An agreement between the Entente and Germany was signed in the Compiegne Forest on November 11, 1918. It allowed us to begin the process of the return of states and peoples to peaceful life.
France demanded the maximum weakening of Germany, up to the partition of the country into several states dependent on Paris. The French claimed the return of Alsace and Lorraine. They also advocated the establishment of control over the industrial area in the Rhine basin, as well as aimed at the German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Great Britain, together with France, strove to divide the Ottoman Empire and capture the territories dependent on Germany outside Europe.
The United States claimed the role of “moral leader” of the post-war world. They opposed territorial seizures (annexations) and the recovery of material damage from the defeated countries of the Fourth Union (indemnity).
Italy, Japan, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Greece, China - pursued their national interests, demanding, as a rule, “rounding” the territory and compensation for losses due to states that lost the war.
Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920 The main issues: the solution of territorial problems in Europe and the colonies, compensation for damage suffered, the creation of a peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations, the Russian problem, the return of prisoners of war and the punishment of war criminals.
June 28, 1919. The first international document was signed in a series of agreements between the winners and the vanquished.
Germany returned France to Alsace and Lorraine, Belgium - three small border districts, Denmark - Northern Schleswig, Lithuania - the sea port of Mkmel, and the coal-rich region of Saara came under international control for 15 years. The entire German part of the left bank of the Rhine and a strip of the right bank 50 km wide were subject to liberation from troops and fortifications, i.e., demilitarization. Germany recognized the independence of the new nation states. Poland, Czechoslovakia and Austria. The German army and navy were subject to significant reductions. Germany undertook to pay huge reparations to the victorious powers as compensation for damage from the war. Its colonies and dependent territories were divided between Great Britain, France (in Africa) and Japan (in Asia).
Washington Peace Conference 1921-1922 The delegations of nine countries took part in its work: the USA, Great Britain, France, Japan and others. Soviet Russia, the largest Pacific power, was not invited to the conference.
The main outcome documents of the conference were the treaties of four, five and nine powers. In a treaty of four powers, Great Britain, France, the USA and Japan guaranteed a friend the inviolability of island possessions in the basin Pacific. The treaty of the five powers, with the participation of Italy, prohibited the construction of large-tonnage military vessels and established a certain correlation of naval forces of the leading Pacific states. In a treaty of nine powers, they pledged to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, to which, under pressure from the Americans, Japan returned the Shandong Peninsula occupied by its troops during the First World War.
1. List the basic requirements of the winning countries.
2. What post-war conferences addressed issues of the peaceful settlement of international relations?
3. Which countries have benefited most from the outcomes of these conferences, and which have lost?
4. What issues of international relations have not been resolved?
5. What is the Versailles-Washington system?
Determine which countries meet the goals of a post-war peace settlement:
1. The division of Germany into several weak states.
2. Return of Alsace and Lorraine. 3. Control over the industrial region of the Rhine.
4. German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean.
5. Building a system of new international relations and the role of the “moral leader” of the world.
6. Preservation of a united Germany.
7. Section of the Ottoman Empire.
8. The capture of German possessions outside Europe.
Determine which conference resolved these problems :
1. Territorial changes in Europe and the colonies.
2. The balance of power in the Far East.
3. The new position of Germany in the post-war world.
4. The creation of an international organization - the League of Nations.
5. The ratio of naval forces of the leading Pacific powers.
6. The return of prisoners of war and the punishment of war criminals.
7. The solution to the Russian problem.
1. Explain the contradictions between the victorious countries. Could they be allowed in those historical conditions?
2. Formulate the goals of creating the League of Nations and try to imagine under what conditions the activities of this organization could be productive.
3. Is it right to say that with the creation of the League of Nations, international relations have moved to a new level?
4. What was the “Russian question” at conferences and why was it not resolved?
5. Was the Versailles-Washington system strong? Justify your opinion.
Continue with the historical statement:
As a result of the Paris and Washington conferences, a new balance of forces was established in the world, which could lead to ...
Germany, having lost some of its possessions and forced to pay a huge indemnity, could ...
The Versailles-Washington system could not solve all the controversial issues of international relations, because ...
The attempt to organize a conference on the Prince Islands can be regarded as ...
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George spoke about the mandatory system under which former colonial possessions were transferred to the care of leading victorious countries: "Mandates are simply a disguise for annexations."
Is it possible to agree with such a frank statement? How could you confirm or deny this statement
Presentation on the topic: Post-war system international treaties
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Presentation on the topic:
Slide number 1
Description of the slide:
Slide number 2
Description of the slide:
1. List the basic requirements of the winning countries. 2. What post-war conferences addressed issues of the peaceful settlement of international relations? 3. Which countries have benefited most from the outcomes of these conferences, and which have lost? 4. What issues of international relations have not been resolved? 5. What is the Versailles-Washington system?
Slide number 3
Description of the slide:
Determine which countries meet the goals of a peaceful settlement after the war: 1. Partition of Germany into several weak states. 2. Return of Alsace and Lorraine. 3. Control over the industrial region of the Rhine. 4. German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean. 5. Building a system of new international relations and the role of the “moral leader” of the world. 6. Preservation of a united Germany. 7. Section of the Ottoman Empire. 8. The capture of German possessions outside Europe.
Slide number 4
Description of the slide:
Determine which conference was decided listed problems: 1. Territorial changes in Europe and the colonies. 2. The balance of power on Far East. 3. The new position of Germany in the post-war world. 4. Creation international organization - League of Nations. 5. The ratio of naval forces of the leading Pacific powers. 6. The return of prisoners of war and the punishment of war criminals. 7. The solution to the Russian problem.
Slide number 5
Description of the slide:
1. Explain the contradictions between the victorious countries. Could they be allowed in those historical conditions? 2. Formulate the goals of creating the League of Nations and try to imagine under what conditions the activities of this organization could be productive. 3. Is it right to say that with the creation of the League of Nations, international relations have moved to a new level? 4. What was the “Russian question” at conferences and why was it not resolved? 5. Was the Versailles-Washington system strong? Justify your opinion.
Slide number 6
Description of the slide:
Continue with the historical statement: As a result of the Paris and Washington conferences, a new balance of forces was established in the world, which could lead to ... Germany, having lost some of its possessions and having to pay a huge indemnity, could ... The Versailles-Washington system could not solve all disputed issues international relations, because ... An attempt to organize a conference on the Prince Islands can be regarded as ...
Slide number 7
Description of the slide:
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George spoke about the mandatory system under which former colonial possessions were transferred to the care of leading victorious countries: "Mandates are simply a disguise for annexations." Is it possible to agree with such a frank statement? How could you confirm or deny this statement
Sections: History and Social Studies
Lesson Objectives:
- Reveal the contradictions that arose during the preparation and signing of the Treaty of Versailles;
- Show the inconsistency of the Versailles-Washington system, the nuclei of which conflicts in international relations lurked in the system of post-war treaties;
- To continue work on the formation of positive and critical thinking, the ability to find a way out of the current situation, and find solutions for stability in society.
- To continue the formation of the ability to work with a historical map, historical documents, make an analysis of historical events and conclusions.
Main problems:
1. The objectives of the conference. Contradictions between the conference participants. Did this complicate the environment in which the conference took place?
2. What are the basic principles underlying the new post-war international relations, and how solid was the created Versailles-Washington system?
3. Did the countries participating in the First World War draw lessons from it, judging by the decisions of the post-war international treaties?
Historical calendar (see Appendix)
November 12, 1921 - February 6, 1922 - Washington Peace Conference; “Treaty of the Four Powers”; “Treaty of the Five Powers”; "The Treaty of the Nine Powers."
Questions and Tasks
Questions
Exercise 1
Determine, using documents, which countries meet the goals of a post-war peace settlement:
- Partition of Germany into several states.
- Return of Alsace and Lorraine.
- Control over the industrial region of the Rhine.
- German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean.
- Building a system of new international relations and the role of the “moral leader of the world”.
- Preservation of a united Germany.
- Section of the Ottoman Empire.
- The capture of German possessions outside Europe.
Task 2.
Determine, using the documents, at which of the conferences the listed problems were solved:
- Territorial changes in Europe and the colonies.
- The balance of power in the Far East.
- The new position of Germany in the post-war world.
- Creation of an international organization - the League of Nations.
- The ratio of the naval forces of the Pacific powers.
- The return of prisoners of war and the punishment of war criminals.
- The solution to the Russian problem.
Task 3.
Continue with historical statements:
- As a result of the Paris and Washington conferences, a new balance of forces was established in the world that could lead ...
- Germany, having lost some of its possessions and forced to pay a huge indemnity. could ...
- The Versailles-Washington system could not solve all the controversial issues of international relations, because ...
- The attempt to organize a conference on the Prince Islands can be regarded as ...
Task 4.
- Explain what contradictions existed between the winning countries? Could they be allowed in those historical conditions?
- Is it right to say that with the creation of the League of Nations, international relations have moved to a new level?
- What was the “Russian question” at conferences and why was it not resolved?
Task 5.
Analysis of historical statement:
1. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George spoke out about the mandate system, according to which former colonial possessions were transferred to the custody of advanced victorious countries: “Mandates are simply a disguise for annexations.” Is it possible to agree with such a frank statement? How could you confirm or refute this statement?
2. T. Dreiser in his book “America is worth saving” writes: “And so the long-suffering humanity receives a dummy in the form of the League of Nations, which declares war“ outlawed ”. It took a long time to work out the rules of this wonderful game of hide and seek, but even before they were worked out, new wars began to arise everywhere. From then until now, there has hardly been at least one day when there has been no war somewhere. ” Is it so? Prove or disprove this statement.
Task 6.
Work with the map “World after the First World War”.
Track territorial changes by decision of conferences. Explain which countries they arranged and why? Which countries were not satisfied?
In conclusion, students express their views on the main issues.
Summing up the seminar.
New Topic Plan
1. The goals of the victorious countries in the post-war peace settlement. 2. Paris Peace Conference and its decisions. 3. Washington Peace Conference and its decisions. 4. The fragility of the Versailles-Washington system.
The main problem of the lesson: what basic principles were the basis of the new post-war international relations and was there a lasting peace on their basis?
Historical calendar
January 18, 1919 - January 21, 1920- Paris Peace Conference
November 12, 1921 - February 6, 1922- Washington Peace Conference
OPTION I. Work on issues.
Task 1. Questions to test knowledge of the material: 1. List the basic requirements of the winning countries. 2. What post-war conferences addressed issues of the peaceful settlement of international relations? 3. Which countries have benefited most from the outcomes of these conferences, and which have lost? 4. What issues of international relations have not been resolved? 5. What is the Versailles-Washington system?
Task 2. Determine which countries correspond to the goals of a peaceful settlement after the war:
1. The division of Germany into several weak states. 2. Return of Alsace and Lorraine. 3. Control over the industrial region of the Rhine. 4. German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean. 5. Building a system of new international relations and the role of the “moral leader” of the world. 6. Preservation of a united Germany. 7. Section of the Ottoman Empire. 8. The capture of German possessions outside Europe.
Countries: 1. United Kingdom. 2. France. 3. USA.
Task 3. Determine on which of the conferences the listed problems were solved:
1. Territorial changes in Europe and the colonies. 2. The balance of power in the Far East. 3. The new position of Germany in the post-war world. 4. The creation of an international organization - the League of Nations. 5. The ratio of naval forces of the leading Pacific powers. 6. The return of prisoners of war and the punishment of war criminals. 7. The solution to the Russian problem.
Conferences: Paris Conference, Washington Conference.
Task 4. Analysis of the actual material:
1. Explain the contradictions between the victorious countries. Could they be allowed in those historical conditions? 2. Formulate the goals of creating the League of Nations and try to imagine under what conditions the activities of this organization could be productive. 3. Is it right to say that with the creation of the League of Nations, international relations have moved to a new level? 4. What was the “Russian question” at conferences and why was it not resolved? 5. Was the Versailles-Washington system strong? Justify your opinion.
Task 5. Continue the historical statement:
As a result of the Paris and Washington conferences, a new balance of forces was established in the world, which could lead to ...
Germany, having lost some of its possessions and forced to pay a huge indemnity, could ...
The Versailles-Washington system could not solve all the controversial issues of international relations, because ...
The attempt to organize a conference on the Prince Islands can be regarded as ...
Task 6. Analysis of historical statements:
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George spoke about the mandatory system under which former colonial possessions were transferred to the care of leading victorious countries: "Mandates are simply a disguise for annexations."
Is it possible to agree with such a frank statement? How could you confirm or refute this statement?
Task 7. Working with the map:
Follow the map "World after the First World War" territorial changes by the decisions of conferences. Explain which countries they arranged and why. Which countries were dissatisfied?
Task 8. Work with the document:
Read the extract from the Treaty of Versailles and answer the questions. What points in this document could cause future international conflicts? For what reasons were these points allowed?
Task 9. Creative tasks:
1. Make a statement on behalf of a representative of any of the leading victorious countries with a justification of the principles of post-war international relations. 2. Make an appeal on behalf of the League of Nations to the peoples of the world explaining the goals of this organization. 3. Compose memories of conferences on behalf of one of the participants (at the student’s choice) with the use and explanation of historical concepts: annexation, indemnity, demilitarization, mandatory system, reparations.
OPTION II. Work on the “Historical hats” groups.
Students at the beginning of the lesson are divided into groups 4-5 people each and each group receives from the teacher a hat of a certain color: yellow, black, white, red and blue (the teacher can give the groups a color image of the hats, explaining the meaning of each color and the group's work with it).
The yellow hat is the hat of the optimist.
The group that received the yellow hat should find all the positive points in the topic covered. It is necessary to list all the issues of world politics that were resolved at conferences after the end of the First World War, to find successes in solving their problems for each country (where they exist).
Black hat - pessimist hat.
The group that received the black hat should find all the issues that were not resolved at the post-war conferences, highlight all the failures in international relations for each country, and show the injustice of the decisions of the conferences.
The white hat is the hat of an objective observer.
The group that received the white hat should find and list only specific facts on the topic without any ratings (which conferences took place, their results).
The red hat is the hat of the emotional participant.
The group that received the red hat should explain what emotions and feelings the countries participating in the conferences experienced and why, who was satisfied new system international relations, and who is not.
The blue hat is the hat of the philosopher.
The group that received the blue hat should prepare discussions on the questions: how strong was the created Versailles-Washington system of international relations and is it legitimate to talk about strong international relations in general, did the participating countries of the First World War draw any lessons from it, judging by the decisions post-war international conferences?
After discussion in groups (20 minutes) each group gives its own message. Students of other groups have the right after the message to supplement, ask questions, argue with the statements made. The teacher regulates the discussion of the performance of each group and summarizes it.
Homework. § 8.