Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Chemical and Technological Faculty of Cultural Education

abstract

"Forest Industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Performed: a specialty student

training Form Current Cryph Reading Book

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . Interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in modern economic conditions, is due, firstly, the role played by the forest industry in the system of management of local territories. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as we switched to the market from a system of economic relations with the dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of the economic organization. Thirdly, the possibilities of formation in the process of the development of the forest industry diverse economic and social relationshipAllowing to fully use the control potential. Fourth, the fact that the forest domestic industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the world's first country in forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export revenue and for a number of other sectoral indicators, Russia lags behind leading countries - leaders of the global forestry market. One of the reasons for such a backlog is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials resources, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the development of the sectors of the forest industry, makes it an obscure prospect of their development.

In addition, the importance of studying precisely the timber industry is also associated with the social problems of society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises of this industry, and the fact that a very large number of people are employed in forestry enterprises.

Characteristics of the Forest Industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forest" regions

Of the Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of forest areas. Forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of Russia covered with forests.

However, the share of the edge in the production of timber industry products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the undeveloped deep processing of wood and pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region at a logging volume of 23 million m3 produces CBS 1.2 million tons, and Krasnoyarsk region With a billet 9.5 million m3 produces CBS only 0.084 million tons. more than 5 million m3 of round forest is exported from the region annually.

The total stock of the edge forest (taking into account the Taimyr and Evenki) is approximately 6% of world forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the wooded complex takes the fifth place in the structure of industrial production of the edge.

The total volume of forest products produced in the territory is estimated at $ 0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region occupies 3.8%.

The average profitability of net profit of 12 profitable largest enterprises in the region is 7%. In the region, more than 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered. Forest users are about 1,800 commercial enterprises, 1500 of which are small business entities.

About 50 thousand people operate at the enterprises of the forest industry, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is 1.5 times, as it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, as well as, does not take into account those employed in the production of migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China).

Most timber industry companies are in private property (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of RESOPMAYA SPACE COMPANY REGION

Source: Khoromstat

Lesmalery base

The edge of the region accounts for 14.5% of forest-plated areas. The total stock of the forest along the edge, taking into account autonomous districts, is 11.9 billion m3. The total estimated area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

The estimated texture is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, only 15.3%, including by coniferous economy - by 24.1%. This is, first of all, is the result of the lack of forest roads and the concentration of the workpiece in areas located along the main transport highways. Low reference rates are also associated with a minor degree of consolidation of forestry and wood processing enterprises and low quality equipment and equipment.

In the general reserve of forests, ripe and overripes are dominated. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory on their share accounts for 70.6%. Coniferous planting occupies the prevailing place.

Table 2: Characteristics forest resources regions.

Source: OJSC NIPIEYLESPROM

The most valuable breed in the breed is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main range of pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin at all its length, in the southern part of the mid-Siberian Plateau, there is also a special variety of pine, called Angarsk Pine (Pine Siberian Stone). The second place of economic value is the larch wood. Larch forests prevail in the northern regions in the rivers of the rivers of the River and Lower Tunguska and Vitima.

Table 3: The threaters of the forest, thousand m 3

Structure

The forestry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

· Forestry - 9.5 million m 3

· Production of sawn timber - 1.8 million m 3

· Manufacture of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3

· Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3

· Cellulose and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of commodity cellulose, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products produced in the region are:

· Forestry production products (business wood, round timber);

· Woodworking products (sawn timber, railway sleepers, fibreboard plates);

· Products of pulp and paper production (cellulose, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products

Forestry

At the end of 2004, the volume of logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total logging volume increased over the past 6 years by 28%. Nevertheless, if we compare logging with the Soviet period, then the volume of logging was at that time about 25 million m3. At the end of 2004, only 15.9% of the calculated cutting area was used in the region. The main reasons are not to master the full amount of the estimated area, according to LLC "Russian Investors - Siberia", are:

1) transport unavailability of a number of areas (Right Bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

3) the impossibility of a number of companies to master its forest lines in full (As a rule, many logging enterprises are mastered by the Lessek, no more than 70%).

The amount of illegal logging on various estimates is from 0.5% (Falh on the Asnoyarsky Territory, Taimyr and Evenki). The average price of one cubic meter of the forest (rent) is about $ 1-3 (depending on forest management conditions) per M3. The cost of blank-removal is $ 12-17 per m3 (with a whip method of workpiece). Cost is constantly increasing due to the increase in prices for fuel and wages in the region. Currently, several main technological species of logging predominate in the region:

1) using chainsaw.

2) Using filling and packing machines.

3) Using automated complexes.

Logging by automated complexes only begins to conquer its position in the edge. From open sources of information, it is known that so far only two businesses in the region have mastered this method of workpiece (Shirvsky LPH, Angarsk LPH). But, as the practice of Finland, Canada and the European part of Russia shows, this is one of the most effective ways. LLC "Russian Investors - Siberia" April 9, 2005

In addition, when using this method, the workpiece decreases the share of fuel and wages in the cost, and these are two main categories that cause the cost of production costs.

A number of enterprises of the region uses the work of foreign workers in their activities (mainly from Ukraine). According to information from informal sources, the brigades of Ukrainian workers are equipped with logging machinery (chainsaws) and inventory and receive remuneration by the piecework system, for a certain volume of logging.

The main logging companies in the region are: Maltat Group of Companies (the workpiece of about 700 thousand m3), LLC "Schiveles" (the workpiece of about 120 thousand m3), CJSC "Pashutinskoe" (the workpiece of about 250 thousand m3), CJSC "Angarsk LPH "(the workpiece is about 200 thousand m3), Sibartles LLC (the workpiece of about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other companies.

At the moment, the price of round forest is growing in the markets of Japan and China. The rate of price increase for the period January 2003 - January 2004 amounted to 15-20%.

More than 5 million m3 of round forest is exported from the region annually.

Production of lumber

Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks third in Russia for the production of sawn timber after the Arkhangelsk and Irkutsk regions. The total production of sawn timber in 2004 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory amounted to about 1,821 thousand m3.

Figure 2: sawn timber in the regions of the Russian Federation, 2004, thousand m 3

Source: Goskomstat RF

The share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is 15% in the all-Russian production of sawn timber. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest producer of Russia's lumber with production volumes over 400 thousand m3 - this is CJSC Novoenisey LhK (the volume of production in 2003 amounted to 505 thousand m3 of sawn timber) and OJSC Lesosibirsk LDK-1 (production volume In 2003 amounted to 430 thousand m3 of sawn timber), which are located in Lesosibirsk.

In addition, in Lesosibirsk, Maklakovsky LDK is located (the volume of production in 2003 amounted to 160 thousand m3 of sawn timber).

Figure 3: Dynamics of sawn timber, thousand m 3

Manufacture of TSBP

According to the statistics, the pulp and paper industry produced: 1.12 thousand tons of commodity cellulose, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard. The only manufacturer of cellulosen-working products on the territory of the region is LLC Yenisei PCB, which is part of the Continental Management group.

Figure 4: Dynamics of paper production, thousand tons

The pulp and paper mill includes: leather production, woody workshop, cooking shops (cellulose production and semicellulose production), paper factory, tare cardboard factory, cardboard drying workshop, paper processing shop, acid workshop, biascoch, chemical workshop , sewage treatment facilities, auxiliary workshops.

At the moment, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory stated on plans for the construction of two CBS in the region: in the city of Lesosibirsk and in the Boguchansky district (on the basis of the Boguchanskaya HPP).

Figure 5: Dynamics of Cardboard production, thousand tons

Source: URK administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Manufacture of fiberpo

Krasnoyarsk Territory is a leader in the production of fiberboard in Russia. The region's share is 24% in the All-Russian DPV production. The production of fiberboard in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 59.2 million m 3.

Figure 6: Dynamics of DVP production, thousand m 3Source: URK administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest manufacturer of fiberboard - this is CJSC "Novoenisei LHK" (production in 2003 amounted to 25 thousand m2) and OJSC Lesosibirsk LDK-1 (production in 2003 amounted to 24 thousand m2), which Located in Lesosibirsk. The production volume of DVP in 2004 grew by 10.8%.

Production of chipboard

The volume of DSP production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 72.8 thousand m 3

Figure 7: Dynamics of DSP production, thousand m 3Source: URK administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, 7.5% decreased volume of chipboard production.

CJSC Krasnoyarsk Doc is the main manufacturer of chipboard in the region. Reducing the production of wood-chip slabs is due to stopping the production of dock in early 2004 to carry out the overhaul of equipment.

CJSC Krasnoyarsk Doc does not produce a laminated chipboard, which is in demand from furniture manufacturers, the edges of the edges are forced to import this type of raw materials from neighboring regions. The company's products are consumed mainly by the construction industry.

Sales markets

The main component of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in foreign economic activity is the export orientation of the industry. In terms of exports, it stands on 3 place after non-ferrous metallurgy and petrochemical complex. The main distributors of the wood in 2000 were CJSC Novoenissey Forest Chemical Complex, ZAO "Lesosibirsk LDK №1", OJSC IGARSKAYA PORT, OOO "Taiga-Eks", CJSC "First Siberian Forest Company", CJSC "Dylen", OJSC AK "Yeniseles".

Exporting products of wood and products from it can be divided into two relatively isolated groups:

- raw timber - Exports for 2000 amounted to $ 25.1 million, an increase of 14.6%. First position B. geographic structure Over the past few years, China (90.5%) occupies. However, it is worth noting the fact that the raw wood is exported to China at a price of about $ 1 per 1 cubic meters., Mainly in Manchuria, where the so-called "forest base" is created. This is a huge center, from which Siberian products are implemented on the territory of the Central and South China at a price of $ 120, not Russia, but the Chinese side, therefore the main efforts need to be directed to the development of relations with the southern provinces of China, which have benefits for Maintenance of foreign economic activity.

- timber treated - Exports for 2000 amounted to 101.3 million dollars, decreased by 5.8% compared with 1999. The price of exported products varies from $ 80 per 1 cubic meter. m. up to 295 per 1 ton. This group is the main share in the commodity structure of exports - more than 60%.

The main positions in this group still occupy the two largest sawmill enterprises of the region of ZAO "Novoenissey Forest Chemical Complex" and ZAO Lesosibirsk LDK No. 1, located in Lesosibirsk. In total, these enterprises produce about 900 thousand cubic meters of export lumber per year, in which the integrated use coefficient reaches 95%.

At the highest prices (for 1 ton of timber), the products were exported to Syria ($ 295), Tunisia ($ 268), the United Kingdom ($ 248) and Spain ($ 203.7), and The lowest to Turkey ($ 174.5), Egypt (178 US dollars) and to the countries of the neighboring abroad (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). However, if at the beginning of the 90s the countries of Central Asia were the main consumer of this product, today their share in consumption is very low.

One of the most important reasons this Regulation The existing policy of the MPS of Russia in relation to export tariffs for goods to the CIS countries. At present, enterprises of the region it is more profitable to supply their products to foreign countries, for example, China than in the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result, the delivery of products from the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out mainly with the help of vehicles, which does not allow to provide food supplies necessary for enterprises to enterprises and fully secure demand.

Another reason for the fact that many enterprises are aimed at Western foreign partners are the resulting price of the region's forest products, inaccessible to the Central Asian market and the introduction of the Republic of Kazakhstan for transit transport to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Also from the Krasnoyarsk Territory exported sleepers for railway and tramways, chipboard, fiberboard, plywood. Basically, these are the countries of Central Asia, Egypt and Syria, however, here the tariff policy of the MPS of Russia led to a reduction in the number of concluded contracts for the supply of small and medium-sized enterprises of the timber industry complex. D.

It is enough to note that to send one Wagon chipboard to Tashkent, you must pay the railway tariff in the amount of about $ 2,600, and this is more than 60% of the price of the price of goods in the car. In general, the share of data of commodity groups in total exports according to 2000 was 5.6%.

- cellulose, paper and cardboard - Exports for 2000 amounted to $ 3.99 million, which is above the 1999 level by 30%. It should be noted that in 2000, the export of wood pulp - in Greece (448.5 thousand US dollars) and China (50.2 thousand US dollars), when, as in 1999, this product was not exported.

In 2000, exports of paper and cardboard amounted to $ 3.49 million, an increase of 29%. Unlike 1999, supplies increased to the countries of Central Asia - Uzbekistan (+ 40.4%), Tajikistan (+ 58.9%), Kyrgyzstan (+ 50.9%). Supplies to Kazakhstan (-7.4%) have decreased, which are the main importer of paper and brief.

Export to other regions

The main timber products that plays a significant role in the markets of other regions of Russia and is exported to the Krasnoyarsk Territory, is business wood and lumber.

Export to foreign markets

The main streams of forestry products are directed through the Trans-Siberian and Lesosibirsk railway, as well as on the rivers of the Yenisei and Angara.

Huge forest arrays in the north cannot be mastered due to remoteness from roads. And the share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory accounts for 5% of all-Russian forest exports. The total volume of forest exports of the Krasnoyarsk Territory The main share falls on round forest and lumber.

The export of leafmaker from the Krasnoyarsk Territory is predominantly focused on foreign countries. The share of the CIS countries is insignificant. The main countries - the importers of the Round Forest are China and Japan, which account for more than 90% of the total export of round forest from the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Lumber is exported to many countries of Asia, Europe, North Africa: Japan, China, Egypt, Austria, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia, Lebanon, Greece, Italy, France. Cellulose is exported to China, Ireland, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Poland, Slovakia.

Currently, in the Western European market, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk region are exporters of coniferous lumber. The largest importers in this market are France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy and Germany.

Major timber industrial regions

Conditionally, the territory of the region can be divided into several timber industrial areas: Esosibirsk (sawmill), Boguchansky district (logging center), Kezhemy district (logging and sawmill), Krasnoyarsk (sawmilling and pulp), Kansk (sawmill).

Forest List District Lesosibirsk

Lesosibirsk is the largest forestry center of the region and the largest city in the Nizhneangan region, which is located on the Yenisei tract in 260 - 280 km north of Krasnoyarsk. The city is located at a distance of 27 km south of the mouth of the river. Hangars. All Raucher Lespromkhozov on the Angara River, an uncomfortable transport location and Lesosibirsk will remain the only place through which forest flows will be held (to melt downstream of the r. Angara). In addition, in Lesosibirsk there is railway Achinsk-Lesosibirsk (274 km). ZAO Novoeniseysky LhK, ZAO "Lesosibirsk LDK-1", Maklakovsky LDK, are engaged in woodworking and woodworking. In addition, there are about twenty small enterprises in the city, which are maintained mainly on the basis of RAM R-63, or resellsets of the sawmaker to China.

Boguchansky district

Boguchansky district is a leader in the logging of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The volume of the workpiece according to the results of 2004 in the Boguchansky district is 3.1 million m3. The sawmill in the area is not developed. Several small enterprises carry out sawmills in the area based on the P-63 panel, as well as a number of other small lines (machines). The average production of sawmill enterprises does not exceed 10-20 thousand M3 sawn timber annually. In the area, the transport infrastructure is poorly developed, the main ways of export of raw materials from the region are: the railway (one-rope from the art. Karabula) and the Angara River.

Most logging enterprises of the area located on the left bank of the river. Angara, send its products for export to China and Japan, due to high prices for products in 2004. Right-bank enterprises cannot take harvested volumes on railway deadlocks, and they are forced to fuse them in Lasosibirsk along the Angara River.

The largest logging enterprise of the district is the Maltat Group of Companies (a blank of about 700 thousand m3), which is included in the MS Management Group. In addition, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe district produce a workpiece: LLC "Schiveles" (the workpiece of about 120 thousand m3), CJSC Pashutinskoye (the workpiece is about 250 thousand m3), CJSC "Angarsky LPH" (the workpiece of about 200 thousand m3), LLC " Sibartles "(billet about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other enterprises. Currently, the main billets are shifted to the right bank of the Angara River in connection with the exhaustion of forest reserves on the left bank.

Kezhemy district.

Forest Holy District Krasnoyarsk

In Krasnoyarsk there are a number of industries aimed at processing forest. Among the production data: OJSC "Yenisei PCB", JSC AK "Yeniseles", CJSC KLM Co., ZAO "Krasnoyarsk Dok", OJSC Krasnoyarsk BHZ. In addition, in 2004, the Yenisei Woodworking Combine was built in P. Berezovka.

The advantages of the city of Krasnoyarsk, like platforms for processing raw materials are:

The presence of qualified personnel.

Developed infrastructure.

The presence of the CBK where can be supplied part of the waste

production.

The minuses of Krasnoyarsk, as the platforms for processing raw materials are:

The absence of raw materials in the vicinity of the city leads to growth

transport logistics at least $ 9-20 per M3 sawn timber.

Growth of environmental requirements for enterprises of the city.

High fee for land.

According to LLC Russian Investors - Siberia, projects related to deep processing of wood will develop in the city. Lesoprishelnaya district Kansk in Kansk There are two main sawmills: CJSC "LDK Kansky" and "Kanskwood" LLC. In addition, the city has Kansky BHZ OJSC, which receives sawmills - chip and sawdust, etc. According to information obtained from open sources, CJSC "LDK Kansky" produces about 46 thousand M3 lumber annually. In December 2004, a new workshop on the dryer was opened in Kansk. According to public statements of management, already in 2005, 100 thousand m3 will be reworked at the enterprise. Kanskwood LLC is part of the MS Management Group and produces about 15-20 thousand M3 sawn timber annually. The company is focused on the production of high-quality lumber from larch.

Conclusion

Concept of development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was adopted "The Concept of Development of the Forest Industrial Complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015"

Implementation of the concept and main directions for the development of the forest complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015. Allows you to engage in industrial production more significant, unclaimed, resources of low-quality raw materials (due to the introduction of new heat processing facilities), while ensuring the growth of commercial products with 1m3 harvested wood from $ 25.2 to 70-80 $ in 2010 and 140-160 $ \u200b\u200bin 2015

In case of implementation of the concept (see Table 4)

The volume of the workpiece will increase by 1.8 times - from 9.5 to 18 thousand m3

The production of sawn timber will grow by 2.5 times - 1.8 to 4.5 thousand m3

Conditions are created to increase profitability in forestry activities (an average of 3 times).

The annual profit of the industry will amount to 16.6 billion rubles, while the budget income will be about 13.0 billion rubles.

The number of employees of the LPK will increase by 15-16 thousand people.

The average salary will be about 16 thousand rubles.

The forestry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for profitability may reach the level of investment self-sufficiency for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production, as well as accumulate tool for equity (in the amount of 50-60%) in investing the new construction of LPK facilities, including the development of landfills, previously inaccessible .

Table 4: Calculation of commercial products in 2015 ("The concept of the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for 2004-2015")

References

1. Granberg A. G. Basics of the Regional Economy - M.: GSE HSE, 2000

2. Regional Economics: Textbook for universities / t. G. Morozova M.P. Victoryeva et al., 2001

3. The economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2001. Statistical yearbook

4. Overview of the timber industry complex Krasnoyarsk Territory "Russian investors-Siberia". Statistical Overview 2004.

5. Magazine "Expert-Siberia" ("Top 200" Krasnoyarsk Territory)

In the heart of Russia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was spread in the very center of Cold Siberia - a beautiful region rich in amazing nature, plants, animals. No wonder Krasnoyarsa, who left live in other areas, recall the beauty of native places with nostalgia. What is the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the nature of the Krasnoyarsk region?

General

Krasnoyarsk Territory - one of the largest Russian regions stretching from the north to south by three thousand kilometers - along the River Yenisei, from the very Kara Sea Before the border with Khakasia and Tuva. Thanks to this, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the only one in our country, where absolutely all natural zones are present - starting with arctic desert In the north and ending the steppes in the south. Taiga occupies most of this region, and the northern territories are under the rule of many years of permanent.

The variety of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory will truly shock: there are both forests with valuable woody rocks, and harsh rocks, and the purest lakes. Because tourism is so common among residents of the region native edge - Its beauty is impossible to enjoy.

Climate territory

Since the Krasnoyarsk region due to its size contains three climatic belts (Arctic, subarctic and moderate), then the climate in the region is sharply continental. Big influence have mountains on it, as well as northern polar circular And remoteness from the sea. In the north, in Norilsk, Dudinkke, Igark, winter continues almost round year: truly warm days when the outdoor temperature is more than fifteen degrees above zero, in this area in the aggregate for the year it will be checked for no more than a month. The above-mentioned cities are considered to be the extreme north.

Note that there is no long summer in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in its central part. However, here it is rather roast, and the air temperature is subject to sharp drops. It is more comfortable in the south of the region - in the summer there is just as hot, and winter to transfer much easier, because here it is not so harsh and less precipitation than on the rest of the territory. The southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are famous for the large number of salted lakes. That is why there are many different sanatoriums, resorts and recreation databases.

Relief

The Krasnoyarsk Region seemed to be imprisoned with perfect Yenisei, and it has its reflection in the relief of the region. Along the left shore, lowland valleys are drawn, along the right - medium-grained plateore. South part The edges are represented by a high mountain system - Sayanov, which have gained glory among tourists and climbers for a scenic nature intact man and rare animals living here. There, in the south, Ergaki - Mountains are located, popular because of the large number of lakes, waterfalls, chapter beautiful rocks and valleys.

In the north of the edge, the Taimyr Peninsula has many coves and bays. On the other hand, the Peninsula is the mountains with lakes.

Reserves of the region

Rocks, lakes, rivers - all this is presented in the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Rich region and various reserves and parks. The most famous is the "pillars" reserve, located in the capital of the region.

In addition to the "Pillars", there are Sayano-Shushensky Reserve in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. As follows from the name, it is located on the territory of the Shushensky district, and was created to be able to preserve the population of a sable. The Taimyr Reserve, one of the most visited in Russia, is located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The most common animals in it are sands, wolf and hare-white. A number of scientists regularly flow into the territory of the reserve, since Mammoth excavations are carried out there.

Tungussky Reserve It was created at the site of the fall of the same name meteorite in order to study the consequences of the catastrophe occurrence (it happened more than a century ago, in 1908). The mystery of this phenomenon, despite many attempts, is not revealed so far. Wolverine dwells in the Central Siberian Reserve. There are also unique studies of the ancient and now small northern People - Ketov.

In addition to these, in the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are a large Arctic Reserve, Phaioral Reserve, national Park "Shushensky Bor" and many others.

Pillar Reserve

The name of the reserve appeared, thanks to its rocks - high Shenitov fragments, in shape resembling pillars, which throughout the complex (and these are thirty-four kilometers) more than a hundred. The reserve was opened in 1925 on the initiative of the then citizens - in order to save unique nature Krasnoyarsk Territory, located beside these rocks. And the "pillars" are very popular with the inhabitants. Each cliff on the territory of the reserve has its name - grandfather, feathers, sparrows.

The reserve is conditionally divided into zones. One is tourist. It is available for visiting everyone wishing. The second zone is natural and security. There live rare animals, Many of which are listed in the Red Book, and various trees and shrubs grow, also on the verge of extinction. Access is closed there. But even those nature and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which can be seen in the allowed zone, will not leave anyone indifferent.

Fauna

The fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is extremely rich and diverse. Over the ninety of species of various mammals live throughout the region. In each natural zone, they are their own: in the mountains it is Arhara, in the extreme north - deer and white bears, in the steppes - Susliki and hares (by the way, the great many runs in Krasnoyarsk, on the "green zone" of the city - Tatyshev Island), in Taiga - Fox, Squirrel, Bear.

More than four hundred species of birds inhabit the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There are geese, woodpeckers, cranes, storks, even flamingos. As for reptiles and amphibians, the first six species in the region, and the second four. But fish - more than fifty species. Among them is a sturgeon, famous countryman Krasnoyarstsev Viktor Petrovich Astafyev.

Flora

The Ministry of Nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory takes care of the preservation of not only the animal world of the region, but also a unique flora. Most of the territory (1500 thousand km 2) occupies a taiga. There are coniferous, deciduous, mixed forests. Among vegetation, cedar, larchs, ate, pines prevail.

Mossi and lichens are common in the north - there are several dozen there are different species, as well as shrubs. South can be found polar poppies and varieties of cereals.

Red Book

The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory suffers greatly from disadvantaged ecology, as a result of which many representatives of animals existing here are dying. Therefore, now more than one hundred forty their species are listed in the lists of the Red Book. Among them can be called a snow leopard, a Siberian root, a red wolf, Capricorn, Finval and others.

A lot of plants of the Krasnoyarsk Territory also in the Red Book. All of them are strictly protected in the special zone of the "Poles" reserve.

Minerals

It was the Krasnoyarsk Territory that is considered the richest in Russia to various natural resources. So, for example, the region is the leader in coal reserves. In addition, there are a lot of zinc, quartz, graphite, nickel, cobalt, lead and other breeds in the region. Also Krasnoyarsk Territory is an unchanged oil and gas supplier. Whole twenty-five deposits are open in the region. This is one of the main raw materials of Russia.

Ecology edge

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unfortunately, do not go hand in hand. If the nature of the region can be admired, then there is nothing relative to the ecology. According to experts, the edge is actively polluted. The data suggests that half the inhabitants of the edge are forced to live in an unfavorable environmental situation. Norilsk, Nazarovo and the capital of the Krasnoyarsk region are considered the most ecologically unfavorable cities. All this is connected with the largest enterprises in the data. settlementswhich pollute the air.

It should be noted that bad ecology has an impact not only for people. Due to polluted waters and wetlands, animals and plants suffer. Because of all this, the region enters the top three most polluted in the country. Although measures for the protection of the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are carried out, they are clearly not enough to solve the accumulated problems.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Chemical and Technological Faculty of Cultural Education

abstract

"Forest Industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Performed: a specialty student

training Form Current Cryph Reading Book

Checked: _________________

Introduction 3.

Characteristics of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. four

Structure. 7.

Sales markets. 13

Major timber industrial regions. 17.

Conclusion. 21.

References. 23.

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . Interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in modern economic conditions, is due, firstly, the role played by the forest industry in the system of management of local territories. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as we switched to the market from the system economic relations With the dominant state form of property and unified forms of the economic organization. Third, the possibilities of becoming in the process of the development of the forest industry, various economic and social relations, allowing to fully use the control potential. Fourth, the fact that the forest domestic industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the world's first country in forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export revenue and for a number of other sectoral indicators, Russia lags behind leading countries - leaders of the global forestry market. One of the reasons for such a backlog is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials resources, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the development of the sectors of the forest industry, makes it an obscure prospect of their development.

In addition, the importance of studying precisely the timber industry is also related to social problems societies. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises of this industry, and the fact that the timber industry enterprises are employed a large number of of people.

Characteristics of the Forest Industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forest" regions

Of the Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of forest areas. Forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of Russia covered with forests.

However, the share of the edge in the production of timber industry products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the undeveloped deep processing of wood and pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region at a logging volume of 23 million m3 produces CBS 1.2 million tons, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the billet 9.5 million m3 produces CBS only 0.084 million tons. More than 5 million m3 of round forest is exported from Region annually.

The total stock of the edge forest (taking into account the Taimyr and Evenki) is approximately 6% of world forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the wooded complex takes the fifth place in the structure of industrial production of the edge.

The total volume of forest products produced in the territory is estimated at $ 0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region occupies 3.8%.

The average profitability of net profit of 12 profitable largest enterprises in the region is 7%. In the region, more than 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered. Forest users are about 1,800 commercial enterprises, 1500 of which are small business entities.

About 50 thousand people operate at the enterprises of the forest industry, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is 1.5 times, as it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, as well as, does not take into account those employed in the production of migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China).

Most timber industry companies are in private property (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of RESOPMAYA SPACE COMPANY REGION

Source: Khoromstat

Lesmalery base

The edge of the region accounts for 14.5% of forest-plated areas. The total stock of the forest along the edge, taking into account autonomous districts, is 11.9 billion m3. The total estimated area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

The estimated texture is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, only 15.3%, including by coniferous economy - by 24.1%. This is, first of all, is the result of the lack of forest roads and the concentration of the workpiece in areas located along the main transport highways. Low reference rates are also associated with a minor degree of consolidation of forestry and wood processing enterprises and low quality equipment and equipment.

In the general reserve of forests, ripe and overripes are dominated. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory on their share accounts for 70.6%. Coniferous planting occupies the prevailing place.

Table 2: Characteristics of forest resources of regions.

Source: OJSC NIPIEYLESPROM

The most valuable breed in the breed is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main range of pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin at all its length, in the southern part of the mid-Siberian Plateau, there is also a special variety of pine, called Angarsk Pine (Pine Siberian Stone). The second place of economic value is the larch wood. Larch forests prevail in the northern regions in the rivers of the rivers of the River and Lower Tunguska and Vitima.

Table 3: The threaters of the forest, thousand m 3

Structure

The forestry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

· Forestry - 9.5 million m 3

· Production of sawn timber - 1.8 million m 3

· Manufacture of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3

· Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3

· Cellulose and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of commodity cellulose, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products produced in the region are:

· Forestry production products (business wood, round timber);

· Woodworking products (sawn timber, railway sleepers, fibreboard plates);

· Products of pulp and paper production (cellulose, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products

Forestry

At the end of 2004, the volume of logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total logging volume increased over the past 6 years by 28%. Nevertheless, if we compare logging with the Soviet period, then the volume of logging was at that time about 25 million m3. At the end of 2004, only 15.9% of the calculated cutting area was used in the region. The main reasons are not to master the full amount of the estimated area, according to LLC "Russian Investors - Siberia", are:

1) transport unavailability of a number of areas (Right Bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

2) the economic unavailability of a series of cutter (due to poor breeding composition (coniferous less than 40%), low-quality exit quality, small average diameters).

3) the impossibility of a number of companies to master its forest lines in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises are mastering the forest-general no more than 70%).

Krasnoyarsk Territory is located in Eastern Siberia, in the pool of the River Yenisei. Includes archipelagoes and islands of the Arctic Ocean (Northern Earth, Nordencheld, Sibiryakova, etc.). Stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia by almost 3000 km, is distinguished by exceptional variety and wealth natural conditions and resources. Relief edges are diverse: lowlands, plains, platea and mountains. In the south, the mountain Sayan ridges rise, in the center - on the right bank of the Yenisei, there is an extensive medium-Siberian plateau, on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the left bank of the Yenisei stretches the lowland band. In the north, the edge is washed by the Kara Sea and the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. In the East, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk region, in the south with the Republic of Tuva and the Republic of Khakassia, in the West - with the Republic of Altai, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, as well as with the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts. On the territory of the region in the vicinity of Oz.vivi (Evenkia) there is a geographical center of Russia. Home River - Yenisei. Territory of the region Together with former autonomous districts - 2339.7 thousand square meters, national composition: Russian, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Khakas, Tatars, Evenks, Dolgan, Nenets, Yakuts, Nganasans, Kets, etc.; Urban residents - 73.9%. Krasnoyarsk Territory includes 42 districts (including 2 administrative-territorial units with special status: former Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous District), 15 cities and 4 but (closed administrative territorial entities). Big cities - Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk-26. Administrative center - Krasnoyarsk. Located 3955 km east of Moscow, on the shores of Yenisei, at the intersection of the River Transsiberian Railway Main.

For most of the territory of the region - the Tainic forests. The total area of \u200b\u200bland of the forest foundation, total, thousand hectares - 164072.4, forest science in% - 72.1. The northern border of the spread of forests dominates the Siberian larch, forming rare-resistant lichen, long-term and eryniki plantings. Pine, spruce and other breeds are found only in the form of impurities, play an insignificant role in the formation of landscapes. The subzone of the middle taiga includes the forests of the Yenisei ridge and the southern part of the Turukhansky district. The main forest-forming rocks are pine and larch. Thhamless plantings with the predominance of fir appear on the slopes above 600 m above sea level. Elanniki are confined to river valleys, cedar occurs sporadically. The most common green pine and larch-pine forests. In the undergrowth, Olchovenik, honeysuckle, rowan and juniper are celebrated. South Tainic forests occupy most Priangarya, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. Here are the main arrays of pine springs with all-Russian importance. South Tainic forests occupy most of the prancarium, the Yenisei and some other regions of the region. Here are the main arrays of pine plantations, having all-Russian firing and spruce-fir-fir-firing trees with the participation of cedar cover less than 30% of subzones and are timed to lower flow Angara and Levobasy Yenisei.