My most unloved autumn phenomenon - it's rain! Then all the splendor of a wilting nature is clouded by a gray sky, slush, dampness and a cold dank wind. It seems that the sky burst ... My friend, who now lives far from me, in St. Petersburg, is laughing at my autumn spleen, because in St. Petersburg rain is a common occurrence. And which city is the rainiest in Russia?

Where in Russia the most rainfall

For some reason, many people think that the rainiest city is St. Petersburg. But in fact, this opinion is erroneous. Yes, there is a lot of precipitation here, but nevertheless, this city is far from the first place.

The highest precipitation rates are observed in the Far Eastern region. This primarily applies to the Kuril Islands. In Severo-Kurilsk, an absolute record is set. Here, usually about 1840 mm of precipitation falls annually. Scientists say that if the water coming from the sky did not evaporate and did not seep into the earth, but remained on the streets, then this city would quickly turn into a huge pool.

Rating of the rainiest regions of Russia: second place

In second place is the well-known and beloved resort city of Sochi. This city is really one of the most “wetted” cities; here, about 1,700 mm of various precipitation falls annually. It is worth noting that the summer here is not too wet, and most of the precipitation falls on the cold season - the autumn-winter season. There is a very unpleasant a natural phenomenon - tornadoes arising in the sea. It is as if they suck in water from the sea, and then, as if from a bucket, water the city.

Rating of the rainiest regions of Russia: third place

This place was won by Yuzhno-Kurilsk. Here, 1250 mm is poured onto the earth during the year. Compared to the two previous leaders, it seems that this figure is not so big. But actually, it’s a lot. So, for example, in St. Petersburg - 660 mm per year, which is even less than in Moscow, where 700 mm falls.

The remaining places were distributed as follows:

• in fourth place - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;
• on the fifth - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
• the sixth went to Moscow;
• seventh - to St. Petersburg.

So meteorologists have destroyed the stereotype of the rains of the Northern capital, which just closes the seven most rainy cities!

Where is the most rainfall? and got the best answer

Reply from I "ll be better [guru]
In the very center of Kauai island in the group of Hawaiian Islands is located, the peak of which is one of the rainy places on the planet. It rains there almost always, and 11.97 meters of precipitation falls annually. This means that if the moisture did not flow down, then for a year the mountain would be covered with a layer of water the height of a four-story house. At the very top, almost nothing grows - of all the plants, only algae are adapted to live in such a phlegm, everything else there simply rots. But around the top there is a riot of greenery.

The closest rival to Vayaleale in terms of celestial abyss is near the Himalayas, in India. But if it rains in Waialale all year round, then on Cherrapunji all this breakthrough of precipitation with some impossible rain falls in three summer months. The rest of the time there ... drought. In addition, no one lives in Waialale, Cherrapunji is the rainiest of the inhabited places.

Warm and humid monsoon flows near Cherrapunji make a sharp rise between the Khashi and Arakan mountains, so the amount of precipitation here increases sharply.


To this day, the population of Cherrapunji recalls 1994, when the record amount of rainfall for the entire time of observation fell on the tiled roofs of their houses - 24,555 mm. Needless to say, there was nothing like this in the whole world.
However, do not think that heavy clouds hang over this city all year round. When nature softens a little and the bright sun rises over the surroundings, then a beam of amazingly beautiful rainbow hangs over Cherrapunji and the surrounding valley.
Quibdo (Colombia) can compete with precipitation in Cherrapunji: for 7 years, from 1931 to 1937, an average of 9,564 mm of precipitation fell here per year, and in 1936 19,639 mm of precipitation were recorded. A high rainfall rate is also characteristic of Debundje (Cameroon), where for 34 years, from 1896 to 1930, an average of 9,498 mm fell, and the maximum rainfall (14,545 mm) was observed in 1919. In Buenaventura and Angota (Colombia), the annual rainfall is close to 7,000 mm, in some places in the Hawaiian Islands it is in the range of 6,000 ... 9,000 mm.
In Europe, Bergen (Norway) is considered a rather rainy place. However, in the Norwegian town of Samnanger, there is even more rainfall: over the past 50 years, the annual rainfall here has often exceeded 5,000 mm.
In our country, the greatest amount of precipitation falls in Georgia, in the region of Chakva (Adjara) and in Svaneti. In Chakva, the average annual rainfall is 2 420 mm (extreme values \u200b\u200bof 1 800 ... 3 600 mm).
Source:

Answer from Dudu1953[guru]
In the village of Gadyukino.

Answer from Shvidkoy yuri[guru]
Cherrapunji (India) - the wettest place on Earth
In terms of rainfall over the year, the wettest place in the world is Tutunendo in Colombia - 11770 mm per year, which is almost 12 meters. On the 5th floor of the Khrushchev five-story building will be knee-deep.

Answer from Valent[guru]
Probably the rainiest place in the world is Mount Waialale in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. The average annual rainfall is 1197 cm.
Cherrapunji in India, perhaps, takes the second place in the amount of rainfall with an average annual level of 1079 to 1143 cm. Once 381 cm of rain fell in Cherrapunji in 5 days. And in 1861 the amount of precipitation reached 2300 cm!
To make it more clear, let's compare the rainfall in some cities in the world. London receives 61 cm of precipitation a year, Edinburgh - about 68 cm, and Cardiff - about 76 cm. In New York, about 101 cm of rain falls. Ottawa in Canada receives 86 cm, Madrid - about 43 cm and Paris - 55 cm. So, you see, what is the contrast of Cherrapunji.
In some vast regions of the Earth, heavy rains occur all year round. For example, almost every point along the equator receives 152 cm or more of rainfall each year. The equator is the junction of two large air currents. Throughout the equator, air moving down from the north meets air moving up from the south.

Answer from Vadim Bulatov[guru]
Many factors determine how much rain or snow falls on the earth's surface. These are temperature, altitude, location of mountain ranges, etc.
Probably the rainiest place in the world is Mount Waialale in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. The average annual rainfall here is 1197 cm. Cherrapunji in India, possibly takes the second place in the amount of rainfall with an average annual level of 1079 to 1143 cm. Once 381 cm of rain fell in Cherrapundji in 5 days. And in 1861 the amount of precipitation reached 2300 cm!
To make it more clear, let's compare the amount of precipitation in some cities of the world, London receives 61 cm of precipitation per year, Edinburgh - about 68 cm, and Cardiff - about 76 cm. In New York, about 101 cm of precipitation falls. Ottawa in Canada receives 86 cm, Madrid - about 43 cm and Paris - 55 cm. So, you see, what is the contrast of Cherrapunji.
The driest place in the world is probably Arica in Chile. Here, the rainfall is 0.05 cm per year.
In some vast regions of the Earth, heavy rains occur all year round. For example, almost every point along the equator receives 152 cm or more of rainfall each year. The equator is the junction of two large air currents. Everywhere along the equator, air moving down from the north meets air moving up from the south.

In Russia, with the exception of the large islands of the Arctic Ocean, an average of 9653 km3 of precipitation falls, which could conditionally cover a flat land surface with a layer of 571 mm. Of this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.

Seasonal and annual rainfall is the average of the monthly amounts for the months of the season / year in question. The time series of precipitation are given for the period 1936–2007, during which the main network of meteorological observations in Russia did not change significantly and could not seriously affect the interannual fluctuations of spatially averaged values. All time series show trends (linear trends) of changes for the period 1976–2007, which characterize the anthropogenic changes in the modern climate more than others.

Note the complex nature of interannual fluctuations in rainfall, especially since the mid-60s. XX century Periods of increased precipitation can be distinguished - up to the 60s and after the 80s, and between them about two decades of multidirectional fluctuations.

On the whole, in Russia and in its regions (except for Amur and Primorye), there is a slight increase in average annual precipitation, most noticeable in Western and Central Siberia. The trend of average annual precipitation for 1976-2007 the average for Russia is 0.8 mm / month / 10 years and describes 23% of interannual variability.

On average, the most noticeable feature for Russia is the increase in spring precipitation (1.74 mm / month / 10 years, the contribution to the variance of 27%), apparently due to the Siberian regions and european territory. Another notable fact is the decrease in winter and summer precipitation in Eastern Siberia, summer and autumn precipitation in the Amur and Primorye regions, which, however, did not appear in precipitation trends for Russia as a whole, as it was compensated by an increase in precipitation in Western Siberia.

In the period 1976 - 2007 on the territory of Russia as a whole and in all its regions (except for the Amur Region and Primorye), there was a tendency to an increase in annual precipitation, although these changes were small in magnitude. The most significant seasonal features are: an increase in spring rainfall in the Western Siberia region and a decrease in winter rainfall in the East Siberia region.

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Precipitation in Russia

On the territory of Russia, with the exception of the large islands of the Arctic Ocean, an average of 9653 km3 of precipitation falls, which could conditionally cover a flat land surface with a layer of 571 mm. Of this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.

In the formation of annual precipitation, clear patterns are found that are characteristic not only for specific territories, but also for the country as a whole. In the direction from west to east, there is a consistent decrease in the amount of precipitation, their zonal distribution is observed, which changes under the influence of the terrain and loses its clarity in the east of the country.

In the annual distribution in most of the country, summer precipitation predominates. In annual terms, the greatest amount of precipitation falls in June, the least - in the second half of winter. The predominance of precipitation of the cold period is characteristic mainly for the southwestern regions - Rostov, Penza, Samara regions, Stavropol Territory, lower river. Terek.

June-August (calendar summer months) in European territory more than 30% of the annual rainfall falls, in Eastern Siberia - 50%, in Transbaikalia and the river basin. Cupid - 60–70%. In winter (December-February), 20–25% of precipitation falls in the European part, 5% in Transbaikalia, and 10% in Yakutia.
The autumn months (September-October) are distinguished by a relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the territory (20-30%). In spring (March-May) from the western borders to the river. Yenisei falls to 20% of the annual rainfall, east of the river. Yenisei - mainly 15–20%. The least amount of precipitation at this time is observed in Transbaikalia (about 10%).
The most general idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of atmospheric precipitation changes in the Russian Federation in the second half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries is given by time series of spatially averaged average annual and seasonal anomalies of precipitation.

In the same climatic zone, the influence on the productivity of forests of groundwater, especially the depth of their occurrence, may be different depending on the composition of the plantations, topography, soil, its physical properties, etc.

Snowfall in Russia. Photo: Peter

Of decisive importance for forestry and agriculture is not the total annual rainfall, but their distribution by season, month, decade, and the nature of the rainfall itself.
On the vast territory of Russia, precipitation falls mainly in the summer. Precipitation in the form of snow in the north (Arkhangelsk region) is about 1/3, and in the south (Kherson) - about 10% of the total annual rainfall.

According to the degree of moisture supply, it is customary to divide the territory of Russia into the following zones: excessive, unstable, and insufficient moisture. These zones coincide with vegetative zones - taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. The area of \u200b\u200binsufficient moisture is commonly called the dry forestry area in forestry. It includes the Kuibyshev, Orenburg, Saratov and Vologda regions, as well as some regions of Ukraine, Altai Territory, and Central Asian republics. In the forest-steppe strip, moisture is a decisive factor in the success of reforestation.

The lack of moisture, especially during the growing season, leaves a deep imprint on the entire vegetation and, in particular, on the forest.
So, in Georgia, in the Borjomi region, beech, pine and spruce forests, luxurious tall grass subalpine meadows due to the humid climate are widespread. The Tskhra-Tskharo mountain range sharply delimits this region, and on its other side treeless spaces are located due to the small amount of precipitation and summer droughts (P.M. Zhukovsky).
In the European part of Russia, precipitation gradually decreases from the western borders to the Middle and Lower Volga.

As a result, in the west on a vast area there are various forests and large forest swamps, in the southeast the steppe extends into the desert. Therefore, the sum of annual precipitation without data on the frequency of their precipitation, especially during the growing season, without taking into account soil and other natural conditions, the exactness of the species for moisture, the number of trees per unit area, is a low-value indicator for determining the moisture regime, for the appearance of a forest, its growth and development .
Even in the same area with the same nature of the lack of precipitation, for example, in the forest-steppe on sandy soils of dune hills of the Buzuluk boron, plantations can suffer from a lack of moisture, and on sandy soils of a flat topography not experience a lack of moisture.
Long summer dry periods contribute to a change in the soil forest cover, cause the leaves, fruits to fall, the tops and shrinkage of trees in the forest. After prolonged droughts, the death of trees can continue over the next several years and affect the structure of stands, the relationship of species.

The driest places in Russia are the Altai intermontane basins (Chuiskaya steppe) and Sayan (Ubsunur hollow). The annual precipitation here barely exceeds 100 mm. Humid air does not reach the interior of the mountains. Moreover, descending along the slopes into the basins, the air heats up and even more dries up.
Note that the places with both minimum and maximum rainfall are located in the mountains. Moreover, the maximum amount of precipitation falls on the windward slopes of mountain systems, and the minimum - in the intermontane basins.

Coefficient of humidification. 300 mm of rain - is it a lot or a little? This question cannot be answered unequivocally. Such precipitation is typical, for example, for the northern and southern parts of the West Siberian plain. At the same time, in the north, the territory is clearly waterlogged, as evidenced by severe bogging; and in the south dry steppes are widespread - a manifestation of moisture deficiency. Thus, with the same amount of precipitation, the humidification conditions are fundamentally different.
In order to assess whether the climate is dry or humid in this place, it is necessary to take into account not only the annual rainfall, but also the evaporation.

Where on the territory of Russia is the least and where is the greatest amount of precipitation, how much and why?

1. In Russia, with the exception of the large islands of the Arctic Ocean, an average of 9653 km3 of precipitation falls, which could conditionally cover a flat land surface with a layer of 571 mm.

   Of this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.
   In the formation of annual precipitation, clear patterns are found that are characteristic not only for specific territories, but also for the country as a whole (Fig. 1.4). In the direction from west to east, there is a consistent decrease in the amount of precipitation, their zonal distribution is observed, which changes under the influence of the terrain and loses its clarity in the east of the country.
   In the annual distribution in most of the country, summer precipitation predominates. In annual terms, the greatest amount of precipitation falls in June, the least in the second half of winter. The predominance of precipitation of the cold period is characteristic mainly for the southwestern regions of the Rostov, Penza, Samara regions, Stavropol Territory, and the lower reaches of the river. Terek.
   In June-August (calendar summer months) more than 30% of the annual rainfall falls in European territory, in East Siberia 50%, in Transbaikalia and the river basin. Cupid 6070%. In winter (December-February) 2025% of precipitation falls in the European part, 5% in Transbaikalia, 10% in Yakutia.
   The autumn months (September-October) are characterized by a relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the territory (2030%). In spring (March-May) from the western borders to the river. Yenisei falls to 20% of the annual rainfall, east of the river. Yenisei is mainly 1520%. The least amount of precipitation at this time is observed in Transbaikalia (about 10%).
   The most general idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of atmospheric precipitation changes in the Russian Federation in the second half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries is given by time series of spatially averaged average annual and seasonal anomalies of precipitation.

Attention, only TODAY!

1. Factors of climate formation.

2. Climatic conditions of the seasons of the year. The ratio of heat and moisture.

3. Climatic zones and areas.

Climate Factors

The climate of Russia, like any region, is formed under the influence of a number of climate-forming factors. The main climate-forming factors are: solar radiation (geographical latitude), air mass circulation, proximity to the oceans, topography, underlying surface, etc.

Solar radiation is the basis of heat input to the earth's surface. The farther from the equator, the smaller the angle of incidence of sunlight, the correspondingly less solar radiation. The amount of solar radiation entering the surface, and its annual distribution, is determined by the latitudinal position of the country. Russia is located between 77 ° and 41 ° N, and its main part is between 70 ° and 50 ° N The large extent of the territory from north to south determines significant differences in the annual total radiation between the north and south of the country. The smallest annual total radiation is characteristic of the polar islands of the Arctic and the Varanger fjord region (more cloudiness is added here). The largest annual total solar radiation becomes in the south, on the Taman Peninsula, in the Crimea and in the Caspian Sea. In general, the annual total radiation increases from north to south of Russia about two times.

Of great importance in providing thermal resources are atmospheric circulation processes. The circulation takes place under the influence of pressure centers, changing according to the seasons of the year, which, of course, affects the prevailing winds. However, in most of Russia, westerly winds are predominant, with which the bulk of precipitation is associated. Russia is characterized by three types of air masses: 1) moderate; 2) arctic; 3) tropical. All of them are divided into two subtypes: marine and continental. These differences are especially noticeable for moderate and tropical air masses. Over most of Russia, moderate air masses dominate all year. Continental moderate masses are formed directly over the territory of Russia.

Such air is dry cold in winter and very warm in the summer. Temperate sea air comes from the North Atlantic; it comes from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern regions of the country. Such air is humid, it is warm in winter and cool in summer. When moving from west to east, marine air is transformed and acquires the features of continental.

The climatic features of the southern half of Russia are sometimes influenced by tropical air. Local continental tropical air is formed over Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan, as well as during the transformation of temperate air over the Caspian and Transcaucasus. Such air is very dry, very dusty and has high temperatures. Tropical marine air penetrates from the Mediterranean (to the European part of Russia and the Caucasus) and from the central regions of the Pacific Ocean (to the southern regions of the Far East). It is moist and relatively warm.

Arctic air is formed over the Arctic Ocean, under its influence is often the northern half of Russia, especially Siberia. This air is dry, very cold and transparent. Less colder and more humid is the air that forms above the Barents Sea (marine Arctic air).

At the contact of various air masses, atmospheric fronts arise, the climate-forming significance of which consists in an increase in cloudiness, precipitation and increased wind. All year, the territory of Russia is subject to the influence of cyclones and anticyclones, which determine the weather conditions. The climate of Russia is influenced by the following baric centers: Icelandic and Aleutian minimums; Azores and Arctic maxima; Asian maximum (winter only).

Affects the climate and distance from the oceans; because Since most of the territory of Russia is dominated by westerly winds, the Atlantic Ocean has the main influence on the country's climate. Its effect is felt right up to Baikal and Taimyr. As you move east from the western borders of Russia, winter temperatures quickly drop, and rainfall generally decreases. The influence of the Pacific affects mainly in the coastal strip of the Far East, which is greatly facilitated by the relief.

The relief has a significant impact on the climate. The distribution of mountains in the east and south of Siberia, and openness to the north and west provide the influence of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean on most of the territory of Russia. The impact of the Pacific Ocean is screened (blocked) by orographic barriers. Climatic conditions on the plains and in the mountainous regions differ markedly. In the mountains, the climate changes with altitude. Mountains "sharpen" cyclones. Differences are observed on the windward and leeward slopes, as well as intermountain basins.

Affects the climate and the nature of the underlying surface. So, the snow surface reflects up to 80-95% of solar radiation. Vegetation, as well as soils, their color, humidity, etc., have different reflectivity. Weakly reflect the sun's rays of the forest, especially coniferous (about 15%). The smallest albedo has moist freshly plowed chernozem soil (less than 10%).

Climatic conditions of the seasons of the year.

The ratio of heat and moisture

Climatic conditions in winter

In winter, the radiation balance throughout the country is negative. The highest values \u200b\u200bof total solar radiation are observed in winter in the south of the Far East, as well as in the south of Transbaikalia. To the north, radiation is rapidly decreasing due to the lower position of the Sun and a shorter day. North of the Arctic Circle, a polar night is established (at a latitude of 70 °, a polar night lasts about 53 days). Over the south of Siberia and northern Mongolia, the Asian maximum forms, from which two spurs extend: to the north-east to Oymyakon; the other - to the west to the Azores maximum - the Voeikov axis. This axis plays an important role in the climate separation. To the south of it (the south of the Russian Plain and Ciscaucasia), cold northeastern and easterly winds. To the north of the axis, westerly and southwesterly winds blow. Western transport is also enhanced by the Icelandic minimum, the hollow of which reaches the Kara Sea. With these winds, relatively warm and humid air comes from the Atlantic. Over the territory of the northeast, in the conditions of a hollow relief and a minimum of solar radiation in winter, very cold Arctic air is formed. Along the coast of Kamchatka there is the Aleutian minimum, where the pressure is lowered. Here, on the eastern outskirts of Russia, the low-pressure region is located in close proximity to the north-eastern spur of the Asian maximum, therefore a high pressure gradient forms and cold winds from the continent rush to the shores of the Pacific seas (winter monsoon).

January isotherms over the territory of Russia are submeridional. The isotherm of -4 ° C passes through the Kaliningrad region. Near the western borders of the compact territory of Russia, an isotherm of -8 ° C passes, to the south it deviates east of Astrakhan. Through the Nizhny Novgorod region passes the isotherm of -12 ° C, and beyond the Urals -20 ° C. The isotherms of -30 ° C and -40 ° C over Central Siberia, in the basins of the North-East of Siberia, the isotherm of -48 ° C (absolute minimum -71 ° C). In the Ciscaucasia, isotherms are bent and average temperatures vary from -5 ° C to -2 ° C. Warmer than winter in the Kola Peninsula - about -8 ° C, which contributes to the warm Nordkapp current. In the Far East, the course of isotherms repeats the outlines of the coast. An isotherm of -4 ° С passes along the Kuril ridge, -8 ° С along the eastern coast of Kamchatka, and -20 ° С along the western; in Primorye -12 ° C. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, they bring cyclones from the Pacific Ocean. In most of Russia in winter, precipitation comes from the Atlantic Ocean, respectively, and the amount of precipitation generally decreases from west to east. But there is a lot of precipitation on the southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, thanks to the Mediterranean cyclones. Winter precipitation in Russia falls almost everywhere, mainly in solid form, and snow forms everywhere. The shortest duration of its occurrence on the plains in the Ciscaucasia (a little more than a month), and in the south of Primorye - more than three months. Further north and east, the duration of snow cover increases and reaches a maximum in Taimyr - about 9 months a year. And only on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus a stable snow cover does not form. The lowest snow depth in the Caspian Sea is about 10 cm. In the Kaliningrad region, in the south of the Russian Plain, in Transbaikalia - about 20 cm. In most of the country, the snow height ranges from 40 cm to 1 meter. And its highest height is observed in Kamchatka - up to 3 meters.

Climatic conditions in summer

In summer, the role of solar radiation increases dramatically. Radiation reaches its highest values \u200b\u200bin the Caspian Sea and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. To the north, the amount of solar radiation decreases slightly, as the longitude of the day increases to the north. There is a polar day in the Arctic. In summer, the radiation balance throughout the country is positive.

July isotherms pass sub-latitudinally. On the northernmost islands, the temperature is close to zero, on the coast of the Arctic seas + 4 ° + 8 ° С, near the Arctic Circle, the air temperature reaches already + 10 ° + 13 ° С. Further south, the temperature rises more smoothly. Maximum value the average July temperature reaches in the Caspian region and the Eastern Ciscaucasia: + 25 ° С.

In summer, the land warms up over the south of Siberia, and atmospheric pressure decreases. In this regard, the Arctic air rushes into the interior of the continent, while it transforms (warms up). From the Hawaiian maximum, the air goes to the Far East, generating the summer monsoon. The spur of the Azores maximum enters the Russian Plain, while the western transport is preserved. In summer, almost all of Russia has a maximum rainfall. In general, the amount of precipitation in summer decreases from west to east, from 500 mm in the Kaliningrad region to 200 mm in Central Yakutia. In the Far East, their number is increasing again, in Primorye - up to 800 mm. A lot of precipitation falls on the slopes of the Western Caucasus - up to 1500 mm, their minimum falls on the Caspian lowland - 150 mm.

Amplitude monthly average temperatures January and July increases from the west from the Baltic to the east to the Pacific Ocean. So, in the Kaliningrad region the amplitude is 21 ° С, in the Nizhny Novgorod Right Bank 31 ° С, in Western Siberia 40 ° С, in Yakutia 60 ° С. Moreover, the increase in amplitude is mainly due to an increase in the severity of winters. In Primorye, the amplitude begins to decrease again - up to 40 ° С, and in Kamchatka - up to 20 ° С.

Annual precipitation varies dramatically in the plains and in the mountains. On the plains, the highest rainfall occurs in the band 55 ° N. - 65 ° N, precipitation decreases here from 900 mm in the Kaliningrad region to 300 mm in Yakutia. In the Far East, an increase in precipitation is again observed up to 1200 mm, and in the southeast of Kamchatka - up to 2500 mm. Moreover, on the elevated parts of the relief, an increase in precipitation occurs almost everywhere. To the north and south of the middle zone, the amount of precipitation decreases: up to 250 mm in the Caspian region and the tundra of the North-East of Siberia. In the mountains, on the windward slopes, the annual rainfall increases to 1000 - 2000 mm, and their maximum is observed in the south-west of the Greater Caucasus - up to 3700 mm.

The provision of the territory with moisture depends not only on precipitation, but also on evaporation. It rises from north to south following an increase in solar radiation. The ratio of heat and moisture is an important climatic indicator, it is expressed by the coefficient of moisture (the ratio of annual rainfall to evaporation). The optimum ratio of heat and moisture is observed in the forest-steppe zone. To the south, moisture deficiency is increasing and moisture is becoming insufficient. In the north, humidification is excessive.

Climatic zones and areas

Russia is located in three climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and temperate. Belts differ from each other in radiation regime and prevailing air masses. Within the zones, climatic regions are formed that differ from each other in the ratio of heat and moisture, the sum of the temperatures of the active vegetation period, and the precipitation regime.

The Arctic belt covers almost all the islands of the Arctic Ocean and the northern coast of Siberia. Arctic air masses dominate here all year. In winter, polar night is observed and there is no solar radiation. Average January temperatures vary from -20 ° C in the west to -38 ° C in the east, in July the temperature varies from 0 ° C on the islands to + 5 ° C on the coast of Siberia. Precipitation falls from 300 mm in the west to 200 mm in the east, and only on Novaya Zemlya, in the Byrranga mountains and Chukchi Highlandsup to 500 mm. Precipitation falls mainly in the form of snow, and in summer sometimes in the form of drizzling rains.

The subarctic belt is located south of the Arctic, it runs along the north of the East European and West Siberian plains, without leaving the southern borders of the Arctic Circle. In Eastern Siberia, the subarctic belt extends much further south - up to 60 ° N. In winter, the arctic air dominates in this zone, and in the summer - moderate. In the west, on the Kola Peninsula, the climate is subarctic marine. Average temperatures in winter are only -7 ° С -12 ° С, and in summer + 5 ° С + 10 ° С. Precipitation is up to 600 mm per year. To the east, the continental climate is growing. In the basins of North-Eastern Siberia, the average January temperature drops to -48 ° C, but it becomes more than 2 times warmer towards the Pacific coast. Summer temperatures vary from + 5 ° C on Novaya Zemlya to + 14 ° C near the southern boundary of the belt. Precipitation falls 400-450 mm, but in mountainous areas their amount can increase to 800 mm.

The moderate belt covers the rest, a large part of the country. Moderate air masses prevail here all year. In the temperate zone, the seasons of the year are well expressed. Within this belt, there are significant differences in the ratio of heat and moisture - both from north to south, and from west to east. Change climatic features from north to south it is associated with radiation conditions, and from west to east - with circulation processes. Within temperate zone There are 4 climatic regions in which 4 types of climate are formed accordingly: temperate continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.

The temperate continental climate is characteristic of the European part of Russia and the Urals. The air of the Atlantic often dominates here, so winters are not severe, and there are often thaws. The average January temperature varies from -4 ° C in the west to -25 ° C in the east, and the average July temperature - from + 13 ° C in the north to + 24 ° C in the south. Precipitation falls from 800-850 mm in the west to 500-400 mm in the east. Most of precipitation falls on the warm period.

The continental climate is characteristic of Western Siberia and the Caspian region. The continental air of temperate latitudes prevails here. The air coming from the Atlantic, passing over the Russian plain, is transformed. The average winter temperature in Western Siberia is -20 ° С -28 ° С, in the Caspian Sea - about -6 ° С. In summer, it ranges from + 15 ° С in the north to + 21 ° С in the south in Western Siberia, and up to + 25 ° С in the Caspian Sea. Precipitation falls 400-500 mm, in the Caspian Sea no more than 300 mm.

The sharply continental climate is characteristic of the temperate zone of Central Siberia and Transbaikalia. The continental air of temperate latitudes dominates here all year. Average temperatures in winter are -30 ° С -45 ° С, and in summer + 15 ° С + 22 ° С. Precipitation is 350-400 mm.

Monsoon climate is typical for the eastern outskirts of Russia. In winter, cold, dry air of temperate latitudes dominates here, and in summer, humid - from the Pacific Ocean. Average winter temperatures vary from -15 ° C on the islands to -30 ° C in the mainland. Average summer temperatures vary from + 12 ° C in the north to + 20 ° C in the south. Precipitation is up to 1000 mm (2 times more in Kamchatka), all precipitation falls mainly in the warm season.

In mountainous regions, special, mountainous, types of climate are formed. In the mountains, solar radiation increases, but temperature drops with height. Mountainous regions are characterized by temperature inversions, as well as mountain-valley winds. There is more rainfall in the mountains, especially on the windward slopes.

The nature of Russia

Geography Textbook for Grade 8

§ 10. Types of climates in Russia

Patterns of heat and moisture distribution in our country. The huge length of the territory of our country and its location in several climatic zones lead to the fact that in different parts of the country the temperatures in January and July, the annual rainfall are very different.

Fig. 35. Average January temperatures

So, the average January temperatures are 0 ... -5 ° C in the extreme west of the European part (Kaliningrad) and in the Ciscaucasia and -40 ... -50 ° C in Yakutia. July temperatures are observed from -1 ° С on the northern coast of Siberia to + 24 ... + 25 ° С on the Caspian lowland.

From Figure 35, determine where in our country there are areas with the lowest and highest January temperatures. Find the coldest areas, explain why they are located there.

Let us analyze the maps of the average isotherms of January and July on the territory of Russia. Pay attention to how they go. January isotherms are located not in the latitudinal direction, but from the northwest to the southeast. July isotherms, in contrast, are close to the latitudinal direction.

How can this picture be explained? It is known that the temperature distribution depends on the underlying surface, the amount of solar radiation, and atmospheric circulation. Intensive cooling of the surface of our country in the winter leads to the fact that the lowest winter temperatures are observed in the inner regions, not accessible to the warming influence of the Atlantic, and in the regions of Central and North-Eastern Siberia.

The average monthly temperatures in July are positive throughout Russia.

Summer temperatures are of great importance for the development of plants, for soil formation, for types of agriculture.

From Figure 36, determine how the July isotherm + 10 ° C passes. Comparing the physical and climatic maps, explain the reason for the deviation of the isotherm to the south in several regions of the country. What July isotherm passes in the southern part of temperate nova? What are the reasons for the closed position of isotherms in the south of Siberia and the north of the Far East?

Fig. 36. Average July temperatures

Distribution of precipitation in our country It is associated with the circulation of air masses, features of the relief, as well as air temperature. An analysis of the map showing the annual distribution of precipitation fully confirms this. The main source of moisture for our country is the humid air of the Atlantic. The highest rainfall in the plains falls between 55 ° and 65 ° s. w.

The amount of precipitation is extremely unevenly distributed throughout our country. The decisive factors in this case are the proximity or remoteness from the sea, the absolute height of the place, the location of the mountain ranges (delaying moist air masses or not preventing their progress).

Fig. 37. Annual rainfall

The greatest amount of precipitation in Russia falls in the mountains of the Caucasus and Altai (more than 2000 mm per year), in the south of the Far East (up to 1000 mm), as well as in the forest zone of the East European Plain (up to 700 mm). The minimum amount of precipitation falls on the semi-desert regions of the Caspian lowland (about 150 mm per year).

On the map (Fig. 37), trace how within the band 55-65 ° c. w. annual precipitation changes when moving from west to east. Compare the map of precipitation distribution over the territory of Russia with the physical map and explain why the amount of precipitation decreases as you move east, why the western slopes of the Caucasus, Altai, and the Urals receive the greatest amount of precipitation.

But the annual amount of precipitation does not yet give a complete picture of how the territory is provided with moisture, since part of the atmospheric precipitation evaporates, part leaks into the soil.

To characterize the provision of the territory with moisture, a humidification coefficient (K) is used, which shows the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation for the same period: K \u003d O / I.

Volatility is the amount of moisture that can evaporate from the surface under given atmospheric conditions. The volatility in mm of a water layer is measured.

Evaporation characterizes possible evaporation. Actual evaporation cannot exceed the annual amount of precipitation falling in a given place. For example, in the deserts of the Caspian region, evaporation is 300 mm per year, although evaporation here, in hot summers, is 3-4 times higher.

The lower the coefficient of moisture, the drier the climate. When the coefficient of moisture equal to one, moistening is considered sufficient. Sufficient moisture is characteristic of the southern border of the forest and northern borders of the forest-steppe zone.

In the steppe zone, where the moisture coefficient is less than unity (0.6-0.7), moisture is considered insufficient. In the Caspian region, in the zone of semi-deserts and deserts, where K \u003d 0.3, humidification is scarce.

But in some areas of the country K\u003e 1, that is, the amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation. Such moisture is called excess. Excessive moisture is typical for taiga, tundra, forest-tundra. In these areas there are many rivers, lakes, swamps. Here, in the processes of relief formation, the role of water erosion is great. In areas with insufficient hydration, rivers and lakes are shallow, often dry in summer, vegetation is more sparse, and wind erosion prevails in relief formation.

Fig. 38. Evaporation and evaporation

On the map (Fig. 38), determine in which areas of your country the minimum evaporation, in which - the maximum. In notebooks write down these numbers.

Types of climates in Russia. In Russia, different types of climates are formed. Each of them is characterized by the most common features such as temperature, precipitation, prevailing weather types by season of the year. Within the same type of climate, the quantitative indicators of each element can vary significantly, which allows us to distinguish climatic regions. Zonal changes (differences) are especially great in the largest climatic zone of Russia - moderate: from the taiga climate to the desert climate, from the marine climate of the coasts to the sharply continental inside the continent at the same latitude.

From the maps, determine which of the climatic zones is the main part of the territory of Russia, which climatic zones occupy the smallest area in our country.

Arctic climate characteristic of the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its Siberian coasts, where zones of Arctic deserts and tundra are located. Here the surface receives very little solar heat. Cold Arctic air dominates throughout the year. The severity of the climate is intensified due to the long polar night when no solar radiation enters the surface. Anticyclones dominate, which lengthens the winter and reduces the rest of the seasons to 1.5-2 months. There are almost two seasons in this climate: long cold winters and short cool summers. With the passage of cyclones associated with the weakening of frost and snowfall. Average January temperatures are -24 ... -30 ° C. Summer temperatures are low: + 2 ... + 5 ° С. The amount of precipitation is limited to 200-300 mm per year. They fall mainly in winter time in the form of snow.

Subarctic climate characteristic of territories located beyond the Arctic Circle on the Russian and West Siberian plains. In areas of Eastern Siberia, this type of climate is distributed up to 60 ° C. w. Winters are long and severe, and the severity of the climate increases when moving from west to east. Summer is warmer than in the Arctic zone, but short and rather cold (average July temperatures from +4 to + 12 ° C).

The annual precipitation is 200-400 mm, but due to the small amounts of evaporation, constant excess moisture is created. The influence of the Atlantic air masses leads to the fact that in the tundra of the Kola Peninsula, compared with the mainland, the amount of precipitation increases and winter temperatures are higher than in the Asian part.

Temperate climate. Moderate climate zone - Russia's largest climatic zone; therefore, it is characterized by very significant differences in temperature conditions and moisture as it moves from west to east and from north to south. The common for the whole belt are the distinct four seasons of the year - winter, spring, summer, autumn.

Temperate continental climate dominates the European part of Russia. The main features of this climate are: warm summers (July temperatures + 12 ... + 24 ° С), frosty winters (average January temperatures from -4 to -20 ° С), annual precipitation more than 800 mm in the west and up to 500 mm in the center of Russkaya the plains. This climate is formed under the influence of the western transport of Atlantic air masses, relatively warm in winter and cool in the summer, constantly wet. In the temperate continental climate, humidification varies from excess in the north, northwest to insufficient in the east, southeast. This is reflected in the change of natural zones from taiga to steppe.

Continental climate temperate zone characteristic of Western Siberia. This climate is formed under the influence of continental air masses of temperate latitudes, most often moving in the latitudinal direction. In the meridional direction, cold arctic air moves south, while continental tropical air penetrates far north of the forest strip. Therefore, precipitation here falls 600 mm per year in the north and less than 200 mm in the south. Summer is warm, even sultry in the south (average July temperatures from +15 to + 26 ° C). Winter is harsh compared to the temperate continental climate - average January temperatures are -15 ... -25 ° С.

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov (1842-1916)

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov is a famous Russian climatologist and geographer. He is considered the founder of climatology in Russia. A.I. Voeikov first established the dependence of various climatic phenomena on the ratio and distribution of heat and moisture, revealing the features of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The main, classic, work of a scientist - “Climate the globe, especially Russia. " Traveling a lot to different countries, A.I. Voeikov everywhere studied the features of climate and vegetation.

The scientist paid special attention to the study of the impact of climate on crops. In addition, A.I. Voeikov was engaged in population geography, comprehensive geography and other problems. Deeply for his time, A.I. Voeikov studied different types human impact on nature, pointed out some unfavorable aspects of this impact and suggested the right, based on the known laws of the development of nature, ways to transform it.

The change in natural zones is clearly manifested when moving from north to south from the taiga to the steppes.

Sharply continental climate temperate zone is common in Eastern Siberia. This climate is characterized by the constant dominance of continental air of temperate latitudes. The sharply continental climate is characterized by low cloud cover, scarce precipitation, the bulk of which falls in the warm part of the year. Small cloud cover contributes to the rapid heating of the earth's surface by sunlight during the day and summer, and, conversely, to its rapid cooling at night and in winter. Hence the large amplitudes (differences) of air temperatures, warm and hot summers and frosty, snowy winters. The lack of snow in severe frosts (average January temperature of -25 ... -45 ° C) provides deep freezing of soils and soils, and this in moderate latitudes causes the accumulation and preservation of permafrost. Summer is sunny and warm (average July temperatures from +16 to + 20 ° C). Annual precipitation is less than 500 mm. Humidification coefficient is close to unity. Within this climate is a taiga zone.

Monsoon climate The temperate zone is typical of the southern regions of the Far East. Usually, when the mainland cools in winter and the atmospheric pressure increases due to this, dry and cold air rushes towards warmer air above the ocean. In summer, the mainland warms up more than the ocean, and now colder oceanic air tends to the continent, bringing cloudiness, heavy precipitation; sometimes typhoons even form. The average January temperatures here are -15 ... -30 ° C; in summer, in July, + 10 ... + 20 ° С. Precipitation - 600-800 mm per year - occurs mainly in summer. If the melting snow in the mountains coincides with heavy rains, floods occur. Humidification is everywhere excessive (wetting coefficient greater than unity).

Questions and Tasks

1. What patterns in the distribution of heat and moisture can be established by analyzing the cards (see. Fig. 31, 38)?
2. How to determine the coefficient of moisture and why is this indicator so important?
3. In which areas of Russia is the coefficient greater than unity, in which - less? How does this affect other components of nature?
4. What are the main types of climate in Russia.
5. Explain why within the temperate zone the greatest differences in climatic conditions as you move from west to east.
6. What are the main features of the continental climate and indicate how this climate affects other components of nature.

They are moisture that falls on the surface of the earth from the atmosphere. They accumulate in the clouds, but not all of them allow moisture to fall on the surface of the planet. To do this, it is necessary that the drops or crystals can overcome the air resistance, gaining enough mass for this. This happens due to the connection of drops with each other.

Rainfall variety

Depending on how precipitation looks and from what state of water they are formed, they are usually divided into six types. Each of them has its own physical characteristics.

The main types:

• rain - water droplets from 0.5 mm in size;
• drizzle - water particles up to 0.5 mm;
• snow - hexagonal ice crystals;
• snow croup - rounded cores with a diameter of 1 mm or more, which can be easily squeezed with your fingers;
• ice croup - rounded cores covered with ice crust that jump when falling to the surface;
• hail - large ice particles of a rounded shape, which sometimes can weigh more than 300 g.

Distribution on earth

There are several types of precipitation depending on the annual course. They have their own characteristics.

• Equatorial. Uniform rainfall throughout the year. The absence of dry months, the least amount of moisture falls during the equinox and solstice, which are at 04, 10, 06, 01
• Monsoon. Uneven precipitation - the maximum amount of precipitation in the summer season, the minimum in the winter season.
• Mediterranean. The maximum precipitation is recorded in winter, the minimum is in summer. It occurs in the subtropics, on the western coasts and in the middle of the continent. There is a gradual decrease in the amount as you approach the central part of the mainland.
• Continental. Precipitation is greater precisely in the warm season, and with the advent of cold weather it becomes less.
• Nautical. Uniform distribution of moisture throughout the year. A slight maximum is observed in the autumn-winter period.

What affects the distribution of precipitation on Earth

In order to understand where the maximum amount of precipitation on Earth happens, it is necessary to understand what this indicator depends on.

Rainfall is unevenly distributed throughout the year. Their number decreases territorially from the equator to the poles. We can say that their number is affected by geographical latitude.

Also, their distribution depends on air temperature, movement of air masses, topography, remoteness from the coast, sea currents.

For example, if warm humid mountains meet on their way, they, rising along their slopes, cool and give precipitation. Therefore, the maximum number of them falls on the mountain slopes, where the wettest parts of the Earth are located.

Where is the maximum rainfall

The equatorial territory is the leader in terms of annual rainfall. Average indicators are 1000-2000 mm of moisture during the year. There are areas on certain mountain slopes, where this figure increases to 6000-7000. And on the volcano Cameroon (Mongo ma Ndemi), the maximum rainfall falls within 10,000 mm or more.

This is explained high temperature air, increased humidity, the prevalence of ascending air currents.

It has long been noticed that at a geographical latitude from the equator 20º to the south and 20º to the north, almost 50% of all Earth's precipitation falls. Observations over many decades prove that the maximum amount of precipitation falls at the equator, especially in the mountains.

Distribution of the amount of precipitated moisture to the total by continents

Having made sure that the maximum amount of precipitation falls at the equator, we can consider the percentage of precipitation by continent as a percentage.

Maximum annual rainfall

The most rainy place on the planet is Mount Vamaleale (Hawaii). Here during the year 335 days it's raining. The opposite situation is observed in the Atacama Desert (Chile), in which rain during the year may not fall at all.

With regard to the highest annual average moisture loss, the highest rates are in Hawaii and India. On Mount Wywil (Hawaii), the maximum rainfall is up to 11900 mm, and at Cherapundji Station (India) - up to 11400 mm. These two regions are richest in precipitation.

The driest regions are Africa and For example, in the Khara oasis (Egypt), on average, less than 0.1 mm of moisture falls out per year on average, and in the town of Arica (Chile) - 0.5 mm.

Maximum performance in the world

It is already clear that most of the moisture falls on the equator. As for the maximum indicators, they were recorded at different times and on different continents.

So the maximum amount of moisture in a minute fell in the city of Unionville (USA). It happened on 07/04/1956. Their number per minute was 31.2 mm.

If you continue the topic, then the maximum daily rainfall was recorded in the city of Silaos in the Indian Ocean). From April 15, 1952 to April 16, 1952, 1870 mm of water fell out.

The maximum for the month belongs to the already famous city of Cherapundji (India), where in July 1861, 9,299 mm of rain fell. In the same year, the maximum indicator was recorded here, which amounted to 26461 mm per year.

All data presented is not final. Observations of weather conditions show many new records, including regarding precipitation. So, the record for the most severe rain was broken after 14 years on the island of Guadeloupe. From the previous indicator, it differed by a few mm.

Precipitation - water in a liquid or solid state, precipitating from clouds or precipitating from air to the earth's surface.

Rain

Under certain conditions, cloud drops begin to merge into larger and heavier ones. They can no longer be held in the atmosphere and fall to the ground in the form the rain.

Hail

It happens that in summer the air rises quickly, picks up rain clouds and carries them to a height where the temperature is below 0 °. Raindrops freeze and fall as hail (fig. 1).

Fig. 1. The origin of the city

Snow

In winter, in moderate and high latitudes, precipitation falls in the form snow. The clouds at this time do not consist of water droplets, but of the smallest crystals - needles, which, when joined together, form snowflakes.

Dew and hoarfrost

Precipitation falling on the earth’s surface not only from the clouds, but also directly from the air, is dew and frost.

The amount of precipitation is measured by a rain gauge or rain gauge (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The structure of the rain gauge: 1 - outer casing; 2 - funnel; 3 - capacity for collecting oxen; 4 - measured tank

Classification and types of precipitation

Precipitation is distinguished by the nature of the precipitation, by origin, by physical condition, seasons of precipitation, etc. (Fig. 3).

By the nature of the precipitation, rainfall, cover and drizzle are possible. Rainfall - intense, short-lived, occupy a small area. Precipitation - medium intensity, uniform, long (can last for days, capturing large areas). Drizzle - precipitation falling on an insignificant territory.

Precipitation is distinguished by origin:

• convective - characteristic of a hot belt, where heating and evaporation are intense, but are often in the temperate zone;
• frontal - are formed when two air masses meet different temperature and fall out of warmer air. Typical of temperate and cold zones;
• orographic - fall out on the windward slopes of the mountains. They are very plentiful if the air comes from the warm sea and has a large absolute and relative humidity.

Fig. 3. Types of precipitation

Comparing to climate map annual precipitation on the Amazon lowland and in the Sahara desert, you can verify their uneven distribution (Fig. 4). What is the reason for this?

Precipitation brings moist air masses forming over the ocean. This is clearly seen in the territories with monsoon climate. The summer monsoon brings a lot of moisture from the ocean. And over land, it rains for a long time, like on the Pacific coast of Eurasia.

Constant winds also play a large role in the distribution of precipitation. So, the trade winds blowing from the continent bring dry air to the north of Africa, where the Sahara, the most extensive desert in the world, is located. Westerly winds bring rain from the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.

Fig. 4. The average annual distribution of precipitation on land

As you already know, sea currents affect precipitation in the coastal parts of the continents: warm currents contribute to their appearance (Mozambique current off the eastern coast of Africa, Gulf Stream off the coast of Europe), cold currents prevent precipitation (Peruvian current off the western coast of South America) .

The terrain also affects the distribution of precipitation, for example, the Himalayan mountains do not allow moist winds blowing from the Indian Ocean to the north. Therefore, on their southern slopes sometimes up to 20,000 mm of precipitation falls annually. Wet air masses, rising along the slopes of the mountains (ascending air currents), cool, become saturated, and precipitation falls out of them. The territory north of the Himalayan mountains resembles a desert: there is only 200 mm of rainfall per year.

There is a relationship between belts and rainfall. At the equator - in the low-pressure belt - constantly heated air; rising up, it cools and saturates. Therefore, in the equatorial region, many clouds form and heavy rains occur. A lot of precipitation falls in other areas of the globe, where low pressure prevails. At the same time, air temperature is of great importance: the lower it is, the less precipitation falls.

In high pressure belts, downward air currents prevail. The air, falling, heats up and loses the properties of the state of saturation. Therefore, at latitudes 25-30 ° precipitation rarely and in small quantities. In high pressure areas, there is also little rainfall at the poles.

The absolute maximum rainfall registered on about. Hawaii ( Pacific Ocean) - 11 684 mm / year and in Cherapundji (India) - 11 600 mm / year. The absolute minimum is in the Atacama desert and in the Libyan desert - less than 50 mm / year; sometimes precipitation for years does not fall at all.

The characteristic of humidification is humidification coefficient - the ratio of annual precipitation and evaporation over the same period. The moisture coefficient is denoted by the letter K, the annual amount of precipitation is indicated by the letter O, and the evaporation by AND then K \u003d O: I.

The lower the coefficient of moisture, the drier the climate. If the annual amount of precipitation is approximately equal to evaporation, then the moisture coefficient is close to unity. In this case, hydration is considered sufficient. If the moisture index is greater than one, then the hydration excess less than one - insufficient. With a moisture coefficient of less than 0.3, moisture is considered meager. Zones with sufficient moisture include forest-steppes and steppes, and zones with insufficient moisture include deserts.