The oceans are an ecological system, a single functional totality of organisms and their environment. The ocean ecosystem has physico-chemical featureswhich provide certain advantages for living in it living organisms.
Constant sea circulation leads to intense mixing of ocean waters, as a result of which oxygen deficiency is relatively rare in the deep ocean.
An important factor in the existence and distribution of life in the thickness of the oceans is the amount of penetrating light, according to which the ocean is divided into two horizontal zones: euphotic (usually up to 100-200 m) and aphotic (extends to the bottom). The euphotic zone is the zone of primary production, it is characterized by entry here a large number sunlight and, as a result, favorable conditions for the development of the primary source of energy in marine food chains - microplankton, which includes tiny green algae and bacteria. The most productive part of the euphotic zone is the continental shelf region (generally coincides with the sublittoral zone). The large abundance of zooplankton and phytoplankton in this area, combined with a high content of nutrients washed from land by rivers and temporary streams, as well as the places of uplift of cold, oxygen-rich, deep waters (upwelling zones) has led to the fact that almost all major commercial fishing is concentrated on the continental shelf.
The euphotic zone is characterized by lower productivity, mainly due to the fact that less sunlight comes here, and the conditions for the development of the first link of food chains in the ocean are extremely limited.
Another important factor determining the existence and distribution of life in the oceans is the concentration of nutrients in the water (especially phosphorus and nitrogen, which are most actively absorbed by unicellular algae) and dissolved oxygen. Biogenic elements enter the water mainly with river runoff and reach a maximum concentration at a depth of 800-1000 m, but the main consumption of nutrients by phytoplankton is concentrated in a surface layer 100-200 m thick. Here, photosynthetic algae release oxygen, which is carried away in the vertical water circulation the depths of the ocean, creating conditions for the existence of life there. Thus, at a depth (100-200 m) with a sufficient amount of nutrients and a sufficient concentration of dissolved oxygen, conditions are created for the existence of plant organisms (phytoplankton), which determine the reproduction and distribution of zooplankton, fish and other animals.
In the oceans, the main step in the biomass pyramid - unicellular algae divide at high speed and produce very high production. This explains that the biomass of animals is two dozen times the plant biomass. The total biomass of the oceans is approximately 35 billion tons. At the same time, animals account for 32.5 billion tons, and algae - 1.7 billion tons. However, the total number of algae varies little, because zooplankton and various filtering devices (e.g., whales) eat them quickly enough. Fish, cephalopods, large crustaceans grow and reproduce more slowly, but are eaten even more slowly by enemies, so their biomass manages to accumulate. Biomass Pyramid in the ocean is thus inverted. IN terrestrial ecosystems the growth rate of plant growth is lower and the pyramid of biomass in most cases resembles the pyramid of production.
Fig. 4.
The production of zooplankton is 10 times less than that of unicellular algae. The production of fish and other representatives of nekton is 3000 times less than plankton, which provides extremely favorable conditions for their development.
The high productivity of bacteria and algae ensures the processing of residues of vital activity of the large biomass of the ocean, which, combined with the vertical mixing of the waters of the World Ocean, contributes to the decomposition of these residues, thereby forming and preserving the oxidizing properties of the aquatic environment, which create exceptionally favorable conditions for the development of life in the entire thickness of the World the ocean. Only in certain regions of the World Ocean as a result of a particularly sharp stratification of waters in the deep layers does a reducing environment form.
The living conditions in the ocean are highly consistent, which is why the inhabitants of the ocean do not need the specialized covers and adaptations that are vital for living organisms on land, where sharp and intense changes in environmental factors are not uncommon.
High density sea \u200b\u200bwater provides physical support to marine organisms, resulting in organisms with a large body weight (cetaceans) perfectly retain buoyancy.
All organisms that live in the ocean are divided into three (largest) environmental groups (based on lifestyle and habitat): plankton, nekton and benthos. Plankton - a set of organisms that are not capable of independent movement, which are carried by waters and currents. Plankton is characterized by the largest biomass and the largest species diversity. The plankton includes zooplankton (animal plankton), which inhabits the entire ocean, and phytoplankton (plant plankton), which lives only in the surface layer of water (to a depth of 100-150 m). Phytoplankton, mainly the smallest unicellular algae, is a food for zooplankton. Nekton - animals capable of independent movement in the water column over long distances. The nekton includes cetaceans, pinnipeds, fish, lilac, sea snakes and sea turtles. The total biomass of nekton is approximately 1 billion tons, half of this amount is fish. Benthos - a set of organisms living on the bottom of the ocean or in bottom sediments. Animal benthos is all types of invertebrates (mussels, oysters, crabs, lobsters, lobsters); plant benthos is represented mainly by a variety of algae.
The total biological mass of the oceans (the total mass of all organisms living in the ocean) is 35-40 billion tons. It is much less than the biological mass of land (2,420 billion tons), despite the fact that the ocean is large. This is explained by the fact that most of the ocean area is almost lifeless water spaces, and only the periphery of the ocean and upwelling zones are characterized by the highest biological productivity. In addition, on land the phytomass exceeds the zoomass by a factor of 2000, and in the World Ocean the animal biomass is 18 times greater than the plant biomass.
Living organisms in the oceans are unevenly distributed, as a number of factors influence their formation and species diversity. As mentioned above, the distribution of living organisms largely depends on the latitude distribution of temperature and salinity in the ocean. So, warmer waters are characterized by higher biodiversity (400 species of living organisms live in the Laptev Sea, and 7000 species in the Mediterranean), and the limit of distribution of most marine animals in the ocean is salinity with rates from 5 to 8 ppm. Transparency allows the penetration of favorable sunlight only to a depth of 100-200 m, as a result, this region of the ocean (sublittoral) is characterized by the presence of light, a large abundance of food, active mixing of water masses - all this creates the most favorable conditions for the development and existence of life in this area ocean (in the upper layers of the ocean to a depth of 500 m 90% of all fish wealth lives). During a year natural conditions in different regions of the oceans vary markedly. Many living organisms have adapted to this, having learned to make vertical and horizontal movements (migrations) over long distances in the water column. At the same time, planktonic organisms are capable of passive migrations (with the help of currents), and fish and mammals are capable of active (independent) during periods of feeding and reproduction.
The totality of all living organisms forms the biomass (or, in the words of V.I. Vernadsky, living matter) of the planet.
By mass, it is about 0.001% of the mass of the earth's crust. However, despite the insignificant total biomass, the role of living organisms in the processes occurring on the planet is enormous. It is the activity of living organisms that determines the chemical composition of the atmosphere, the concentration of salts in the hydrosphere, the formation of some and the ruin of other rocks, the formation of soil in the lithosphere, etc.
Sushi biomass. The highest density of life in rainforests. There are more species of plants (more than 5 thousand). To the north and south of the equator, life becomes poorer, its density and the number of plant and animal species decrease: in the subtropics there are about 3 thousand plant species, in the steppes about 2 thousand, then broad-leaved and coniferous forests and finally, the tundra, in which about 500 species of lichens and mosses grow. Depending on the intensity of life development in different geographical latitudes, biological productivity changes. It is estimated that the total primary land productivity (biomass formed by autotrophic organisms per unit time per unit area) is about 150 billion tons, including the share of forests the globe 8 billion tons of organic matter per year. The total plant weight per 1 ha in the tundra is 28.25 tons, in the tropical forest - 524 tons. In the temperate zone, 1 ha of forest per year forms about 6 tons of wood and 4 tons of leaves, is 193.2 * 109 J (~ 46 * 109 cal). Secondary productivity (biomass formed by heterotrophic organisms per unit time per unit area) in the biomass of insects, birds, and others in this forest is from 0.8 to 3% of plant biomass, i.e., about 2 * 109 J (5 * 108 cal).< /p>
The primary annual productivity of various agrocenoses varies significantly. The average world productivity in tons of dry matter per 1 ha is: wheat - 3.44, potato - 3.85, rice - 4.97, sugar beet - 7.65. The crop that a person picks is only 0.5% of the total biological productivity fields. A significant part of primary production is destroyed by saprophytes - inhabitants of soils.
One of the important components of land surface biogeocenoses is the soil. The source material for soil formation is the surface layers of rocks. Of these, under the influence of microorganisms, plants and animals, a soil layer is formed. Organisms concentrate biogenic elements in themselves: after the death of plants and animals and the decomposition of their residues, these elements pass into the soil, due to which
biogenic elements accumulate in it, and organic stoves are also not completely decomposed. The soil contains a huge number of microorganisms. So, in one gram of chernozem their amount reaches 25 * 108. Thus, the soil has a biogenic origin, consists of inorganic, organic substances and living organisms (edafon - the totality of all living things in the soil). Outside the biosphere, the emergence and existence of soil is impossible. Soil is the living environment of many organisms (unicellular animals, annelids and roundworms, arthropods, and many others). The soil is penetrated by the roots of plants, from which the plants absorb nutrients and water. The productivity of agricultural crops is associated with the vital activity of living organisms that are in the soil. The introduction of chemicals into the soil often adversely affects life in it. Therefore, you need to rationally use the soil and protect them.
Each locality has its own soil, which differs from others in composition and properties. The formation of individual soil types is associated with various parent rocks, climate and plant characteristics. VV Dokuchaev identified 10 main soil types, now there are more than 100. The following soil zones are distinguished on the territory of Ukraine: Polesye, Forest-steppe, Steppe, Dry Steppe, as well as the Carpathian and Crimean mountain regions with soil structure types typical for each of them cover. Polesie is characterized by sod pidzolists, gray forest ones. Temnosiri forest soils, podzolized chernozems, etc. The Forest-steppe zone has gray and dark-Siri forest soils. The Steppe zone is mainly represented by chernozems. In the Ukrainian Carpathians brown forest soils prevail. In Crimea, there are different soils (chernozems, chestnut, etc.), but they are usually gravelly and stony.
Biomass of the oceans. The oceans occupy more than 2/3 of the planet’s surface. The physical properties and chemical composition of ocean waters are favorable for the development and existence of life. As on land, in the ocean, the density of life is the largest in the equatorial zone and decreases as the distance from it increases. In the upper layer, to a depth of 100 m, there are single-celled algae that make up plankton, “the total primary productivity of the phytoplankton of the World Ocean is 50 billion tons per year (about 1/3 of the total primary production of the biosphere). Almost all food chains in the ocean begin with phytoplankton, which feeds zooplankton animals (such as crustaceans). Crustaceans are food for many species of fish and baleen. Birds eat fish. Large algae grow mainly in the coastal part of the oceans and seas. The greatest concentration of life is in coral reefs. The ocean is poorer in life than land, the biomass of its products is 1000 times less. Most of the biomass formed - unicellular algae and other inhabitants of the ocean - die off, settle to the bottom and their organic matter is destroyed by reducers. Only about 0.01% of the primary productivity of the oceans through a long chain of trophic levels reaches a person in the form of food and chemical energy.
At the bottom of the ocean, as a result of the vital activity of organisms, sedimentary rocks are formed: chalk, limestone, diatomite, etc.
The biomass of animals in the oceans is approximately 20 times greater than the biomass of plants, it is especially large in the coastal zone.
The ocean is the cradle of life on Earth. The basis of life in the ocean itself, the primary link in the complex the food chain is phytoplankton, unicellular green marine plants. These microscopic plants are eaten by herbivorous zooplankton and many small fish species, which in turn serve as food for a number of nektonic, actively swimming predators. Organisms of the seabed also participate in the food chain of the ocean - benthos (phytobenthos and zoobenthos). The total mass of living matter in the ocean is 29.9 ∙ 109 tons, while the biomass of zooplankton and zoobenthos accounts for 90% of the total mass of living matter in the ocean, about 3% for the biomass of phytoplankton and 4% for the nekton biomass (mainly fish) (Suetova, 1973; Dobrodeev, Suetova, 1976). In general, ocean biomass is 200 times its weight, and 1000 times less per unit surface area than land biomass. However, the annual production of living matter of the ocean is 4.3 ∙ 1011 tons. In units of live weight, it is close to the production of terrestrial plant mass - 4.5 ∙ 1011 tons. Since marine organisms contain much more water, in units of dry weight this ratio looks as 1: 2.25. The ratio of the production of pure organic matter of the ocean is even lower (as 1: 3.4) compared to that on land, since phytoplankton contains a larger percentage of ash elements than woody vegetation (Dobrodeev, Suetova, 1976). The relatively high productivity of living matter in the ocean is explained by the fact that the simplest organisms of phytoplankton have a short lifespan, they are updated daily, and the total mass of living matter of the ocean on average about every 25 days. On land, biomass renewal occurs on average over 15 years. Living matter in the ocean is distributed very unevenly. The maximum concentrations of living matter in the open ocean - 2 kg / m2 - are located in the temperate zones of the northern Atlantic and northwestern Pacific. On land, the same biomass has zones of forest-steppes and steppes. The average biomass in the ocean (from 1.1 to 1.8 kg / m2) has regions of the temperate and equatorial zones, on land they correspond to biomass of the dry steppes of the temperate zone, semi-deserts of the subtropical zone, alpine and subalpine forests (Dobrodeev, Suetova, 1976) . In the ocean, the distribution of living matter depends on the vertical mixing of the waters, causing the rise to the surface of nutrients from the deeper layers, where the process of photosynthesis takes place. Such zones of deep water rise are called upwelling zones, they are most productive in the ocean. Zones of weak vertical mixing of waters are characterized by low values \u200b\u200bof phytoplankton production - the first link in the biological productivity of the ocean, poverty of life. Another characteristic feature of the distribution of life in the ocean is its concentration in a shallow zone. In areas of the ocean where the depth does not exceed 200 m, 59% of the biomass of bottom fauna is concentrated; 31.1% falls to depths from 200 to 3000 m and less than 10% to areas with a depth of more than 3000 m. Of the latitudinal climatic zones in the oceans, the richest subantarctic and northern temperate zone: their biomass is 10 times greater than in the equatorial belt. On land, in contrast, the highest values \u200b\u200bof living matter occur in the equatorial and subequatorial zones.
The basis of the biological cycle that ensures the existence of life is solar energy and the chlorophyll of green plants that traps it. Each living organism participates in the cycle of substances and energy, absorbing some substances from the external environment and releasing others. Biogeocenoses, consisting of a large number of species and bone components of the medium, carry out cycles along which atoms of various chemical elements move. Atoms constantly migrate through many living organisms and the bone environment. Without the migration of atoms, life on Earth could not exist: plants without animals and bacteria would soon run out of carbon dioxide and minerals, and animal bases of plants would lose their source of energy and oxygen.
Land surface biomass - corresponds to the biomass of the terrestrial air environment. It increases from the poles to the equator. However, the number of plant species is increasing.
Arctic tundra - 150 species of plants.
Tundra (shrubs and grassy) - up to 500 species of plants.
Forest zone (coniferous forests + steppes (zone)) - 2000 species.
Subtropics (citrus fruits, palm trees) - 3000 species.
Broad-leaved forests (tropical rain forests) - 8000 species. Plants grow in several tiers.
Biomass of animals. In the rainforest, the largest biomass on the planet. Such a saturation of life causes strict natural selection and the struggle for existence a \u003d\u003e Adaptation of various species to the conditions of a joint being.
summary of other presentations“Relationships in nature” - For example, squirrels and moose do not have significant effects on each other. Intraspecific. Squirrel monkeys. Examples of interspecific competition. Amensalism. The oxygen content in the atmosphere over the past billion years has grown from 1% to 21%. There are no non-interacting populations and species in nature. Types of competition: Evolution and ecology. Competition. Arachnid monkeys. For example, the relationship of spruce and plants of the lower tier.
“Environmental Relations” - The predominance of external energy input. Characteristics of a living organism. Genotype. Unitary organisms. The quality of organisms. Classification of organisms in relation to water. Life forms according to Rauncier. The main characteristics of the external environment. Moisture. Phenotype. Anomalies of water. Shine. Modular organisms. Molecular genetic level. Life forms of plants. The mutation process. Organism.
"The cycle of matter and energy" - Most of energy contained in food is released. The main producer is phytoplankton. Gain per unit of time. The producers (first level) have a biomass increase of 50%. Decomposition chain. The biomass of each subsequent level increases. Ecosystem productivity. The flow of energy and the circulation of substances in ecosystems. Rule (law) 10% R.Lindemana. Chemical elements move along food chains.
Lesson 2. Biomass of the biosphere
Analysis of the test work and grading (5-7 minutes).
Oral repetition and computer testing (13 min).
Sushi biomass
The biomass of the biosphere is about 0.01% of the mass of the inert substance of the biosphere, with about 99% of the biomass being plants, and the share of consumers and reducers is about 1%. Plants dominate on the continents (99.2%), animals dominate in the ocean (93.7%)
The land biomass is much larger than the biomass of the oceans, it is almost 99.9%. This is due to the longer life and the mass of producers on the surface of the Earth. In terrestrial plants, the use of solar energy for photosynthesis reaches 0.1%, and in the ocean - only 0.04%.
The biomass of various parts of the Earth's surface depends on climatic conditions - temperature, amount of precipitation. Harsh climatic conditions tundra - low temperatures, permafrost, short cold summers formed peculiar plant communities with a small biomass. The vegetation of the tundra is represented by lichens, mosses, creeping dwarf forms of trees, grassy vegetation that can withstand such extreme conditions. The biomass of taiga, then mixed and deciduous forests is gradually increasing. The steppe zone is replaced by subtropical and tropical vegetationwhere living conditions are most favorable, the biomass is maximum.
In the upper soil layer, the most favorable water, temperature, gas conditions for life. The vegetation cover provides organic matter to all the inhabitants of the soil - animals (vertebrates and invertebrates), fungi and a huge number of bacteria. Bacteria and fungi are reducers, they play a significant role in the circulation of biosphere substances, mineralizing organic matter. "The Great Gravediggers of Nature" - this is what L. Pasteur called bacteria.
World Ocean Biomass
Hydrosphere The “water envelope” is formed by the World Ocean, which occupies about 71% of the globe’s surface, and land bodies of water — rivers, lakes — about 5%. A lot of water is in groundwater and glaciers. Due to the high density of water, living organisms can normally exist not only at the bottom, but also in the water column and on its surface. Therefore, the hydrosphere is populated throughout its thickness, living organisms are represented benthos, plankton and nekton.
Benthic organisms (from Greek. benthos - depth) lead a benthic lifestyle, live on the ground and in the ground. Phytobenthos is formed by various plants - green, brown, red algae that grow at different depths: green, then brown, deeper - red algae that are found at a depth of 200 m. Zoobenthos is represented by animals - mollusks, worms, arthropods, etc. Many have adapted to life even at a depth of more than 11 km.
Planktonic organisms(from the Greek. planktos - wandering) - the inhabitants of the water column, they are not able to independently travel long distances, represented by phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton includes unicellular algae, cyanobacteria, which are located in marine water bodies to a depth of 100 m and are the main producer of organic substances - they have an unusually high reproduction rate. Zooplankton are marine protozoa, intestinal, small crustaceans. Vertical diurnal migrations are characteristic of these organisms; they are the main food base for large animals - fish, baleen whales.
Nectonic organisms (from the Greek. nektos - floating) - inhabitants of the aquatic environment, able to actively move in the water column, overcoming long distances. These are fish, squid, cetaceans, pinnipeds and other animals.
Written work with cards:
1. Compare the biomass of producers and consumers on land and in the ocean.
2. How is biomass distributed in the oceans?
3. Describe the biomass of sushi.
4. Define terms or reveal concepts: nekton; phytoplankton; zooplankton; phytobenthos; zoobenthos; the percentage of the Earth’s biomass from the mass of the inert substance of the biosphere; the percentage of plant biomass of the total biomass of terrestrial organisms; percentage of plant biomass of total biomass aquatic organisms.
Board card:
1. What is the percentage of the Earth’s biomass from the mass of inert matter of the biosphere?
2. What percentage of the Earth’s biomass is plants?
3. What percentage of the total biomass of terrestrial organisms is plant biomass?
4. What percentage of the total biomass of aquatic organisms is plant biomass?
5. What% of solar energy is used for photosynthesis on land?
6. What% of solar energy is used for photosynthesis in the ocean?
7. What are the names of the organisms that inhabit the water column and carried by sea currents?
8. What are the organisms that inhabit the ocean?
9. What are the names of organisms that actively move in the water column?
Test:
Test 1. The biomass of the biosphere from the mass of the inert substance of the biosphere is:
Test 2. Plants from the biomass of the Earth account for:
Test 3. Land biomass of plants compared to terrestrial heterotrophs biomass:
2. It is 60%.
3. It is 50%.
Test 4. The biomass of plants in the ocean compared to the biomass of aquatic heterotrophs:
1. Prevails and is 99.2%.
2. It is 60%.
3. It is 50%.
4. Less biomass of heterotrophs and accounts for 6.3%.
Test 5. The use of solar energy for photosynthesis on land averages:
Test 6. The use of solar energy for photosynthesis in the ocean averages:
Test 7. Benthos Ocean Presented:
Test 8. Ocean Necton is represented by:
1. Actively moving animals in the water column.
2. Organisms inhabiting the water column and carried by sea currents.
3. Organisms living on the ground and in the ground.
4. Organisms living on a surface film of water.
Test 9. Plankton of the ocean is represented by:
1. Actively moving animals in the water column.
2. Organisms inhabiting the water column and carried by sea currents.
3. Organisms living on the ground and in the ground.
4. Organisms living on a surface film of water.
Test 10. From the surface inland, algae grows in the following order:
1. Shallow brown, deeper green, deeper red to - 200 m.
2. Shallow red, deeper brown, deeper green to - 200 m.
3. Shallow green, deeper red, deeper brown to - 200 m.
4. Shallow green, deeper brown, deeper red - up to 200 m.
Minimum biomass is possessed by deep-sea basins and deep-sea trenches. Due to the difficulty of water exchange, stagnant areas arise here, and nutrients are contained in minimal quantities.
From the equatorial zone to the polar, the species diversity of life decreases by 20–40 times, but the total biomass increases by about 50 times. More cold-water organisms are more fertile, fatter. Two to three species account for 80 - 90% of the plankton biomass.
The tropical parts of the oceans are unproductive, although the species diversity in plankton and benthos is very large. On a planetary scale, the tropical zone of the oceans is likely to be a museum, not a feed sector.
Meridional symmetry with respect to the plane passing through the middle of the oceans is manifested in the fact that the central zones of the oceans are occupied by a special pelagic biocenosis; to the west and east towards the shores are neritic zones of thickening of life. Here, the biomass of plankton is hundreds, and the benthos is thousands of times larger than in central zone. Meridional symmetry is broken by the action of currents and “upwelling”.
Ocean potential
The oceans are the most extensive biotope of the planet. However, in terms of species diversity, it is significantly inferior to land: only 180 thousand species of animals and about 20 thousand species of plants. It should be remembered that out of 66 classes of freely living organisms, only four classes of vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, and birds) and four classes of arthropods (primary tracheal, arachnids, millipedes, and insects) developed outside the sea.
The total biomass of the organisms of the oceans reaches 36 billion tons, and the primary productivity (mainly due to unicellular algae) is hundreds of billions tons of organic matter per year.
Food shortages: nutrition makes you turn to the oceans. In the past 20 years, the fishing fleet has significantly increased and fishing facilities have improved. Catch increments reached 1.5 million tons per year. In 2009, the catch exceeded 70 million tons. The following fish were extracted (in millions of tons): sea fish 53.37, migratory fish 3.1, freshwater fish 8.79, mollusks 3.22, crustaceans 1.68, other animals 0.12, plants 0.92.
In 2008, 13 million tons were caught alone in anchovies. However, in subsequent years, anchovy catches fell to 3-4 million tons per year. World catch in 2010 amounted to 59.3 million tons, including fish 52.3 million tons. Of the total production of 1975, it was caught (in millions of tons): from 30.4, 25.8, 3.1. The main part of 2010 production was caught from the northern seas - 36.5 million tons. Catch sharply increased in the Atlantic, Japanese tuna-lovers appeared here. It's time to adjust the scale of fishing. The first step has already been taken - a two-hundred-mile territorial zone has been introduced.
It is believed that the increased power of fishing equipment threatens the biological resources of the oceans. Indeed, fish pastures spoil bottom trawls. Coastal zones are also more intensively developed, which account for 90 percent of the catch. However, the anxiety that the boundary of the natural productivity of the oceans has been reached is groundless. Since the second half of the 20th century, at least 21 million tons of fish and other products have been mined annually, which was then considered the biological limit. However, judging by the calculations, up to 100 million tons can be extracted from the oceans.
Nevertheless, it should be remembered that by 2030, even with the development of pelagic zones, the problem of the supply of seafood will not be solved. In addition, part of the pelagic fish (notothenia, merlang, blue whiting, macrourus, Argentina, hake, Zuban, icefish, charcoal fish) can already be included in the Red Book. Apparently, it is necessary to reorient in the field of nutrition, to introduce more widely the biomass of krill into products, whose reserves in Antarctic waters are huge. This kind of experience is available: shrimp oil, Ocean paste, Coral cheese with a significant addition of krill are on sale. And, of course, we need to move more actively to the "settled" production of fish products, from fishing to ocean management. In Japan, fish and shellfish have been long grown on marine farms (over 500 thousand tons per year), and in the USA 350 thousand tons of shellfish per year. In Russia, a planned economy is being conducted at the marine farms of Primorye, the Baltic, Black and Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Experiments are being conducted in the Dalny Zelentsy bay on the Barents Sea.
Inland seas may be particularly highly productive. So, in Russia, the nature itself is designed for regulated fish farming in the White Sea. The experience of factory breeding of salmon and pink salmon, valuable migratory fish, was set here. Opportunities are not exhausted only by this.