For a long time - the Evenks lived in childbirth - in the taiga wandered Changiti robes. Changiti killed all men, even boys. At the Evenka Hunter, the son was born then. Grow quickly, like a saphal, became a swather soon.

Once he hunted in a taiga. Sees Divo: a hute man leaned against the tree, holding a stick in his hand. Fire and smoke pop out from this stick.
Here from the tree, where I watched a stick, the lynx fell. Bogatyr watched a new man. He saw that he put a stick on his back (a rope was tied to a stick). Went to the killed beast. Human's face lean her hair. Like his hair on last year's grass in the swamp. And himself is big, high, wide. Man risen lynx. He took the skin. Went. Evenk behind him. But it came to dry bitch. The man looked back. Evenk stopped. The man went to the Bogatyr. Asked:
- Who are you?
- Evenk-Bogatyr. And who are you?
- Russian.

He showed the Evenka Leek. Evenk called Russian to the Chum. Treated it. The guest gave him a shooting stick. Gone.
All taiga people began to envy Bogatyr. But Bogatyr did not want one to have a shooting stick. He pulled a lot of fiery sticks for Evenks. He helped him a new friend. Peaceful Evenks became very strong. Changiti was afraid now to attack them.

Once upon a time Changiti came out with the world to the Eveners. Gathered for a big holiday. Everyone began to live in friendship.

Evenkoe legend

Evenki (Samuokil's self-confession, which became the official ethnonym in 1931; the old name - Tungus from Yakut. TOҥ OUS) - indigenous people Russian Federation (Eastern Siberia). Also live in Mongolia and North-East of China. Separate groups of Evenks were known as the orphans, birars, magery, solons. Language - Evenki, belongs to the Tungus-Manchur group of the Altai language family. Three groups of dialects are distinguished: North, South and East. Each dialect is divided into dialects.

Geography

Live from the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the East to Yenisei in the West, from the Northern Ocean in the north to the Baikalia and the Amur River in the south: in Yakutia (14.43 thousand people), Evenki (3.48 thousand people), Dudinsky District of Taimyr AO, Turukhansky district Krasnoyarsk Territory (4.34 thousand people), Irkutsk region (1.37 thousand people), Chita region (1.27 thousand people), Buryatia (1.68 thousand people), Amur region (1, 62 thousand people), Khabarovsk Territory (3.7 thousand people), Sakhalin Region (138 people), as well as in the north-east of China (20 thousand people, Ridge Hinggang) and in Mongolia (about Lake Buir-Nur and the upper and the IRO River).

Language

They speak on the Evenki language of the Tungus-Manchur group of the Altai family. Dialects are divided into groups: Northern - north of Lower Tunguska and Nizhny Vitima, southern - south of Lower Tunguska and Nizhny Vitima and East - east of Vitima and Lena. Russian is also common (55.7% of Evenks own free 55.7%, they consider it native - 28.3%), Yakutsky and Buryat languages.

Evenkiy, along with Manchurian and Yakut, belongs to the Tungus-Manchurian branch of the Altai language family.

In turn, the Tungus-Manchurian Language Family is something intermediate between Mongolian (Mongols belong to it) and the Turkic language family (where, for example, Tuvints include, although many do not perceive Tuvintsev as a Turil (such as Tatars, Uigur, Kazakhs or Turks) Because Tuvinians do not profess Islam, but are partially shamanists like Yakuts and Evenks, but part of Buddhists, like Manchuri and Mongols, and it should be noted that manchuri is also part of the Buddhism). Evenks are very close to manchurams, but unlike them did not create famous state formations. And they are like Yakuts close to them.

Evenks, as in Russia, so in China and Mongolia, have adapted with the help of scientists of the relevant countries to record their language a writing system adopted in the title peoples of these states. In Russia, Evenks use the Cyrillic alphabet, in Mongolia - Staromongol writing, and in China - Staromongol writing and hieroglyphs. But this happened recently, in the 20th century. Therefore, in the following excerpts of the material of the Chinese and Surnone, it is said that Evenks have no writing.

Name

Perhaps it sounds strange, but even the very name of the Evenk people was washed with the spirit of myths and doubts. Thus, since the development of Russian extensive territories occupied by Evenks, until 1931 it was customary to call this people (and at the same age and related Evenov) by the general word "Tungus". At the same time, the origin of the word "Tungus" still remains unclear - whether it comes from the Tungus word "KUNGU", meaning a "short coat of deer skins, stitched wool up", either from Mongolian "Tung" - "Forest" Whether from the Yakut "Tong Wes" - "People with frozen lips", i.e. Speakers in incomprehensible language. Anyway, but the name "Tungus" in relation to the Eveners is still used by a number of researchers, which makes confusion in the already confusing history of the Evenki people.

One of the most common self-sustavances of this people - Ezenka (also Evekenkil) - in 1931, was recognized as official and predicted the form of "Evenka" more familiar to Russian hearing. The origin of the word "EVENKI" is still mysterious than "Tungs". Some scientists argue that it comes from the name of the ancient Trans-Baikal tribe "Rann" (also "Hwan", "Guy"), from which modern Evenks are allegedly leading their roots. Others and are completely bred by their hands, refusing attempts to the interpretation of this term and pointing only that it arose about two thousand years ago.

Another very common self-confusion of Evenks - Orochon (also "Orochen"), literally meaning the "man who owns the deer", "deer" man. It is so called themselves evenks-reindeer herds in an extensive territory from Transbaikalia to the Zeysky-Scary district; However, some of the modern Amur Evenkov prefer the name "EVENKI", and the word "ORCHON" consider everything on all the nickname. In addition to these names, the deviations of the "Madery" ("Kujärchny"), ILE (Evenings of the Upper Lena and Podcaming Tunguska), Kilene (Evenks from Lena to Sakhalin) were also among the various groups of Evenks), "Kilen" (Evenks from Lena to Sakhalin), "Birari" - Those. Living along the rivers), "Hongdysal" (i.e., "the owners of dogs" - so called themselves the Funny Evenings of the Lower Tungusky), "Solons" and many others often coincided with the names of individual Evenk birth.

At the same time, not all Evenks were reindeer herds (for example, Magers who lived in the south of Transbaikalia and Amuria, also bred horses), and some Evenks were at all hiking or spedled and engaged only by hunting and fishing. In general, up to the 20th century, Evenks were not a single, holistic people, and rather were a number of separate tribal groups who sometimes live at a huge distance from each other. And yet, at the same time, they associated a lot - a single language, customs and beliefs, - which allows us to talk about the general roots of all Evenks. But where are these roots lie?

History

II thousand BC. - I thousand AD. - The population of the valley of the lower Tunguska. The parking lot of the ancient people of the Neolithic of the Bronze and Iron Age era in the middle of the replacement Tunguska.

XII century - The beginning of the resettlement of the Tungus on Eastern Siberia: from the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the East to the Osko-Irtysh Meternreach in the West, from the North Ocean in the north to Baikalia in the south.

Among the northern peoples are not only the Russian north, but also the entire Arctic coast, Evenks are the most numerous language group: on

the territory of Russia lives by more than 26,000 people, according to various sources, as much in Mongolia and Manchuria.

The name of "Evenki" with the creation of the Evenksky district firmly included in the social, political and linguistic way. Doctor of Historical Sciences V.A. Tugolukov gave a figurative explanation to the name "Tungus" - going across the ridges.

Tungs from ancient times settled from the shores of the Pacific Ob. Their lifestyle made changes to the name of birth not only by geographical signs, but, more often, domestic. Evenks living on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, were called euments or, more often, Lamuts from the word "Lama" - the sea. Transbaikal Evenks were called torment, for they were mainly engaged in horse breeding, and not reindeer herding. And the name of the horse is "Moore". Evenki-reindeer wheels, settled in the interfluve of three tuncons (upper, podcaming, or medium, and lower) and the hangars called themselves ochenami - deer tungs. And they all talked and talk on a single Tunguso-Manchurian.

Most of the historians-tungs are consider the Pranodina Evenkov Transbaikalia and the Amur region. In many sources, it is argued that they were ousted by more militant steppes at the beginning of the city. However, there is another point of view. In Chinese chronicles, it is mentioned that another 4000 years before the Evenks were ousted, the Chinese knew about the people, the strongest among the "Northern and Oriental Inoments". And these Chinese chronicles indicate coincidences on many signs of the ancient people - dried - with a later, known to us as tungs.

1581-1583 - The first mention of tungs as nationalities in the description of the Siberian kingdom. First landlords, researchers, travelers highly responded about tungs: "Helps without slavery, proud and bold." Khariton Laptev, examined the coast of the Ice Ocean between Ope and Olenek, wrote:

"The courage and mankind, and the meaning of the tungs of all the worsching in the yurts of living are superior." Related Decembrist V. Kyhehelbecker called Tungus "Siberian Aristocrats", and the first Yenisei governor A. Stepanov wrote: "Their costumes are reminiscent of the Kamols of the Spanish Grande ..." But we must not forget that the first Russian landlords also noted that "Kepeitsa and Rhobhina them are stone and Bone "that they do not have iron dishes, and" tea is boiled in wooden cannors hot stones, and meat only in coal bake ... "And yet:" Needles there are no iron and clothing sew and shoes with bonechains and deer veins. "

The second half of the XVI century. - Penetration of Russian industrialists and hunters in the basins of the pelvis rivers, Turukhan and the mouth of the Yenisei. The neighborhood of two different crops was interpellent. Russians studied hunting skills, survival in northern conditionsThe norms of morality and the dormitories of Aborigines were forced to take the norms of morality, especially since the sealing settlers took the wives of local women, created mixed families.

Gradually, the Evenkov tribes were ousted by Yakuts, Russian and Buryats from the part of their territory and moved to Northern China. In the last century, Evenka appeared on Nizhny Amur and Sakhalin. By that time, the people were partially assimilated by Russians, Yakuts, Mongols and Buryats, Daurura, Manchules and Chinese. By the end of the XIX century, the total number of Evenks was 63 thousand people. According to the Census of 1926-1927, 17.5 thousand lived in the USSR. In 1930, Ilimpiysky, Baykitsky and Tunguso-Chiang National

areas were combined into the Evenk National District. According to the 2002 census, 35 thousand Evenks live in Russia.

Life of Evenkov

The main occupation of the "hiking" of Evenks is hunting. It is mainly mainly on a large beast of a deer, moose, a root, a bear, however, the fur hunt for smaller animals (protein, sand) is also common. Hunting is usually carried out from autumn in spring, groups of two or three people. Evenki-reindeer herders used animals when driving a horse (including for hunting) and a blizzard, milked. After the end of the hunting season, several Evenki families were usually combined and moved to another place. In some groups, nars of various types were known, which were borrowed from the Nenets and Yakuts. Evenks bred not only deer, but also horses, camels, sheep. Some places were widespread of seal and fishing. Traditional exercises of Evenkov was the processing of skins, barks, blacksmiths, including to order. In Transbaikalia and the Amur region, Evenki even moved to a settled agriculture and breeding cattle. In the 1930s, reindeer breeding cooperatives began to be created, and with them stationary settlements. At the end of the last century, the Evenki began to form generic communities.

Food, accommodation and clothing

Traditional food of Evenks are meat and fish. Depending on the generation of Evenki, eating berries, mushrooms, and fessel - vegetables grown on their own groats. The main drink is tea, sometimes with a deer milk or salt. National Residence of Evenkov - Chum (du). It consists of a conical island from stories covered with skins (winter) or barking (summer). The center was located in the center, and above it - a horizontal helper on which the boiler was suspended. At the same time, a variety of tribes were used in various tribes, the yurts of various types and even borrowed in Russian logging structures were used.

Traditional Evenkov's clothing: Sukonny Natasniki, Nogovitsa, caftan from deer skins, under which a special breastplate was put on. The female breastplan was distinguished by a bead decoration and had a straight line nizhny Kra. Men wore a belt with a knife in the sheath, women with a needleer, drummer and plenty. The clothes were decorated with fur, fringe, embroidery, metal plaques, beads. Evenkov communities usually consist of several related families with 15 to 150 people. Until the last century, a custom was preserved, according to which the hunter had to give part of the production of relatives. For Evenks, a small family is characterized, although in some tribes there were polygamy.

Beliefs and folklore

The cults of spirits, commercial and generic cults, shamanism remained. There were elements of a bearish holiday - rituals associated with the cutting of the carcass of the murdered bear, eating his meat, burial bone. The Christianization of Evenks was carried out from the 17th century. In Transbaikalia and the Amur region there was a strong influence of Buddhism. Folklore included improvisation songs, mythological and historical epos, fairy tales of animals, historical and domestic legends, etc. Epos was performed

recitative, often participated listeners, repeating the individual lines for the observer. Separate groups of Evenkov had their epic heroes (Soning). Permanent heroes - comic characters There were also household stories. From the musical instruments are known Vargan, Hunting onions, etc., from dancing - dance (Heyo, Sado), who performed under the song improvisation. The Games were the nature of the competition in the fight, shooting, running, etc. Affiliate bone and wood carving, metal processing (men), beadwork, in Eastern Evenks - Flod, applique with fur and cloth, embossing on Bereste (Women).

China Evenks

Although Russia is usually believed that the Evenks live in Russian Siberia, in the adjacent territory of China they are represented by four ethnolinguistic groups, the total number of which exceeds the number of Evenks in Russia: 39 534 against 38,396. These groups are combined into two official nationalities living in Evenki Autonomous Khosun Autonomous District inner Mongolia and in the neighboring province of Heilongjiang (Naheh County):

• orochons (literally "reindeer herders", whale. Ex. 鄂伦春, Pinyin: èlúnchūn zú) - 8196 people in the 2000 census, 44.54% lives in inner Mongolia, and 51.52% - in Hailongjiang province, 1.2% - In the province of Liaoning. Around half speak at the Orochonsky dialect of the Evenki language, sometimes considered as a separate language; The rest are only in Chinese. Currently, China-Evenki is a very small ethnic group, the number of only about two hundred people. They speak a dialect of the North Tungus language. The existence of their traditional culture is under great threat.
• evenks (Kit. Ex. 鄂温克族, Pinhin: èwēnkè zú) - 30 505 for 2000, 88.8% in Hoolun-Buyra, including:
• a small group of Evenkov's actual group is about 400 people in the village of Aolugua (Henhahe County), which are now moved to the suburb of the district center; They themselves call "JEKE", the Chinese - Yakute, as they built themselves to Yakutam. According to the Finnish Altaiist Yuc Yanhound, this is the only ethnic group in China, which is engaged in reindeer herding;

• hamnigans are a strongly Mongolized group, which speaks Mongolian languages \u200b\u200b- actually Chamnigan and on the Hamnigan (Old-Baragsky) dialect of the Evenki language. These so-called Manchur Hamnigans emigrated from Russia to China for several years after the October Revolution; About 2500 people live in Starobargutian Khosne;
• solons - they, together with Daurars, moved from the Zeya River basin in 1656 to the Nunjiana River Pool, and then in 1732 they went further to the West, to the High River pool, where the Evenk Autonomous Hoshun was found later with 9733 Eveners. They speak at the Solon dialect, sometimes considered as a separate language.

Since both Hamning and Yakuta-Evenks are very small (about 2000 first and probably about 200 seconds), the overwhelming majority of persons attributable in China to Evenki nationality are solons. The number of solons was estimated at 7200 in 1957, 18,000 in 1982, and 25,000 in 1990.

Great people of the Evenki people

Gaud.

Aguda (Agudai) is the most famous historical personality of the early history of the Tungus, the leader of the Tungus-Public Tribes of the Amur region, which created the powerful state of Aysin Gurun. At the beginning of the second millennium, Tungus, whom the Chinese called Nyuzzhi (Zhüxi) - Zhurzheny, stopped the domination of the robes (Mongolian tribes). In 1115, Aguda declared himself an emperor by creating an empire Aysin Gurun (Anchung Gurun) - Golden Empire (Keith "Jin"). In 1119, Aguda decided to start a war with China and in the same year Zhurzheni took Kaifyn - the capital of China of the time. The victory of Tungus-Zhurchzhenia, under the leadership of Aguda, was obsessed with a number of 200 thousand soldiers against the Million China Troops. Empire Aksin Gurun existed over 100 years before the start of the heyday of the Mongolian Empire of Genghis Khan.

Bombogor

Bombogor - the leader of the Union Evenki childbirth in the Amur region in the fight against Manchurian conquerors in the XVII century. Under the leadership of Bombogo Evenka, Solons and Dauras opposed Manchzhuras Qing Dynasty in the middle of the 1630s. Under his banners were going to 6 thousand soldiers who fought for several years with the regular Manchurian army. Only after 5 years, Manchurians were able to pinch the bombing and suppress the resistance of the Evenks. Bombogor was captured by Manchules in 1640, brought to the capital of the Manchur Emperor - Mukden and there is Kaznayn. With the death of Bombotra Evenka and all the peoples of the Amur region in China were subordinated to the emperor and the Qing dynasty.

Nemthushkin A.N.

Nemthushkin Altitude Nikolaevich is a famous Evenki writer, poet. Born in 1939. In the countryside of Irishki Katangsky district of the Irkutsk region in the family of the hunter, was brought up in boarding schools and grandmother Oddo-Evdokia Ivanovna Nemthushkin. In 1957 he graduated from the Erbogachnaya Secondary School, in 1961 the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute named after Herzen.

After study, Altitude Nikolayevich comes to work in Evenku, the Krasnoyarsk Worker newspaper correspondent. In 1961, he becomes the editor of the Evenki radio and works in journalism for more than 20 years. His first book - a collection of poems "Timany Agida" (Morning in Taiga) came out when the Altitude Nikolaevich was still a student in 1960. Since then, more than 20 books have been published from Nemetushkin's feather, which were published in Krasnoyarsk, Leningrad, Moscow, Yakutsk. Poems and prose Nemthushkin are translated into tens of languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the former USSR and socialist countries.

The most significant and popular works of Alitea Nemthushkin are the poetic collections of "bonfires of my ancestors", "Breathing of the Earth", prosaic books "I am dreaming of heavenly deer", "trackers on deer", "Road to the Nizhny World", "Samaquel - labels on deer ear "And others in 1986 A. NTRUUSHIN was elected to the responsible secretary of the Krasnoyarsk writer; In 1990, the title "Honored Worker of Culture" is honored; In 1992, the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature is awarded; Member of the Writers Union since 1969.

Chapohyr O.V.

Famous composer, author and performer of many Evenki songs. Oleg Vasilyevich Chapogir was born in 1952 in the village of Kislokan or Mimpius Krasnoyarsk Territory in the family of Evenkov Hunters. From childhood, he heard folk tunes from their mother and other events that, together with a natural gift, later influenced his life choice.

After graduating from eight classes of the Turin High School, Oleg Vasilyevich entered the Norilsk Music School in the class of national instruments of the Northern Office. Having received a diploma, in 1974 the future composer returned to his native Evenka, where he began to create his works. He worked in the ormpius district department of culture, in the art workshop, in the district scientific and methodological center.

On the talent and activities of Oleg Chapogira perfectly told G.V. Shakirzyanova: "Works of an earlier period, written by him immediately after graduation, are devoted mainly to youth themes, in them - the irrepressible rhythm and a clear pulse of time. The songworks of the late period carry the imprint of a deep thoughtful attitude towards folk poetry, to their historical roots, which is noticeably distinguished by the composer art of Oleg Chapogira from the creativity of other composers of Evenkia. Oleg Chapochir's inspiration of Oleg Chapogir is not only in the unique in its beauty taiga nature, but also in verses of our famous Evenki poets A. Nertushkin and N. Ohogira. " Oleg Chapogir is the author of more than 200 songs and melodies. He released eight albums with songs about Evenks and the North.

Atlasov I.M.

Atlas Ovvan Mikhailovich is a famous public figure, one of the modern leaders of the Evenkov, Chairman of the Council of Events of the Evenki people of Russia. Ivan Mikhailovich was born in 1939 in the Ezhansky Nasavy of the Ust-May district of Yakutia in the family of Hunter Evenka. From the past years she worked along with adults, disintegrated with wartime. She graduated from 7-year-old Ezhanskaya school, high school in Ust-May. Finished in 1965 Yakut state University in the specialty "Engineer of Industrial and Civil Construction", remaining teaching on the same faculty. Since 1969, he worked in the Ministry of Housing and Communist Party of the Yaassr, then Deputy Director of Yakut Culture. Since 1976, he worked in the pension to the yakutagropromstroe, built the largest trade and warehouse buildings of that time.

From the late 80s. XX century It is one of the founders of the social movement of indigenous peoples in Yakutia. For several years he headed the Association of Evenks of the Republic of Sakha, in 2009 he was elected Chairman of the Council of Events of the Evenki people of Russia. Initiator of a number of legislative acts of republican significance aimed at supporting indigenous peoples, an active defender ambient and legitimate rights of small ethnic groups.

Evenks (previously found the name of Tungus) is one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of Eastern Siberia, in particular Baikalia. In this article, we will not reveal the shiftless secrets, because the history of Evenks is probably such ancient that they themselves have long forgotten the beginning. They write about their original legends and traditions, but the mystery of the birth of life on planet Earth apparently these legends are also not disclosed. Therefore, we tell without sensations, maybe someone will come in handy.

There are two theories of the origin of the Evenks.

According to the first, Praodina Evenkov was located in the South Baikal area, where their culture developed from the Paleolithic era, followed by their settlement to the West and East.

The second theory suggests that the Evenks appeared as a result of assimilation by the local population of the tribe of respect, mining and steppe cattle breeders of the eastern revolts of Big Hinghan. We respect literally - "people living in mountain forests"

They themselves are referred to as modest - Orochonsthat translated means "a man who owns a deer."

Evenk Hunter. Photo 1905.

According to the anthropological type of Evenka - pronounced Mongoloids.

Evenki ethnos can be applied to the Guinness Book of Records. TO XVII century With a number of 30,000 people, they mastered the incredibly extensive territory - from Yenisei to Kamchatka, and from the Ice Ocean to the border with China. It turns out that on average, one Evenka accounts for about twenty-five square kilometers. They constantly nomaded, so they talked about them: Evenks everywhere and anywhere. At the beginning of the 20th century, their number was about 63 thousand people, and now it was again reduced to 30 thousand.

Politically to a meeting with Russian Evenings depended on China and Manchuria.

The history of Russian-Evenki contacts dates back to the middle of the XVII century - to the times of the famous Evenki Prince Gantimura, who accepted the side of the Russian king Alexei Mikhailovich and led his tribesmen. He and his squad carried security russian borders. And Evenks living in China guarded their country. So the Evenks became divided by the people.

IN Russian Empire The authorities adhered to the rule not to poke his nose into the internal affairs of Evenkov. For them, a self-government system was developed, in accordance with which the Evenks were combined into the Urulgine Steppe Duma with the center in the village of Urulga. By tradition, he headed the Evenk Duma dynasty of the princes of Gantimurov.

Coat of arms of the princes of Gantimurov

After the revolution, in 1930, the Evenk National District was created. But collectivization and violent translation of Evenks on a settling lifestyle struck a strong blow to their economic and cultural traditions, putting a whole people on the edge of extinction.

Evenks are real children of nature. They are called trails of taiga trail. They are magnificent hunters. Bows and arrows in their hands became high-precision weapons. Evenk is able to hit a target for three hundred meters. There were special, "singing arrows" with bone whistles, who fascinated the beast.

But the Wolf Evenk does not touch - this is his totem. No Evenk will disregard us, if they suddenly find out without parental care.

In the XV-XVI centuries, Evenka was trained to reindeer herding, becoming the most northern in the world in the world. No wonder they say: "Our house is under the polar star."

Evenks to this day there is an unwritten arch of traditions and commandments, regulating social, family and interhocial relations:

"Nimat" - the custom of gratuitous transmission of its prey to relatives.

"Malu" - the law of hospitality, according to which the most convenient place in the plague is intended only for guests. The guest was considered anyone who replaced the "threshold" of the plague.

"Levirat" is the custom of inheritance with the younger brother of the widow of the elder brother.

"Tori" - a marriage transaction, which was made by one of three ways: to pay for the bride a certain number of deer, money or other values; exchanging girls; Improvement for the bride.

The most solemnly passed from Evenks of the spring holiday - ICEN, or Evin dedicated to the occurrence of summer - "the emergence of a new life" or "update of life."

The first meeting was necessarily accompanied by handshake. Previously, the Evenkov was taken to welcome each other with both hands. The guest pulled both hands, folded on each other, palms up, and the head of the family shook them: on top of the right palm, from below - left.

Women also pressed alternately by both cheeks to each other. The senior woman in the age was welcomed by a nyukhan guest.

In honor of the guest specially scored a deer and slept the best slices of meat. At the end of the tea party, the guest put the cup upside down, showing it that he would no longer drink. If the guest just moved the cup from himself, the hostess could continue to pour tea infinitely. The head of the family, the head of the family escaped in a special way: drove a few kilometers away with him, and before the goodbye, the owner and the guest stayed, they reckled the phone and agreed on the next meeting.

One of distinctive features Evenkov has always been a respectful attitude towards nature. They not only considered the nature of the living living inhabited spirits, deified stones, sources, rocks and individual trees, but also firmly knew the measure - did not cut the trees more than they needed, did not kill without the need to game, they even tried to remove the territory where the hunting was camp.

The traditional dwelling of Evenkov - Chum - was a conical chalash from Persecution, covered with reindeer skins in winter, and in summer time Best. When switching, the frame was left on the spot, and the material to cover the plague took with them. Winter Evenkov's overheads consisted of 1-2 chums, summer - from 10 or more thanks to frequent holidays at this time of year.

The basis of traditional food - wild animal meat (at horse events - horse) and fish that used almost always in raw form. Summer drank milk, fir berries, wild garlic and onions. Russians borrowed baked bread. The main drink was tea, sometimes with a deer milk or salt.

Evenkiy - accurate and at the same time poetic. Evenk can say about the occurrence of the day usually: dawn. But maybe so: the morning star died. Moreover, the second expression Evenk likes to use more often. About the rain Evenk can say simple: it rained. But the old man will express his thought figurative: the sky pours tears.

There is a proverb "fire has no end". Her meaning: Life is eternal, for after the death of man, the fire in the plaume will support his sons, then grandchildren, great-grandchildren.And isn't it, what do we call?!

Tungs from ancient times settled from the shores of the Pacific Ob. Their lifestyle made changes to the name of birth not only by geographical signs, but, more often, domestic. Evenks living on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, were called euments or, more often, Lamuts from the word "Lama" - the sea.

Evenkia is an ancient and mysterious edge. Her story is inseparable from the overall history of the country with all its joys and sophors. And this land is mysterious because it is hidden in it so many secrets, to solve that not one generation of future people ...

Let us turn to the history of Evenki and, maybe, it turns away the mysterious cover, enveloping this edge, turning it into the legend of the North Earth. The history of Evenki is not a legend - but the chronicle of real events, the weave of human destinies, a chronicle of decent affairs. History admires past Evenki and instills faith in her future.

II thousand BC. - I thousand AD. - The population of the valley of the lower Tunguska. The parking lot of the ancient people of the Neolithic of the Bronze and Iron Age era in the middle of the replacement Tunguska.

The XII century is the beginning of the resettlement of Tungus on Eastern Siberia: from the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the East to the Osko-Irtysh Meternreach in the West, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Baikalia in the south.

Among the northern peoples not only the Russian north, but also the entire Arctic coast, Evenks are the most numerous language group: more than 26 thousand people live in Russia, according to various sources, as much in Mongolia and Manchuria.

The name of "Evenki" with the creation of the Evenksky district firmly included in the social, political and language source, and some jeques of the "National Question", it seems that there is almost an derogatory other name of this nation - "Tungusi".

Doctor of Historical Sciences V.I. It was said so that he talked about his people: "In the word" Tungus "there is nothing offensive or degrading person." Evenks "- self-confession of the Evenki people. Some of his representatives along with the name" Evenki "have retained the name" ILE ", i.e. man. .. "

Doctor of Historical Sciences V.A. Tugolukov gave a figurative explanation to the name "Tungusi" - walking across the ridges. This explains not only their image of nomadic life, but also great courage.

Tungs from ancient times settled from the shores of the Pacific Ob. Their lifestyle made changes to the name of birth not only by geographical signs, but, more often, domestic. Evenks living on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, were called euments or, more often, Lamuts from the word "Lama" - the sea. Transbaikal Evenks were called torment, for they were mainly engaged in horse breeding, and not reindeer herding. And the name of the horse is "Moore". Evenki-reindeer wheels, settled in the interfluve of three tuncons (upper, podcaming, or medium, and lower) and the hangars called themselves ochenami - deer tungs. And they all talked and talk on a single Tunguso-Manchurian!

Most of the historians-tungs are consider the Pranodina Evenkov Transbaikalia and the Amur region. But why did they disperse in a huge territory, throughout the Eurasian mainland, from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean? Many sources argue that they were ousted by more militant steppes at the beginning of the first century. It turns out, settled desert lands and immediately, in the first century, domesticated a deer to somehow survive in the harsh conditions of the north. It seems that everything was somewhat different. In Chinese chronicles, it is mentioned that another four thousand years before the Evenks were ousted, the Chinese knew about the people, the strongest among the "Northern and Oriental Inoments". And these Chinese chronicles indicate coincidences on many signs of the ancient people - dried - with a later, known to us as tungs.

Chronicles of the Middle Kingdom tell about these people living in "Snowy harsh country"In cone-shaped housing (plaghs), as the beautiful hunters and bold warriors, who could not conquer any detachment of trained imperial warriors. But the most important thing is, in these ancient chronicles, it is told about the driers - the deft" trafficking on deer ", about the people, Which domesticated the wild deer, and that "gives them milk and takes on the sleigh."

In later chronicles, the path of development of direct descendants of Drying - Zhurchzhenia (Wennei, Wenkov), combined in one empire, which at the beginning of the 6th century received the name of the Golden Empire of Zhugzhenia, which was included in Wenne's free tribes, Wenkov. Is it not from here the name of the modern northern territory and its inhabitants, Evenkov?

The Golden Empire, competing with the Middle Bees), constantly reflecting the attacks of the Mongols of the Mongols, covered the territory of modern Korea, the coast of the Okhotsk Sea, Transbaikalia and the Northern Territories. And, most importantly, the inhabitants spoke in a single, Tunguso-Manchurian, they had writing and cultural centers. Archaeological findings are evidenced by architectural significance.

The Golden Empire was almost simultaneously with Kievan ruus under the hooves of the Channel of Genghis Khan. But she failed, like Russia, revived - all cities were erased from the face of the earth, the literary monuments were destroyed, even the inscriptions on urban steles and gravestones were swollen.

Evenks were forever lost their praodine, but this does not mean that this people - without the past: the oral poetic creativity retained legends about the magnitude and the memory of the mighty heroes - Songing. And this is surprising: all Evenks seized from the shores of the Pacific Obian, the uniform heroes of oral works, which with the acquisition - maybe recovery? - writing stored in printed works. Evenks have retained, carried through the century the oral arch of everyday instructions and moral laws, which, according to restored ancient inscriptions on steles, almost completely repeat the vaults of the highly moral ancient laws of ancestors. And the main of them are friendliness, hospitality, mutual assistance, respect for the elders.

But the most important thing is that it helped to survive the Eveners in the extreme conditions of the North, this is homemade reindeer herding. Coexistence of deer and Tungus - whole science. Moreover, philosophy and religion. The deer of Evenka-Orochin was erected in the cult. And this is true: there is no animal more perfect, more practical, which would be fed, dressed, served by transport. Therefore, the word "Argish" has several values \u200b\u200bin the Evenki language. This is not only deer travel, but also the path of the people's development.

1581-1583 - The first mention of tungs as nationalities in the description of the Siberian kingdom.

The first landlords, researchers, travelers highly responded about tungs: "Helps without slavery, proud and bold." Hariton Laptev, who examined the coast of the Ice Ocean between Obe and Olenek, wrote: "courage and humanity, and the meaning of the tungs of all the wisers in the yurts of residents are superior." Reminted Decembrist V. Kyhehelbecker called the Tungus "Siberian Aristocrats", and the first Yenisei governor A. Stepanov wrote that "their costumes resemble the Kamols of Spanish Grande ..."

But we must not forget that the first Russian landowners also noted that "Kopean and Rogatina have stone and bone" that they do not have iron dishes, and "tea is boiled in wooden cars hot stones, and meat only in coal bake ..." And also: "Igoles of iron no and clothing sew and shoes with bone needles and deer veins."

Consequently, the Tungus-nomads, Evenkov-Ocochinov was essentially another stone age, while the Russians, with whom fate will connect them forever, there were already manufactory and firearms.

The second half of the XVI century. - Penetration of Russian industrialists and hunters in the basins of the pelvis rivers, Turukhan and the mouth of the Yenisei.

It is not about armed resistance and large battles, although in the "peaceful accession" of Siberia to Russia "the diplomacy of weapons" played a big role. Large, but not the main thing. The main thing was peaceful trading relationships. And even with the advent of the sewers, the settlements of Russian industrial people and landpashers, the direct contact of two cultures was episodic. But it would be naive to assume that the neighborhood - wherever it was! - two different crops were not interpellent. The Russians trained the skills of hunting, survival in the northern conditions, were forced to take the norms of morality and the dormitories of the Aborigines, especially since the sealing settlers took the wives of local women, created mixed families.

It's time for a long time to refuse from a false concept of "Russian trade robbery": if for the Russians Soba represented value, replenished the royal treasury, then for the taiga trackers-tungs, he had not been monetary equivalent for a long time and did not present much value in the farm. The clothes made from deer skins were practical, Sleeping blankets were sewed from the sobular skins and even ... they brought themselves skis. So the price of a copper boiler, which was determined by the number of sobular skins that fit in it, for the tunkus themselves, seemed ridiculously low: "Stupid Lupil (Russians): for the lousy skins give the boiler to serve the eyelid!" Also invaluable were steel blades for aborigines, knives, peak tips, cloth, beads, steel needles, metal traps, and late - rifles.

1601 - the foundation of mangase - an administrative center and an important trading and transshipment point.

1607 - the foundation of Turukhansky wintering.

1607 - collecting the Berezovsky Cossack Mikhail Kashmylov of the first yasak from the Evenks of Lower Tunguska.

1620-1623 - The Mangazean Cossack Nikifor Penda rose in the lower Tungusk to her upper, moved through the Chechusky wolf. Lena.

The story is usually written according to documents, official records, and penda (he is a panda, departure) did not serve the king or God. He was a "walking" man, however, not in the modern understanding of this word. It was free from service. And therefore, they did not give him any written orders, and he did not write written reports - in the official papers of traces not to find.

He arrived from Central Russia to Yeniseisk, like many troubled strong people of that time, going to "meet the sun". Lisite here a year or two, he listened to the stories about the "cereal" mangazee and decided to go there by Yenisei. He took a large ship with coarters a large ship, a 38-meter militant with a deck, under which you can hide from bad weather and take a considerable cargo.

The Turukhansky progress on the left bank, Yenisei stopped and sailed to the mangazea. I lived in this city for a while, I met local graders, and here a few more desperate souls joined him. They were finished two more kocha.

Nikifora's authority Penda was high among others: Fair, faithful to the Word. Forty man made up his artel, at the time this is the army, but special: everything is taken into debt, under the man - and ships, and thousands of poods of the province, and commercial equipment, and the goods for exchange.

And with his faithful companions, he decided to move further to the east - to examine new lands in Tungusk.

In July, when Icewater was held, his fleets on wide water came out on Yenisei, and lifting the sail, entered the deserted lower Tunguska ... It was 370 years ago.

The detachment of Nikifora Penda was the first to go through these paths, they went to him, about them, the story speaks about them as pioneers, the penda is usually silent.

The end of the 20s of the XVII century. - The campaign of mangazeysie people led by Navatssky on the Lower Tungusco and further east in Yakutia.

1625-1634 - The basis of yasacharya winter: Turzhsky in the mouth of R. Kochukhumu, summer - in the mouth of R. Lena, Ilimpia - in the mouth of R. Lympiya, Titey - in the mouth of R. Tteet, Nepha - in the mouth of R.Nep. Administratively, the Lower Tunguska was part of the Mangazeysky (Turukhan) county.

1723 - Expedition D. G. Messerschmidt on Lower Tungusk, and then R. Lona and Baikal in order to study the Siberian peoples and studies of their languages, descriptions of flora and fauna.

1763 - Manifesto Ekaterina II on the census of foreigners with a decree not to repair the indigenous peoples of evil and live in the world.

The first half of the XIX century. - Education of foreign government (administrative districts) at the Evenks of Lower Tunguska.

The first half of the XIX century. - the introduction of Evenks of the Lower Tungusky to Orthodoxy. According to an extract from the metric book of the Turukhan Preobrazhenskaya Church for 1846, the Tongs of the Nizhnechum, Taimur, Kuresskaya and Chemdal foreign mining was considered to be baptized for this date.

The appeal of the pagans to Christianity did not have anything in common with how it happened on the American continent, where the church came with a cross and a sword, destroying millions of Indians. Russian Orthodox missionaries appeared among the aborigines from the case of the case, baptized those who wish, giving new names. By the way, the change of names did not contradict the beliefs of the Tungus: To take the evil spirits, the newborn did not give permanent names, they appeared late. The Turukhan monastery, founded in the XVII century, was discovered only at the end of the XIX century Church in Essee and Chapel in Chirinda, two factors in the north of Evenkia, one of which, Essey, was the center of Yakut's settlement.

That's all the "influence" of the Russian Empire on the culture and life of Tungusov, separated in the Yenisei province from the hangary to the Pouotnian Mountains; The royal administration satisfied the Tungus community, stopped at the level of the community-generic system. Of course, in addition to the princes and the generic elders, who once became wise and authoritative people, began to be appointed elders or generic elders, denounced by the administrative authority and for the solidity wearing a special blossom on the chest as representatives of the royal power or, as they said in the surprise, White king.

1822 - the introduction of the charter on the management of foreigners in Siberia.

Former Yasak replaced the pitchpie, which was paid from the census to the census and for the dead. So the "dead souls" existed in the Turukhansky region. The state of Russian everything was indifferent, with the exception of the filters: the royal power did not interest the reasons for the catastrophic extinction of aborigines, increasingly destructive emission epidemics, developing tuberculosis, progressive trachoma, as well as epizoota deer - scabies and coil, carrying thousandths. Only one doctor was on the entire Turukhan region - in Turukhansk - and not a single windmill.

1840 - the creation of a Ust-Turzhsky bakery shop, located in 600-700 versts along the Lower Tungusk.

1850 - Establishment of the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church "Mission for the Baptism of Forens of Tungus Tungs Times and Nizhnechum and to enlighten the remaining fores that wiser in the Turukhan Territory."

1853 - 1854 - Vilyuskaya Expedition of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Geographical Society, headed by R.K.Maak, examined the upper gauge and Lake Suringed, making a map of previously inevated places, a description of the geological structure, relief, ethnographic information about Yakuts and Evenks.

1859 - 1863 - Opening M.K.Sidorov Graphite fields for the rivers Lower Tunguska, Watch and Kureka.

1863 - the creation of the Krasnoyarsk gold miner, a patron and scientist M.K. Sidorov School for children of foreigners at the Turukhan Troitsky Monastery.

The second half of the XIX century. - The beginning of the trade and industrial development of the Lower Tunguska. Extraction of graphite stocks by the gold miner M.K.Sidorov and "Russian Society for the Development of Graphite in Siberia".

Mikhail Konstantinovich Sidorov was born on March 16, 1823 in Arkhangelsk in the family of a merchant of the Second Guild. In 1845, he comes to Krasnoyarsk and falls into the Latkina family, managing the gold mining peculiarities of the famous millionaire Benandaka as a teacher of his children. Later he married the daughter of Latkina - Olga Vasilyevna.

The time of Sidorov's appearance in Krasnoyarsk coincided with the period of the heyday of the Golden Industry in Siberia. Mikhail Konstantinovich, like many others, was captured by the gold fever. He decided to open gold and money received from profits, open the first higher education institution in Siberia.

In 1850, he went to the subfolded Tunguska and here for the first time opened the rich deposits of placer gold. All the funds he received from Golden People, he drew to the development of the North and the Northern Sea Route.

In 1859, he opens the Graphite Deposit on the Lower Tungusk Tourukhan district. The mine was registered as Olga-Vasilyevsky mine, named after his wife and friend. The mining of graphite ore open in the open way for the St. Petersburg pencil factories began. In 1867, Graphite Evenki received a high appreciation at the World Exhibition in Paris.

It should be noted that Mikhail Konstantinovich paid a lot of attention to the situation of the indigenous peoples of the North. He performs at conferences in their defense with a proposal, in places of industrial and transport construction, Russian horses were built for local residents and government benefits for the construction of housing, hospitals and schools were issued, and in school, not only literacy, but also to the school. Some of their proposals regarding the development of the culture of indigenous people of the North, he tried to implement. He built at his own expense school for children at the Turukhan monastery and gave funds for the content of the students of the boarding school. But by order of local authorities, the disciples were dissolved at home, and the school was sawing on firewood for the Ostrog.

In 65, he died in an insolvent debtor. The millionth state was spent on discoveries, research and charity. But as a public figure of Sidorov made a big deal that will never forget.

1863 - in the upper reaches r. The Lower Tunguska was transferred to the R. and a steam boat with a barge, and then proceeded downstream of the lower Tunguska and finished his journey in the city of Niseisk. Opening of stone coal deposits and new graphite deposits.

may, 1873 - the expedition of the Siberian branch of the Russian geographical society headed by A.A. Chekhanovsky on the Lower Tungusk, during which the first accurate map of this region was drawn up, the graphite deposits were investigated, vegetation, weather conditions, life and characteristics Evenks.

1910 - the foundation of Panov's merchants shop and Savutayev at the place of the future village of Tura.

november, 1917 - the establishment of Soviet power.

1920 - the creation of a Turukhan regional revolutionary committee.

november, 1920 - sending by the Revolutionary Committee of Expeditions to Large (Tazovskaya) and Ilimpian tundra to find out the position of the native population in the field.

From ancient times existed folk wisdom: No deer - no Evenka. By the beginning of the 20s, after civil WarThousands of Evenkov remained without deer, without bread, without hunting. And only a new power saved northerners from hunger and mass extinction. After the liberation of Siberia from Kolchak, in the first navigation of 1920, the caravans of vessels were published from Krasnoyarsk and the lower and bottom and podcamine tunga, on Pete and Food, Manufactory, Hunt Trips. All debts were canceled, and Northerners were exempted from the cushion of taxes. E.S. Savelyev in Ilimpian Tundre, M.I. Oshar and G.K. The low-levels on the subfolder Tunguska create cooperation.

1923 - adoption by Turukhansky Country Executive Committee on Northern Inspects, with the imposition of duties on the protection of commercial labor, their health and raising educational and educational institutions.

1923 - the adoption of the Turukhansky Country Executive Committee on the Office of Turukhan Native Tribes, according to which each native generic tribe was managed by its own Generic Council.

Tips are not a fiction of a new government: since ancient times, generic advice existed. And they remained for a long time as the form of democracy in the north. The creation of the simplest manufacturing associations did not contradict the traditional form of management: ancient Evenkov existed an umunde Endere - a joint grazing and joint fishing, and during the autumn-spring migration - a joint hunt for deer. And the first collective farms created from the securityless Evenks who received the support of the state were perceived calmly and even benevolently.

march, 1921 - meeting in Omsk with the participation of representatives of the Northern Nardivities on the administrative and territorial device. The meeting decided to sell bread and food for firm prices and firm state prices to buy a fur.

june, 1921 - the creation of the first cooperative of Evenkov on the factory of the first cooperative.

1921 - 1923. - Allocation by the state long-term loans to maintain reindeer herding due to the epidemic of Siberian ulcers.

march, 1923 - adoption of the DVC and SNK RSFSR Resolution "On Hunting", the introduction of benefits for the nuclear peoples of the North to maintain hunting-fishing production.

may, 1925 - the creation of the Yenisei provincial committee of the North at the head of I.M.Suslov.

1923 - the creation of genital councils on the lower and submembering Tungusk.

1921 - 1923. - Opening in Ilimpian tundra by the Yenisei provinces of cooperative trade.

1926 - the creation of a Rabbaak of the Northern Peoples with the Leningrad Pedium Institute, among the first students were N.N. Putugir, P.N. Putugir, N.N.Monakhov, A.N. Kaplin, G.P.Salakin.

In 1926 - the DVC and SNK of the RSFSR approved a temporary provision on the management of the native ethnicities and the northern tribes of the RSFSR. The organization of lower bodies of management was laid by the generic principle.

An active organizers of the birth councils in the Tungus-Chunsky district were instructors of the Turukhan district executive committee I.K. Kochnev, N.V. Efimov, head of factories Arrow M.I. Ostapkovich. From the number of indigenous people, ordinary tips organized M.I. Shirogagov, R. Golubchenok, P.V. Tarkichenok, P.T. Yastric. The generic suits were held within 4-5 days, usually this happened in the middle of spring - after the hunting season. This is how the generic suits were held in two birth councils in the arrow. The reports of the Chairmen of the Generic Soviets were heard at the Sugulan, they were developed together by the new composition of the generic councils, and I had to translate every word to the Evenkiy language, because there were little competent people among the indigenous people.

november, 1927 - A unique center is created in the countryside - not an administrative or industrial, but cultivation, with a school, hospital, veterinary point.

In 1927, North Rabafak opens in Leningrad, soon the Institute of North, the Northern Rabataki open in Khabarovsk, Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, in the tour - the school of collective farm personnel and the Feldsher-Okuscher School. Cadres of teachers are preparing, followed by schools, ambulance.

1928 - the creation of the Northern Department at the Slander of the University of Tomsk. The same department was created under the Irkutsk Fly-Fur Institute. Among students were P.P.Uvachan, V.D. Kaplin, L.N.Uvachan, S.I. Schigir.

December 10, 1930 - the formation of the Evenki National District. The district center was the Turin cultbaz. In the admission of small peoples of the North to the new life, the primary forms of Soviet autonomy were played a special role - national districts. The question of the forms of the self-government of the northern peoples was widely discussed in the 20s by government authorities of the Soviet country, ethnographer scientists, scientific public.

1930 - the emergence of Evenki writing.

In 1931, "Olgo-Vasilyevsky" field, owned by M. K. Sidorov, was renamed Noginsky, and in 1930 they began to be proceeded to the industrial development of Evenki graphite.

In 1941, war began ...

June 22, 1941 - the beginning of the war and the beginning of the countdown of a whole period in the life of our people. All from Stara to Mala stood up on the defense of the Motherland. Hundreds of men, in the summer of 1941, left Evenkia to fight with a hated enemy. And those who had to stay in the rear did not sit, folded hands. Old men, women and children worked, replacing fathers, husbands and brothers, bringing victory day. In Evenkia there were no factories and factories, its inhabitants did not produce weapons, combat equipment and ammunition. Evenkia supplied raw materials, food, warm clothes, fulfilled simple, but difficult orders for the front.

In February 1942, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Kalinin M.I. So appreciated the tasks facing the workers of the rear: "The question is whether it is practically better and more efficient to make your strength in victory over the enemy. It seems to me that the first thing that is required from every person is to realize that the victory is mined not only at the front , but also in the deep rear. Not only fighters on the battlefields are involved in the achievement of military success, destroying the enemy weapons, but also households when they go to production and replace those who have gone to the front, when they reduce the consumption of electricity, fuel, and show attention and Care for wounded fighters; for orphans. "

The most important task for Evenki during the war years was the mining of the Ferre or, as they were expressed then, "soft gold". Increasing the production of flies directly affected the financial situation, to strengthen the defense capability of our country.

Each hunter, the collective farm and the area assumed concrete commitments for the extraction of the Ferns. This was paid to serious attention, both on the part of the party and from the Soviet authorities.

Every year, throughout the war, decisions and appeals to the Evenki District Council of Deputies of Workers and the District Committee of the WCP (b) were taken.

In 1942, in circulation "To all Hunters Evenki" said: "Comrades Hunters! Give the country of the Ferns for the season of at least 2 thousand proteins - on a gun. Use all the tools of fishing. Increase the prey of the sand, sable, foxes, ermine, hare, ondatras and other species of the fur. Remember that your honest work strengthens the fighting power of the Red Army, brings the hour of defeat of the German fascist troops. "

There was a big campaign work on the factories. This gave certain results. But the main thing is, perhaps it is that the population of the district clearly realized its tasks, his civil debt to the homeland.

In the deep taiga, on the snow-covered northern expanses from the dark to the dark, hunters worked, getting "soft gold" for their country - the fur, thereby bringing the victory over the fascist Germany.

The 50-90s - only a short-sighted person can not not notice and not know how the economy and culture rose, including the national, during the years of Soviet power. An illiteracy was eliminated, hundreds of Evenkov became the teachers of the national language, more than a dozen of them received a high title of Honored Teacher, their national doctors, scientists appeared. The epidemics of smallpox, trachomas disappeared, the incidence of tuberculosis has sharply decreased. And the main indicator is the natural growth of the population.

In 1950-51 - In the district there were consolidation of collective farms. In this regard, settlements were disappeared forever from the map of the Evenki National District: Mulukt, Willy, Koumond, Panoik, Svetlana, Inhid and many others.

In 1955-1956 - land sustainable expedition ministries agriculture Gave each collective farm specific recommendations in the use of deer pastures - pasture-speed. It was believed that this is a progressive organization system feed base. However, the consolidation of collective farms has disrupted Evenks from generic pastures, hunting grounds, native lakes. Generic and cultural ties were destroyed. Nothing this was noticed: Euphoria, which covered the leadership at the sight of a suddenly "collective farm-millionaires", new well-maintained villages, allegedly testify to the "transition to settlement," looked down.

March 20, 1950 - A rural council was formed in the Noginsk graphite mine, and already on March 16, 1951, Noginsk settlement is attributed to the category of workers' settlements.

September 13, 1950 - the land plot under the land airfield of P. Baikit was assigned, and on January 31, 1951 its construction began.

In 50-60 - A veterinary-bacteriological laboratory, veterinary stations worked in the district. Shepherds for deer herds were gained from the national farmers' medium, to increase their qualifications, reservoir technicians were conducted. For high indicators achieved in the development of reindeer herding and the entire public economy, some of the district collective farms were repeated participants of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition and VDNH.

In the 50s, the new branch of the economy of Evenkov was flourishing - animalism. The beginning of his development was laid by the Beveriorm of Silver-Black Lisizers, organized in 1938 by the General Directorate of the Northern Sea Route at the Oskobsk Fishery-Hunting Station. For high rates in the development of cell animal production S.P. Skeikuri - the head of the farm of silver-black foxes of the collective farm "Victory" of the Impic District - was repeatedly a party to the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.

The local industry in the district developed in the direction of the mainly domestic service of the population, the release of widespread goods, essentials and home consumption. On local raw materials developed woodworking, salt, leather production, brick and lime production, etc.

On August 17, 1954, a department of culture and educational work was formed under the Executive Committee of the District Council.

In 1958, the District Committee of the CPSU decided "On measures for the development of national artistic creativity In the district. "In order to nominate the creative forces of engaging them into active activities from May 15 to November 1, 1958, a district competition was declared best work Fine and applied art. Over forty local prosecuts and poets, gatherers and folklore keepers took part in the competition.

In the 50-60 years, employees of the Red Chumbians were huge work. They taught women to prepare new dishes, spending funds, taught sewing on a typewriter, distributed books and at the same time were amateur artists. "Red plague", as cultural and educational institutions were relevant before the early 70s. 1974 they were eliminated, since their place was taken by more progressive forms of cultural life organization: 14 rural houses of culture were opened, 3 rural clubs, 16 rural libraries, 3 district agitbrigada was created.

On January 14, 1971, the Evenk National District was awarded the Order of the Labor Red Banner.

On February 13, 1974, Sudridinsky, tribal-reindeer-trees state farm, was formed in the Baykitsky district.

On February 26, 1975, the village council of the workers' assignment to him "Turinsky" was formed in the village of Ilimpian district.

On March 24, 1976, the Evenki National County was awarded the Returning Red Banner of the CPSU Central Committee for the early execution of the peopling plan for 1975 and the successful completion of the ninth five-year plan.

In January 1980, the district scientific and methodological center of folk creativity and cultural and educational work was formed on the basis of the circumferential house of creativity.

June 20, 1982 formed a department private security With the circumference department of the internal affairs.

On September 10, 1982, the State Monument of Nature of the Local Value of Somomaian Pillars, located on the river Podcaman Tunguska Baykitsky district 20 km. Above the village of Sulemai.

1992 - the Evenk National District becomes the Evenk Autonomous District, remaining as part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, but at the same time being an independent subject of the Russian Federation. Chairman of the District Executive Committee of the Council people's Deputies Yakimov was appointed head of the district administration.

February 5, 1992 - there was a distinction between state ownership in EAA to federal state ownership and municipal property.

February 14, 1992 - the Department of Agriculture of the district administration on the basis of the abolished agriculture is formed.

On July 7, 1992, independent leshozes were formed within the boundaries of ormpius, Baikitsky, Tungusky-Chun district due to the disagreement of the Evenki Leskhoz.

November 2, 1992 - formed non-state educational institution "Private school".

On May 24, 1993, the State Natural Historical Monument "Geographical Center of the Russian Federation - Evenkia" was established.

On May 25, 1993, the Base of Aviation Protection of Forest and Forestry Services was formed on the territory of EAA.

In December 1996, the first democratic elections of the chapter of the district administration took place. A.A. Bokovikov was elected head of the administration of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug. During his stay in power, the head of the district administration receives the status of the governor.

On April 8, 2001, B. N. Zolotarev was elected at the elections of the Governor of the Evenki AO with the result of 51.08%.

August 2002 - 2 All-Russian Congress of Russia Evenks. Created a union of Evenkov Russia.

January 2003 - Opening of the District House of Childhood in Vanavar.