CONSTANT WIND - a wind that retains its direction and speed over time, if within two minutes its direction changes by no more than one point. Distinguish winds of different constancy: by speed - even, gusty (by spirits), squally (naked); in the direction - constant (trade wind, strip,) or unstable, changing, transitional (changeable, wobbly) and vortex, circular (vortex,).

Dictionary of the Winds. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat... L.Z. Proh. 1983.

See what "CONSTANT WIND" is in other dictionaries:

WIND - WIND, wind husband. movement, flow, leakage, current, air flow. According to its strength, the wind is: hurricane, kavk. bora: storm, storm (usually thunderstorm and rain are connected with the storm), violent, strong, winds: medium, weak, quiet wind or breeze, breeze, ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

WIND - (Wind) movement of air masses in the horizontal direction or, in other words, horizontal air flows. Each V. is characterized by two elements: the direction in which the air moves, and the speed with which it ... ... Marine dictionary

Constant wind blowing without interruption for several days and nights on the lake. Seliger. Wed Married wind ... Dictionary of winds

sunny wind - This term has other meanings, see Solar wind (film) ... Wikipedia

SUNNY WIND - constant radial flow of solar plasma. corona in the interplanetary pr in. The flow of energy coming from the interior of the Sun heats the corona plasma to 1.5-2 million K. Constant. heating is not balanced by the loss of energy due to radiation, since the corona density is low. ... ... Physical encyclopedia

sunny wind - is a constant radial outflow of the solar corona plasma (see. Solar corona) into interplanetary space. S.'s education. associated with the flow of energy entering the corona from the deeper layers of the sun. Apparently ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Conditional (calculated, fictitious) wind, constant over the entire trajectory of a projectile, missile or other object. It has the same effect on flight as the actual wind (changing along the trajectory). B. in. simplifies calculations of wind action ... Dictionary of winds

SUPPLY - where to stand sometimes, at times, quite often. We stand at the gate, look at the passers-by. Wait and wait. Stand, stand for several times in different meanings. I stood at matins, and my legs ached. The ship stood at anchor and left. The regiment stood at ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Sea currents * - The translational movement of waters in the oceans and seas is called a current. The currents are subdivided, in 1 x, into constant, periodic and random, or irregular; in 2 x, on surface and underwater and, in 3 x, on warm and cold. Constant currents do not ... ...

Sea currents - … Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

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Wind is a horizontal and evenly moving stream of air relative to the earth's surface. There are a huge variety of local winds, which cannot be explained using the example of ordinary observations due to their inherent specific features characteristic of a particular region. So, talking about what winds there are on the coast, for example, allow such observations: at noon a breeze blows from the sea - cool, gentle, and at night the same wind moves from land towards the sea. In deserts and mountainous regions mainly mountain or valley winds "live". However, there are types of winds that apply to the entire planet as a whole.

What are the winds

1. Monsoon is a periodic wind that carries a lot of moisture. In winter, the monsoon blows from land to the ocean, and in summer, from the ocean to land. Mostly monsoons prevail in tropical belt and are inherently seasonal winds lasting several months each year.
2. The trade winds are winds with a constant character, moving with a fairly stable force of three to four points. Trade winds move in almost the same direction, sometimes deviating slightly. Such dynamics of movement leads to a mixing of the planet's air masses, up to a global scale: for example, trade winds blowing over the Atlantic Ocean can transfer dust particles from African deserts to the West Indies and several North American regions.
3. Local winds:
   • Breeze is a warm breeze blowing from the coast to the sea at night (coastal breeze) and in the opposite direction during the day (sea breeze). The main generators of prevailing winds in the coastal areas are sea and continental breezes. Due to the fact that the sea (body of water) warms up more slowly than land due to the greater heat capacity of water, the more heated air above the land rises up, forming a zone of reduced pressure. This forms a difference in atmospheric pressure between air streams and a cool sea breeze is born on the coast.

     At night, due to its lower heat capacity, the land cools faster and the sea breeze stops. At the moment when the land temperature is lower than the temperature on the surface of the reservoir, a reverse pressure drop forms, creating (if there is no strong wind from the sea) a continental breeze moving from land to the sea.

   • Bora is a cold, harsh wind moving from the mountains to the coast or valley.
   • Fyong is a dry, strong and warm wind that moves from the mountains to the valley or coast.
   • Sirocco is the name in Italian for the southwest or strong southerly wind that forms in the Sahara Desert.
4. Variable and constant winds.

   The nature of the movement of air masses also helps to understand what winds are. So, variable winds are able to change their direction. These include the breezes already discussed above (translated from French "Breeze" means light wind), since they change the direction of their movement twice a day (day and night).

   Monsoons are born just like breezes. They change their direction of movement twice a year seasonally (summer and winter). The Arabic name for the wind is "monsoon" in translation and means "season". When the summer monsoon forms, there are thunderstorms due to strong air saturation. sea \u200b\u200bwater, and in winter dry and cold air moves from land.

5. Also, the winds can be characterized as gusty and light, or give them a name based on the direction of their movement, for example: east, south-west, etc.

From the area where the pressure is increased, air moves, "flows" to where it is lower. The movement of air is called by the wind. A weather vane and an anemometer are used to monitor the wind - its speed, direction and strength. Based on the results of observing the direction of the wind, they build wind rose (fig. 37) for a month, season or year. Analysis of the wind rose allows you to establish the prevailing wind directions for a given area.

Fig. 37. wind rose

Wind speed measured in meters per second. When calm wind speed does not exceed 0 m / s. The wind speed of which is more than 29 m / s is called hurricane. The strongest hurricanes were recorded in Antarctica, where the wind speed reached 100 m / s.

Wind force measured in points, it depends on its speed and air density. On the Beaufort scale, the calm corresponds to 0 points, and the hurricane maximum amount points - 12.

Knowing the general patterns of distribution of atmospheric pressure, it is possible to establish the direction of the main air flows in the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere (Fig. 38).

Fig. 38. General atmospheric circulation diagram

1. From tropical and subtropical areas of high pressure, the main air flow rushes to the equator, into an area of \u200b\u200bconstant low pressure. Under the influence of the deflecting force of the Earth's rotation, these flows deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern. These constantly blowing winds are called trade winds.

2. Some of the tropical air moves to temperate latitudes. This movement is especially active in the summer, when there is a lower pressure. These air currents in the Northern Hemisphere also deviate to the right and take first southwest and then west, and in the South - northwest, turning into the west. Thus, in temperate latitudes both hemispheres prevails western air transport.

3. From the polar regions of high pressure, air moves to temperate latitudes, taking a northeast direction in the Northern and southeast - in the Southern Hemispheres.

Trade winds, westerly winds from temperate latitudes and winds from the polar regions are called planetary and are distributed zonal.

4. This distribution is violated on the eastern coasts of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate latitudes. As a result of seasonal changes in pressure over land and the adjacent water surface of the ocean, in winter, winds blow here from land to sea, and in summer from sea to land. These winds, changing their direction with the seasons, are called monsoons. Under the influence of the deflecting influence of the rotating Earth, summer monsoons take a southeast direction, and winter monsoons - northwest. Monsoon winds are especially typical for Of the Far East and East China, to a lesser extent on the east coast of North America.

5. In addition to planetary winds and monsoons, there are local, so called local winds. They arise due to the features of the relief, uneven heating of the underlying surface.

Breezes - onshore winds observed in clear weather on the shores of water bodies: oceans, seas, large lakes, reservoirs and even rivers. During the day they blow from the water surface (sea breeze), at night - from the land (coastal breeze). During the day, land is warmer than the sea. The air rises above the land, air streams from the sea rush to its place, forming a daytime breeze. In tropical latitudes, daytime breezes are quite strong winds, bringing moisture and coolness from the sea.

At night, the surface of the water is warmer than land. The air rises up, and air from the land rushes in its place. There is a night breeze. It is usually inferior in strength to daytime.

In the mountains are observed hair dryers - warm and dry winds blowing on the slopes.

If low mountains rise in the path of moving cold air like a dam, boron. Cold air, having overcome a low barrier, falls down with tremendous force, and a sharp drop in temperature occurs. Bora is known as different names: on Baikal this is Sarma, in North America - Chinook, in France - Mistral, etc. In Russia, the bora reaches its special strength in Novorossiysk.

Dry winds - these are dry and sultry winds. They are characteristic of the arid regions of the world. In Central Asia, dry wind is called samum, in Algeria - sirocco, in Egypt - hatsin, etc. The speed of the dry wind reaches 20 m / s, and the air temperature is 40 ° C. Relative humidity drops sharply when it is drier and drops to 10%. Plants, evaporating moisture, dry out at the root. In deserts, dry winds are often accompanied by dust storms.

The direction and strength of the wind must be taken into account when building settlements, industrial enterprises, dwellings. Wind is one of the most important sources of alternative energy; it is used to generate electricity, as well as to operate mills, water pumps, etc.

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Section 35. Atmospheric pressure§ 37. Weather and its forecasting

Atmospheric pressure and its measurements

The air surrounding the Earth has a mass, and therefore presses on the earth's surface. 1 liter of air at sea level weighs about 1.3 g. Consequently, for every square centimeter of the earth's surface, the atmosphere presses with a force of 1.33 kg. This average air pressure at sea level, corresponding to the mass of a 760 mm high mercury column with a cross section of 1 cm2, is taken as normal. Air pressure is also measured in millibars: 1 mm of pressure is 1.33 mbar. So, to convert millimeters to millibars, you need to multiply the millimeter of pressure by 1.33.

The pressure value changes with air temperature and altitude. Since air expands when heated and compresses when cooled, then warm air is lighter (causes less pressure) than cold. As the air rises upward, the pressure decreases mainly because the height of its column is less per unit area. Therefore, in high mountains, the pressure is much less than at sea level. The vertical segment through which the atmospheric pressure decreases by one is called the baric degree. In the lower atmosphere at the surface, the pressure decreases by about 10 mm for every 100 m of rise.

A mercury column barometer is used to measure pressure, and in field conditions - metal aneroid barometer. The latter is a metal box from which air is pumped out. With an increase in atmospheric pressure, the bottom of the capsule contracts, and with a decrease, it unbends. These changes are transferred to the arrow, moving on a circular scale.

Winds and their origin

Zoning also appears in the pressure distribution on the earth's surface. The general planetary scheme of pressure distribution is as follows: a belt of reduced pressure extends along the equator; to the north and south of it at the C-40's latitudes there are high pressure belts, further at 60-70 ° N. and y. sh. - Low pressure belts, in the polar regions - areas of high pressure. Real distribution picture

pressure is much more complex, which is reflected in the maps of the July and January isobars).

Uneven pressure distribution across the globe causes the movement of air from the area of \u200b\u200bincreased pressure to the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure. This movement of air in the horizontal direction is called the wind. The greater the pressure difference, the stronger the wind blows. Wind strength is rated from 0 to 12 points.

The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows. The wind changes with changes in pressure. The rotation of the Earth around its axis also has a significant influence on its direction.

General circulation of the atmosphere. Trade winds and other constant winds

Winds observed over the earth's surface are divided into three groups: local winds caused by local conditions (temperature, relief features); winds of cyclones and anticyclones; winds are part of the general circulation of the atmosphere. General circulation atmospheres form the largest air currents on a planetary scale, covering the entire troposphere and the lower stratosphere (up to about 20 km) and are characterized by relative stability. In the troposphere, these include the trade winds, westerly winds of temperate latitudes and easterly winds of the polar regions, monsoons. The reason for these planetary air movements is the pressure difference.

A low pressure belt is formed above the equator due to the fact that the air here is warm throughout the year and it mainly rises (the ascending air movement dominates). In the upper troposphere, it cools and spreads towards high latitudes. The Coriolis force, deflecting air currents in the upper troposphere from the equator, provides them at 30 latitudes western direction, forcing to move only along the parallels. Therefore, this cooled air undergoes a downward movement here, causing high pressure (although the air temperature is even higher at the surface than at the equator). These subtropical high-pressure belts serve as the main "vitrorozdilams on Earth. From them the air volumes of the lower troposphere are directed both to the equator and towards the temperate latitudes.

Winds, characterized by stability of direction and speed, blow throughout the year from high-pressure belts (25-35 ° N and S. Sh.) To the equator are called trade winds. Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, they deviate from the previous direction, in the Northern Hemisphere they blow from northeast to southwest, and in the South - from southeast to northwest.

Winds blowing from the subtropical high-pressure belts towards the poles, deviating to the right or left, depending on the hemisphere, change their direction to the west. Therefore, in temperate latitudes, westerly winds prevail, although they did not become as good as the trade winds.

Constant winds also blow from areas of high pressure in polar latitudes towards temperate latitudes with relatively low pressure. Experiencing the action of the forces of rotation, they are northeastern in the Northern Hemisphere, and southeastern in the South.

In temperate latitudes, where warm air masses meet from the tropics and cold air masses from the polar regions, frontal cyclones and anticyclones constantly arise, in which air is transported from west to east.

The wind is one of the most unique natural phenomena... We cannot see it, touch it, but we are able to observe the results of its manifestation, for example, how it slowly or quickly drives clouds and clouds across the sky, with its strength tilts trees to the ground or slightly flutters the foliage.

Wind concept

What is wind? The definition from the point of view of meteorology is as follows: it is the horizontal movement of air layers from a zone with high atmospheric pressure to a low atmospheric pressure, accompanied by a certain speed. This movement occurs because during the day the sun penetrates the Earth's air layer. Some rays, reaching the surface, heat the oceans, seas, rivers, mountains, soil, rocks and stones, which give off heat to the air, thereby heating it. For the same amount of time, dark objects absorb more heat and get warmer.

But what does it matter how heat is released and how quickly? And how does this help us figure out what the wind is? The definition is as follows: land heats up more rapidly than water, which means that the air accumulated above it receives heat from it and rises, therefore, the atmospheric pressure over this area drops. With water, everything is exactly the opposite: above it the air masses are colder and the pressure is higher. As a result, cold air is displaced from the high pressure area to the low pressure area, creating a wind. The greater the difference between these pressures, the stronger it is.

Types of winds

Having figured out what the wind is, you need to find out how many types of it exist and how they differ from each other. There are three main groups of winds:

• local;
• permanent;
• regional.

Local winds live up to their name and blow only in certain areas of our planet. Their appearance is associated with the specificity of local reliefs and temperature changes in relatively short periods of time. These winds are characterized by a small extent and daily frequency.

What is the local wind is now clear, but it is also divided into its subspecies:

• Breeze is a light wind that changes direction twice a day. During the day it blows from the sea to the land, and vice versa at night.
• Bora is a high-speed cold air stream that blows from mountain tops to valleys or coastlines. He's fickle.
• Fyong is a warm and light spring wind.
• Dry wind is a dry wind prevailing in steppe regions during a warm period of time in an anticyclone. He portends drought.
• Sirocco - Rapid southern, southwestern air currents that form in the Sahara.
• And what is the khamsin wind? These are dusty, dry and hot air masses prevailing in northeast Africa and the east of the Mediterranean.

Constant winds are those that depend on the total air circulation. They are steady, uniform, consistent and strong. These include:

• trade winds - winds from the east, characterized by constancy, unchanging direction and strength of 3-4 points;
• anti-trade winds - winds from the west, carrying huge air masses.

The regional wind appears as a result of pressure drops, a bit similar to the local wind, but more stable and powerful. A bright representative this species is considered a monsoon, which originates in the tropics, at the turn of the ocean. It blows periodically, but in large-scale streams, changing its direction a couple of times a year: in the summer season - from water to land, during the winter - vice versa. The monsoon brings a lot of moisture in the form of rain.

A strong wind is ...

What is a strong wind and how is it different from other streams? Its most important feature is its high speed, which fluctuates between 14-32 m / s. It produces devastating actions or brings damage, destruction. In addition to speed, temperature, direction, location and duration also matter.

Types of strong winds

• Typhoon (hurricane) is accompanied by intense precipitation and temperature drop, great force, speed (177 km / h and more), blows at a distance of 20-200 m for several days.
• What is the wind called a squall? This is a sharp, sudden stream with a speed of 72-108 km / h, which is formed during a hot period as a result of the powerful penetration of cold air into warm zones. It blows for a couple of seconds or tens of minutes, changing direction, and brings a decrease in temperature.
• Storm: its speed is 103-120 km / h. It is characterized by high duration, strength. He is the source of violent sea vibrations and destruction on land.

• A tornado (tornado) is an air whirlwind, visually similar to a dark pillar, along which a curved axis runs. There are funnel-like extensions at the bottom and top of the pillar. The air in the vortex rotates counterclockwise at a speed of 300 km / h and draws all nearby objects and objects into its funnel. The pressure inside the tornado is reduced. The pillar reaches a height of 1500 m, and its diameter ranges from ten (above water) to hundreds of meters (above ground). A tornado can travel from a couple of hundred meters to tens of kilometers at a speed of 60 km / h.
• A storm is an air mass, the speed of which is in the range of 62-100 km / h. Storms abundantly cover the area with sand, dust, snow, earth, causing harm to people and the economy.

Wind force description

Answering the question of what the wind force is, it would be appropriate to note that here the concept of force is interconnected with speed: the higher it is, the stronger the wind. This indicator is measured on the 13-point Beaufort scale. Zero value characterizes calm, 3 points - light, weak wind, 7 - powerful, 9 - the appearance of a storm, over nine - merciless storms, hurricanes. Strong winds they often blow over the sea, the ocean, because nothing bothers them here, unlike rocky mountains, hills, forests.

Determination of solar wind

What is solar wind? This is an amazing phenomenon. Ionized plasma particles flow out of the solar corona (outer layer) into space with a speed range of 300-1200 km / s, which depends on the activity of the Sun.

There are slow (400 km / s), fast (700 km / s), high-speed (up to 1200 km / s) solar winds. They form a region with space around the central celestial body, which protects the solar system from the ingress of interstellar gas into it. In addition, thanks to them, such phenomena as the radiation belt and the aurora occur on our planet. This is what the solar wind is.