial fermentation, a large amount of volatile fatty acids - acetic, propionic and butyric, as well as gases - carbonic, methane, etc. For a day in the rumen of a cow is formed up to 4 l of volatile fatty acids, and their ratio directly depends on the composition of the diet. Volatile fatty acids are almost completely absorbed in the pancreas and are a source for the animal energy, and also used for the synthesis of fat and glucose. When entering the abomasum, microorganisms die under the influence of hydrochloric acid. In the intestine, under the influence of amylolytic enzymes, they are digested to glucose. 40-80% received with feed protein (protein) in the rumen is exposed hydrolysis and other transformations, is broken down by microbes to peptides, amino acids and ammonia, amino acids and ammonia are also formed from non-protein nitrogen entering the rumen. Along with the processes of cleavage of vegetable protein in the rumen, synthesis occurs bacterial protein and protozoa protein. For this purpose, non-protein nitrogen (carbomide, etc.) is also used in practical activities. In a rumen per day, it can be synthesized from 100 to 450 grams microbial protein. In the future, bacteria and ciliates with the contents of the rumen enter the abomasum and intestines, where they are digested to amino acids, here the digestion of fats and conversion of carotene to vitamin A. Due to the protein of microorganisms, ruminants are able to satisfy up to 20-30% of the body's protein needs. In the rumen of animals, microorganisms present there synthesize amino acids, including and indispensable.
Along with the cleavage and synthesis of protein in the rumen occurs ammonia absorptionthat turns in the liver urea. In cases where a large amount of ammonia is formed in the rumen, the liver is not able to turn it all into urea, its concentration in the blood increases, which leads to the appearance of clinical signs in the animal toxicosis.

Lipolytic enzymes microorganisms in the rumen hydrolyze fats feed to glycerin and fatty acids, and then synthesized again in the wall of the scar.

The microflora in the rumen synthesizes vitamins: thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, biotin, folic acid, cobalamin, vitamin K in quantities that practically satisfy the basic needs of adult animals.

The activity of the scar is closely interconnected with other organs and systems and is controlled by the central nervous system. The mechano- and baroreceptors present in the rumen are irritated by stretching and contraction of the muscle layer, chemoreceptors by the environment of the rumen contents and all together affect the tone of the rumen muscle layer. The movement of each of the departments of the pancreas affects the other parts of the digestive tract. So overflowing abomasum slows the motor activity of the book, overfilling of the book weakens or stops the reduction of the grid and scar. Irritation of the mechanoreceptors of the duodenum causes inhibition of contractions of the pancreas.

Pancreatic diseases are most often observed in cattle, less often in small cattle, leading to a sharp decline in productivityand sometimes i will.

Most frequent causes of disease pre-stomachs are: untimely feeding, poor-quality feed, contamination of feed with metal objects, a quick transition from succulent feed to dry and vice versa.

One-sided abundant feeding with concentrates, beer pellet and bard or coarse malnutrition entails a violation of the function of the pancreas and metabolism.

The leading factor in the occurrence of diseases of the pancreas is a violation of the motor and microbial functions of the pancreas. Under the influence of severe irritation of mechano-, thermo-, and chemoreceptors, inhibition of scar contractions occurs, chewing gum is disturbed, digestion in the rumen is disturbed, the pH of the rumen contents changes to the acid side, the contents undergo microbial decay with the formation of toxins.