The fate of the city of Puchezh is unusual. He had two lives. The first lasted several centuries, the second began in 1952. In connection with the construction of the Gorky Hydroelectric Power Station, Puchezh fell into the flood zone, and a decision was made to move the city to a new, elevated place. The old city with its churches, merchant buildings, and a beautiful embankment disappeared forever. Some of the wooden buildings were moved to the new city, and all the stone ones were destroyed. One church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin survived, but it also suffered a bitter fate: in the early 1960s, it was dismantled. But the old city lives in the memory of people, in historical documents. The earliest surviving document mentioning Puchezh dates back to 1614, but it contains references to the petitions of the Puchezh elders and kissers from 1604 and 1594, which confirms that in the second half of the 16th century Puchezh was a significant settlement.
The name Puchezh was given by the rivers Bolshoi Puchezh (now Puschavka) and Maly Puchezh (now Rodinka), at the confluence of which the Puchezhskaya settlement was located in the small river Pushevka, where the inhabitants were engaged in crafts and trade. They did not engage in large-scale farming. The earliest information about the Puchezhans and their occupations is available in the scribe book of 1676. The Puchezhskaya settlement was included in the Order of the Grand Palace, i.e. personally belonged to the royal family and paid the quitrent to the royal treasury. Then there were 114 residential yards in the settlement, in which about 500 people lived. Traded in krashenins (painted canvases), leather, salt and soap. Of the crafts, canvas dyeing and blacksmithing were quite significant. In addition to the money levy, the Pucheans supplied the royal court with fish and salt.
Near the Puchezhskaya Slobodka, on the other side of the Puszavka River, there was a man’s monastery - the Pushavin Desert. He was small, from 6 to 20 monks lived in it at different times. In 1717, at the expense of Metropolitan Job of Novgorod and Galich, a stone church of the Resurrection of Christ was built in a monastery instead of a wooden one. Job donated a lot of valuable utensils and a shroud to the monastery in 1441. In 1918, the shroud was removed and is now stored in the collections of Kremlin museums.
In 1793, by decree of Empress Catherine II, the Puchezhskaya settlement was transformed into the Puchezh settlement. The monastery was closed by then. The convent was preserved until 1917 - a poorhouse at the Podgorny parish. In it, in a separate cell in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries, the mysterious nun Arcadia lived. In the II half of the XVIII - I half of the XIX centuries, Puchezh dramatically changed its appearance. Puchezh merchants began to buy and sell bread and flax, drove large caravans of barges to the main bread market of the country - to Rybinsk. Many Puchezh residents of the petty bourgeois class engaged in ship fishing: having their own ships (only in Puchezh they were built up to 35 a year with a carrying capacity of up to 27 thousand pounds ) podruzhshey transporting bread for Puchezh merchants. Therefore, Puchezh was one of the major centers for hiring hounds. With a population of about 1000 people, by the start of navigation, up to 6,000 were gathered. On the Puchezh market, by the middle of the 19th century, about 700,000 poods of flax were circulating per year. Vyaznikovsky merchant Joseph Senkov built a flax-spinning mill in Puchezh in 1862 with about 1000 workers.
In connection with the reforms in Russia in 1860-1870. Puchezh received elements of self-government. A zemstvo was introduced in 1863, in 1870 a city government appeared in Puchezh with a mayor at the head, and a coat of arms appeared. According to 1898, the population of the posad is 2,315 people. There were 6 churches in the village elementary School, higher elementary school, city public bank, savings bank. The change of power in 1917 was transferred to the Pucheans calmly, only re-elections were held in the city council, on which the essays won. February 25, 1918 the city Council was created. In 1924, when the population of Puchezh was already 4088 people, a city power station was built, in 1925 - the first residential buildings for workers, the city of Puchezh officially received the status of a city. In 1929, the Puchezhsky district was created, which changed its shape and area many times. In 1947, the fate of Puchezh was decided, a decision was made to build the Gorky Hydroelectric Power Station.
Now Puchezh with 9 thousand inhabitants does not look like the old one. High-rise buildings and new buildings make up the city. Among them are a flax mill, a plant for reinforced concrete structures, a construction embroidery and sewing factory, and an agricultural machinery repair enterprise.
According to the materials of the site: http://tourizm.ivanovo.ru
Additional information http://kond-nikolaj.narod.ru/puchezh-histori-01.html
Why in South Africa tropical belt occupies a much smaller area than in the North? Why does Lake Chad change its shape and area during the year? Why is Antarctica considered the highest continent on Earth?
Answers:
1) North Africa is elongated in the sub-latitudinal direction, and South in the sub-meridional direction, therefore, a feature of the Africa conciguration is the unequal land area to the north and south of the equator. The northern part of the mainland is more than twice the width of the southern: the greatest distances between the eastern and western extreme points of the northern and southern parts of the mainland are 7600 and 3100 km, respectively. 2) If not for the southern rivers Shari and Komadugu-Yobe, feeding the lake with their own waters, it would have long disappeared. These tributaries stick from the slopes of relatively low mountains, separating the Chad watershed from the basins of the great African rivers of the Nile and Congo. About 500-600 millimeters of precipitation falls during the year. This amount of moisture is enough to feed both the rivers and Lake Chad. Confronting the desert, the lake often changes its borders, and from this the surface area changes dramatically. 3) Antarctica is covered by an ice shell, the average height of which is 2040 meters (2.8 times the average height of the surface of all other continents). Near the South Pole, the thickness of the ice shell reaches 3800 meters. The total mass of frozen water concentrated in Antarctica is 30 million cubic kilometers. Under her weight earth's crust on this continent, it bent to 950 meters.
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a) Central South America;
B) South and Central parts; c) narrowed southern part mainland.
2) the length of the Amazon River is: a) 5971 km; 6) 6437 km; c) 6537 km.
3) In the Amazonian lowlands there is a unique in size and degree
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its formation:
A) the plain territory;
B) the penetration of the trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean into the interior of the mainland
C) position in equatorial latitudes;
D) cold Peruvian current along the coast of the Pacific Ocean.
4) The South American coast was mapped in the ХУ-ХУI centuries.
mainly due to swimming:
A) the British; b) Spaniards; c) the Portuguese.
5) Plains prevail in the relief of South America, but in contrast to Africa, here:
A) lowlands prevail; b) elevations and plateaus prevail;
C) lowlands and plateaus occupy approximately the same area
6) The most important distinguishing feature geographical location South America
from Africa and Australia is that South American mainland:
A) crosses the equator;
B) washed by the waters of two oceans - the Pacific and Atlantic;
7) The Guiana Plateau is formed mainly:
A) sedimentary cover of the ancient platform;
B) the protrusions of the ancient crystalline basement of the platform
C) an area of \u200b\u200bnew folding.
8) The Andes stretched: a) along the east coast; b) along the western
the coast; c) from west to east of South America.
9) The largest alpine lake in the Andes:
A) Cotopaxis; b) Titicaca; c) Chimborazo.
10) Wet equatorial forests in Yu.A. They are called: a) gilea; b) the jungle; in)
selva.
11) The descendants from the marriages of Indians with blacks are: a) sambo; b) mulattos; c) mestizos.
12) South America located in several climatic zones.
A large area on the mainland is: a) equatorial;
B) subequatorial; c) tropical climatic zone.
13) Amazonian forests - the focus of snakes. Here lives a giant water boa:
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14. The main source of moisture in the Atacama Desert are:
A) precipitation; b) fogs; c) groundwater.
15) Tropical deserts occupy a smaller area in South America than in Africa
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C) South America has a great length from north to south.
Help if anyone can, I want to pass the test normally, please help !!!1. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point of Africa?
A) 16 ° S 3 ° east
B) 10 ° N 51 ° East
B) 51 ° N 11 east
D) 16 ° N 3 ° W
2. What conclusion about the climate of Africa can be made on the basis of the fact that the mainland intersects the equator and both tropics?
3. What researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered Victoria Falls, explored Lake Nyasa?
4. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
5. In southern and eastern Africa, more than in northern:
6. In the subequatorial belt of the Northern Hemisphere in Africa, precipitation falls:
7. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west, since there:
8. The most full-flowing river in Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, these are: A) Nile, B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
9. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
10. What plant or animal is not characteristic of the savannah zone?
12. What nations live in northern Africa?
13. What is the largest country in Africa by population?
A) Egypt B) South Africa C) Algeria D) Nigeria
2) What is the absolute height of the territories of most countries in South Africa
3) Where are the lowlands in South Africa? The mountains?
4) In the basins of which rivers and oceans is located South Africa
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
2. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point of Africa?
A) 16 ° S 3 ° east
B) 10 ° N 51 ° East
B) 51 ° N 11 east
D) 16 ° N 3 ° W
3. What type of climate is indicated by shading on the map?
A) Subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
C) tropical wet
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion can be drawn about the climate of Africa on the basis that the mainland intersects the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa gets a large number of heat all year round
B) Africa is in the trade winds
C) There are tropical and equatorial climatic zones in Africa
D) All of the above findings
6. Which researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered Victoria Falls, explored Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Junker B) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Dragon Mountains C) Kilimanjaro Volcano D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. In southern and eastern Africa, more than in northern:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) Uranium ores D) Gas
9. In the subequatorial belt of the Northern Hemisphere in Africa, precipitation falls:
A) Throughout the year B) in the summer C) in the winter D) In \u200b\u200bSeptember and March
10. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west, since there:
A) moist equatorial air masses act
B) a cold current cools the air and contributes to the formation of precipitation
C) In the summer, monsoons operate in the southern hemisphere
D) The trade winds bring wet air from the indian ocean
11. The most full-flowing river in Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, it is:
A) Neil, B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. Which plant or animal is not characteristic of the savannah zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. What is the largest country in Africa by population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria
Lakes Chad is a one-of-a-kind large pond located in Central Africa, as well as one of the most significant and famous sights. The lake is located in the west of the republic, near the lands of Shari. By the way, it is worth noting that these very waters are today the most ancient sources in Africa, due to which the republic got its current name. Chad is considered one of the most volatile lakes in the world. This can be done on the basis that the lakes are constantly changing their outlines, either expanding in length, then losing width, then shrinking to unimaginable sizes, or vice versa - increasing tenfold. The lake has no external drains, the waters are slightly salty and not intended for drinking, here people can only have a good time beach vacation and plenty of swimming. The maximum depth here is only eleven meters. The territory of the lake today is one of the richest territories of the Chad Republic, because it is here that an unimaginable accumulation of wildlife is collected that is rarely seen in such arid lands. Numerous vegetation grows around the lake, which annually serves as a home and a cozy corner for thousands of different animals and birds. Waters serve for local residents today, to a greater extent, as a source of marine products and as a territory for fishing. It is no secret that it is here that at least over fifty species of marine inhabitants are found.
The Shari River with its tributary Logone carries its pods to Lake Chad. Fluctuations in water flow in the river are very significant. At N'Djamena, near the Logone confluence, the Shari in the beginning of June has a width of 84 m, and when spilled in November, its width reaches 600 m.
Shari is rightfully considered one of the most fish rivers on earth. The largest fish, called the captain, can reach two meters in length and 80 kg of weight, in addition, it is very delicate in taste. According to Nachtigall, the influx of water through rains and rivers is 100 cubic meters. km, and water loss through evaporation of 70 cubic meters. km Due to the lack of a visible source of water from the lake, while the water of the lake remains fresh, Nachtigal suggests the existence of an underground channel in the north-east direction to Aegean and Borku. Near the river mouths, the water in the lake is fresh, in the rest it is weakly brackish; The insignificance of mineralization is apparently explained by the constant change of water in the lake due to the underground outflow of infiltration water. In a very rainy season (which happens extremely rarely), with extraordinarily high levels of water edge, a temporary surface runoff of the lake is formed in the north-east (along the dry channel of Bahr al-Ghazal). Dark-colored muddy water of the lake is sometimes overgrown with densely algae. From July to November, under the influence of rains, the water level gradually rises and the low south-west coast is widely flooded almost to Cook. In a considerable area the lake is very shallow (you can wade it here fording); the western part of Ngornu and Madouari is very deep. The maximum depth in the rainy season is 11 meters. The banks are mostly marshy and overgrown with papyrus; to the northeast, the area has the character of a steppe, and only the southern coast is rich in tropical vegetation.
In the eastern part, the lake is covered by a network of islets (up to 100 in number), of which the groups of Buduma, Karka and Kuri are populated (up to 30 thousand people) by immigrants from neighboring tribes (Buduma, Kuri, Kanemba, Kanuri, Bulal and Dats).
In 2006, a lake with an area of \u200b\u200b23 thousand km2, located on the borders of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and the Republic of Chad, decreased by 26 times and continues to dry up, which became known thanks to Earth monitoring carried out by the international Disaster Monitoring Constellation system. Chad is known to dry out for the seventh time in the last millennium. Paleontologists have established this from the remains of animals found there.
The region of the upper reaches of the Shari is the most fertile and populated in the country. The population density here reaches 15 people per 1 km 2 (with an average density in the Republic of Chad, 3 people per 1 km 2).
The Republic of Chad is divided into two parts: northern and southern. Negro tribes live in the south, speaking many languages \u200b\u200band dialects. Some of them profess Christianity, others are faithful to local traditional cults. The population of the south is engaged in agriculture. Fertile soils allow you to grow here along with food valuable industrial crops that are exported.
The northern part of Chad is mainly deserts and semi-deserts. There is no fertile land. The population has long been engaged in nomadic cattle breeding.
The water in the lake is darkish due to the thick algae. In the rainy season, the maximum depth of Lake Chad can reach up to eleven meters. Most of the shores of the lake are swampy, overgrown with papyrus, only the southern shore of Lake Chad is rich in tropical vegetation. In the eastern part of the lake are small islands.
It should be noted that in the north-eastern part of the coast of Chad there are deposits of natural salt.
The presented lake is home to unique animals - manatees, crocodiles, as well as hippos. Also on the territory of this lake you can see a large number of beautiful marsh and water birds. This lake is home to a wide variety of fish.
King's Square (Plaça del Rei - Plaza del Rey) is one of the main attractions of the Gothic Quarter of Barcelona. It is an almost completely enclosed space: you can get to the Plaza del Rey from the side of Vegere street (carrer del Veguer) and Santa Clara alley (baixada de Santa Clara), on the other three sides the square is surrounded by the medieval buildings of the Palais de Lloctinent, The Grand Royal Palace (Palau Reial Major) and the Chapel of St. Agatha (Capella de Santa Àgata) with a tall bell tower dominating the square. Another dominant is the five-tier Watchtower (also known as the observation or watchtower) King Martin Tower (Mirador del rei Martí), towering above the Grand Royal Palace and the Viceroy's Palace (by the way, it is often called the Count's Palace and the Viceroy’s Palace). The steps on the right lead to the Saló del Tinell, the main hall of the royal palace, which was used for celebrations, receptions, and later for the meetings of the Spanish Inquisition.
CC BY-SA 3.0, maximdankov.ru) "\u003eKing's Square has repeatedly changed its shape. IN modern look the most ancient of its listed buildings are the Chapel of St. Agatha, built on the remains of Roman walls, at the beginning of the 14th century, and the Grand Royal Palace, which was more or less finally formed at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries. The Palace of the Viceroy and the Tower of King Martin appeared a little later - in the XVI century. At one time there was a fountain in the square, one of the columns of the Roman temple of Augustus was also installed here. Currently, all four surviving columns can be seen in the Catalan excursion center (Center Excursionista de Catalunya), located near the Plaza del Rey - on Paradis street (carrer Paradís).
CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org) "\u003e
Another building of the modern King Square that we still haven't mentioned is the Casa Clariana Padellàs. It was built in the XIV century, and in the late XV - early XVI centuries, significantly updated. However, initially this building was located in a completely different place, on Mercaders Street (carrer Mercaders), and was transferred to Plaza del Rey literally brick by brick in the 30s of the XX century. Then, under the square, the ruins of the Roman Barsino were discovered, including streets, houses and even wineries. All these finds were stored in their places - underground. However, they can be seen - King’s Square is hidden underneath the Museum of the History of Barcelona (Museu d "Història de Barcelona). Actually, the entrance to the museum is located in the house of Clarian Padellas transferred here.