Task 1. Emphasize those of the following African countries that were politically independent even before World War II:
Liberia, Ethiopia.
Indicate the colonies of which European metropolitan countries were the rest of these countries.
Colonies of France: Algeria, Madagascar, Senegal, Tunisia;
Colonies of Portugal: Angola, Mozambique;
Colony of Denmark: Ghana;
Colony of Great Britain: Nigeria.
Task 2. Highlight those of the following African countries that do not have access to the open sea:
1) Botswana; 2) Zambia; 3) Zimbabwe; 4) Mali; 9) Uganda; 10) Chad.
Which of the subgroups of developing countries do most of them belong to?
Least developed countries
Task 3. What are the island states of Africa.
Madagascar, Cape Verde, Union of the Comoros (Comoros), Mauritius, Seychelles, Sao Tome and Principe.
Task 4. Write in brackets the countries whose capitals are the following cities:
Task 5. Emphasize those of the following African countries that occupy the three first places in terms of population:
1) Egypt; 5) Nigeria; 10) Ethiopia.
Compare them by the number of inhabitants with the largest countries in the population of foreign Asia. Make a generalization.
Population size largest countries Asian overseas is many times greater than African. All countries of foreign Asia (except Japan) belong to the 2nd type of population reproduction, and now they are in a state of “population explosion”. Africa stands out worldwide for the fastest reproduction rates.
Task 6. Determine which of the following “formulas” of population reproduction refers to Africa (in% o):
Explain what is hidden behind this “formula."
Fertility - mortality \u003d natural increase.
Task 7. Give examples of countries in Africa, which are characterized by the greatest contrasts in population density.
Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, South Africa.
Task 8. Determine (by marking “+” or “-”) which of the following statements are correct and which are incorrect:
1. The share of Africa in the global mining industry is particularly large in diamonds, gold, cobalt ores, chromites, manganese ore, uranium, phosphorites, and copper ores.
2. Of the countries of Africa, Nigeria has reached the highest level of socio-economic development.
3. The economic life of North Africa is concentrated in the coastal strip.
4.Tropical Africa is the least industrialized and urbanized region of not only Africa, but the whole world.
5. The Sahel is the main area of \u200b\u200bdrought and desertification on the African continent.
6. The Republic of South Africa can be called a dual economy.
Task 9. The following is a list of African countries and indicates the main products of their export. In brackets around the name of each country, put the number of the most characteristic export product for it:
1) Botswana (1); 2) Ghana (5); 3) Guinea (3); 4) Zambia (7); 5) Liberia (4); 6) Libya (8); 7) Niger (10); 8) Senegal (2); 9) Sudan (9); 10) Uganda (6).
1) Diamonds; 2) peanuts; 3) bauxite; 4) iron ore; 5) cocoa beans; 6) coffee; 7) copper ores; 8) oil; 9) cotton; 10) uranium.
Put these countries on the outline map (Fig. 23) and write the export goods for each of them.
Activity 10. Highlight those of the following types of minerals that define the mining profile of North Africa:
3) oil; 4) natural gas; 5) phosphorites
Task 11. In the list of cities below, mark the capitals of West Africa:
1) Abidjan; 2) Abuja; 3) Accra; 5) Conakry; 7) Monrovia
Task 12. Identify the country according to its following characteristics:
1) the territory of the country is in Africa and Asia;
2) in the territory, which makes up only 4% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country, 98% of the population is concentrated;
3) the capital of the country is the second most populated city in Africa;
4) the country's agriculture specializes in the production of long-fiber varieties of cotton;
5) the country receives large revenues from the operation of the international sea channel
Task 13. Identify the following countries:
1. A landlocked and least developed country in West Africa. The capital of the country is N'Djamena.
2. A former French colony in North Africa specializing in the supply of oil and liquefied natural gas to Europe.
3. A small, but densely populated country in East Africa, which in the 90s. XX century became the scene of the most acute ethnic conflict.
4. Africa’s largest country, with the longest river in the world crossing from south to north.
Task 14. Find out the city:
1. The capital of the country with a population of about 70 million people, recently celebrated its millennium, famous for cultural and historical sights.
2. Africa's largest city by population, until recently, was the capital of the continent’s largest population, located on coastal islands.
3. The southernmost of the cities of Africa, whose name means “city on a cape”, although it is not the official capital of the country, but serves as the seat of its parliament.
4. The capital of one of the countries of North Africa, located on the site of ancient Carthage.
5. The capitals of the two countries with the same names, located opposite each other on the banks of a large river.
Brazzaville and Kinshasa
Task 15. According to the outline, identify the countries shown in Figure 24. Write the names of their capitals.
1) Egypt; 2) Nigeria; 3) Ethiopia; 4) Democratic Republic of the Congo; 5) Algeria; 6) Maseru and Mbabane.
3. Plan of the characteristics of the population of the country (region):
1. The number, type of reproduction of the population, population policy. 2. The age-sex composition of the population, the availability of labor resources. 3. National (ethnic) composition of the population. 4. The social-class composition of the population. 5. The main features of the distribution of the population, the impact of migration on this distribution. 6. Levels, rates and forms of urbanization, major cities and urban agglomerations. 7. Rural resettlement. 8. General conclusion. Prospects for population growth and labor supply.
Theme 8. AFRICA
BJiok GETTING KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITY
Exercise 1.Using table 1 in the Appendices, draw on the contour map the countries of Africa that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the dates of independence and compare in this respect the countries of the North and Tropical africa.
AdditionalUsing the “business card” on the bookend booklet, select the appropriate
bodybehind- The leading “couples” of African countries and foreign Europe, approximately equal in
denmark (for pleasure).by the size of the territory.
Task 2. Using atlas maps and tables 3-5 of the “Appendices”, classify African countries according to their degree of mineral wealth. Make a table in the following form:
Draw conclusions about the availability of these countries with raw materials and fuel for the development of heavy industry.
Additional From the same sources, identify the main territorial combinations
short mineral. Describe the composition of the fossils in each of them; giving ( try to connect it with the tectonic structure of the territory. Apply false). combinations of minerals on a contour map.
Task 3. Using figures 7, 8 and 9, tables 6, 7 and 8 in the “Appendices” and atlas maps, specify and supplement the characteristics of African land, water and agro-climatic resources contained in the textbook.
Task 4. Using table 3, quantify the “urban explosion” in Africa. What conclusions can be drawn based on these calculations?
Additional Prepare a synopsis of the report on the theme: “The population of Africa.” Use
short text and drawings of topics 3 and 8 of the textbook, maps of the atlas, tables of the “Applications”, giving (complicated). additional literature.
Task 5. Analyze Figure 77. Using the economic map of Africa in the atlas, indicate specifically which ore, nonmetallic minerals, food products, and types of agricultural raw materials determine the monocultural specialization of each of the countries indicated on the graph.
Task 6. According to the physical and economic maps of Africa in the atlas, determine: 1) the main areas of the mining industry in Africa and their specialization, 2) the main areas of commodity agriculture and their specialization, 3) trans-African transport routes. Use also drawings from topic 5 of the textbook.
Additional Using the maps of the atlas, make a table in the notebook "Zonal
short nation of export and consumer crops in
denmark(creative!) Africa ”in the following form:
Make all possible conclusions from the analysis of this table.
Task 7.Using the textbook and the plan of Cairo in the atlas, prepare a message
(creativeon the theme "Cairo - the Arab city of North Africa." Use also
something!).additional sources of information.
AdditionalImagine taking a trip along the Nile from Aswan to
shortmouth. Describe your journey in a letter to a friend. Try to do denmark (for so that a colorful image of this territory appears.
pleasure).
Task 8.What do you think should be done to prevent future
(creative!).repetition of the "Sahel tragedy"? Justify your “project”.
AdditionalIn his novel Five Weeks in a Balloon, Jules Verne spoke about
shorttraveling around Africa by balloon. Repeat this route denmark (fortravels. What countries are and what are they pleasure).are the areas of Africa described by the writer today?
Summary1. (Work in a notebook.) Compare the countries of North, Tropical Africa and
task 9.South Africa on some indicators characterizing their population and economy. Identify similarities and differences. Make the necessary data in a table.
2. Compare the major extractive industries in North Africa and Southwest Asia. What can be inferred from this comparison?
3. Compare the main export crops of tropical Africa and South Asia. What conclusion can be drawn from this comparison?
4. For a class demonstration, prepare a small album, Geography of Africa on Postage Stamps.
Answer the questions:
1. Why is the shift in population to the coasts of oceans and seas in Africa less pronounced than in foreign Asia?
2. Why is the Congo River not used for the export of industrial products from the region of the Copper Belt?
3. Why is Cairo called the “diamond button fastening the delta”?
4. Why is Senegal called the “Peanut Republic”?
Are the following statements correct?^ W
1. Most African countries achieved independence in the second half of the XX century.
2. Africa is the region of the highest birth rate and the highest mortality rate in the world.
3. Africa is characterized by high rates of urbanization.
4. The main mineral of Nigeria is bauxites.
Choose the correct answer:
2. The most important types of minerals in North Africa are ... (coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, natural gas, phosphorites).
3. Among the least developed countries in Africa are ... (Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Somalia, South Africa).
4. The main export crops of tropical Africa are ... (wheat, millet, cotton, citrus fruits, peanuts, coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, sisal).
Can you:
1. To put on the contour map of the world from memory the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps: Libya, Algeria, Sudan, Ghana, Congo, Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique, Madagascar?
2. Show on the map the following cities mentioned in the text and on the maps: Cairo, Kinshasu, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Lagos, Dakar, Luanda, Johannesburg?
3. Explain the meaning of the following concepts and terms: monoculture, subsistence farming, apartheid?
4. Indicate which of the following countries are the main producers and exporters of cocoa: Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Angola?
Identify the countries to which the following statements apply:
1. A country located on an island with an area of \u200b\u200b1,600 thousand km 2.
2. Countries located "inside" the territory of South Africa.
3. A country lying along the middle course of the Niger River and not having access to the seas.
4. The country, the capital of which is the city of Nairobi.
5. A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in a territory that occupies less than 4% of its total area.
Fill in the blanks in the followingphrases:
1. The copper belt extends from Zambia to the southeastern part ....
2. ... - Africa's largest oil producer and exporter, member of OPEC.
3. South Africa produces ... all African manufacturing products.
METHODICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 8
What you need to remember
1. The political map and the peoples of Africa. (Geography, Grade 7.) 2. Features of the physical-geographical position, topography, minerals, climate, waters, soils and vegetation of Africa, natural zones within it. (Geography, Grade 7.) 3. Ancient Egypt. (History, Grade 5.) 4. The main content of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Africa in the late XIX - early XX centuries. (History, Grade 8.) 5. Material of Part I of this textbook. 6. Concepts and terms: colony, bantustan, platform, desert, savannah, equatorial forest, kimberlite pipe, national park.
What you need to know
Leading ideas of the topic 8.
The transformation of the socio-economic structure of Africa requires great efforts on the part of both the African peoples and the entire world community.
The main scientific knowledge of topic 8:
1. Characteristic features of the economic and geographical position, the geography of natural conditions and resources, the population, industry, agriculture, and environmental problems in Africa. 2. The concept of monoculture. 3. The image of the territory of North Africa. 4. The image of the territory of tropical Africa. 5. Brief overview of South Africa. 6. Keywords Topics: 1) the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy, 2) monoculture, 3) the Arab type of city.
What you need to be able to
1. Using a textbook and atlas, independently obtain the necessary knowledge for characterization. 2. Carry out a comparative description of industries, regions and cities. 3. Prepare an abstract of the report on a given topic.
Theme 9. NORTH AMERICA
The task1. Using the text of the textbook and the map of the atlas, describe the EGP of the United States. Is it really profitable? Why do you think so? Apply the model plan for the EGP characteristics of a country (region) on p. 222.
Task 2Using the text of the textbook and figures 83-86, give a description of the largest
(creativeuS metropolitan areas and megalopolises. Calculate the fraction of three
something!).megalopolises in the area and population of the country, compare the population density in megalopolises with the average for the country, draw conclusions. Choose from the text and drawings of topic 3 those provisions and digital data that are appropriate to use when characterizing urbanization in the United States.
AdditionalComplete the US States and Cities Crossword.
task (for fun).
Task 3.Using the data from the tables and figures in Topic 5 and the “Attachments” tables, make the necessary calculations, compile in a notebook a bar (strip) or pie chart showing the US share in world industrial and agricultural production for certain types of products. Analyze them.
Task 4.Using the textbook and a map of US mineral resources in the atlas, prove that US mineral resources contribute to the development of a diversified industry. Illustrate the following phrase of the textbook: "The main wealth of the eastern part is fuel minerals, the western one is ore." Apply a model plan for the characterization of natural prerequisites for the development of industry in a country (region) on p. 222.
AdditionalUsing data on reserves and production of coal, oil, natural gas, iron-
shortore in the United States, calculate the availability of them (in years). Taking advantage giving (data in the textbook and in table 1, calculate the share of the United States in the world false).proven reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore. What conclusions can be drawn from this analysis?
Task 5.Using Figure 87, name the five major US "oil" states. Determine in which of them oil production is also carried out on the continental shelf. Try to explain the configuration of the existing system of oil pipelines, the reasons for the construction of the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline, which was built in the 70s. From Figure 25, determine where the United States imports oil and petroleum products from. What is the reason for this? Apply a generic industry profile of a country (region).
Task 6.Using Figure 88, compile a summary table in the notebook “The main areas of US ferrous metallurgy” in the following form:
Task 7.From Figure 28, determine which countries in the United States import iron ore. What caused this?
Use the US economic map and the world engineering map in the atlas to specify the characteristics of mechanical engineering contained in the textbook. Identify the largest centers of this industry. Illustrate the position of the textbook that the main engineering areas coincide with the US megalopolises.
AdditionalUsing the same cards, make a summary of information in a notebook
shorttable “Structure of mechanical engineering in the largest centers of this industry giving (complicated).in the USA".
Task 8.Using the text, figure 89 and other drawings of the textbook, as well as the economic map of the USA in the atlas, make a summary-reference table "Industrial belts of the USA" in the notebook in the following form:
Formulate and write down the conclusions.
Task 9. Refer to Figure 90 for the location of US crop production. Using the method of overlaying Figure 90 and the map of the administrative-territorial division of the USA in the atlas, determine: 1) the two main "wheat" states (one for spring and the other for winter wheat), 2) the main "corn" state.
Task 10. Using the plans of the central parts of New York and Washington in the atlas and
(creative additional sources of information, prepare a cultural message
something!). -historical and architectural sights of one of these cities. As a "guide" spend a short "tour" of the city.
Task 11. Based on the text and drawings of the textbook and atlas maps, give a brief
(creative written description of one of the macro-districts of the United States (on its own
something!) choice).
Additional Imagine taking a “trip” to the USA - along
short Parallels 40 ° C. w. and along the meridian 100 ° C. e. Describe the routes.
denmark (forpleasure). Use additional literature.
Task 12 Carefully review the text and drawings of part I of the textbook and table
(creative "Applications". Choose from them all relating to Canada. Use
something!). Atlas maps for Canada. Based on these materials, supplement the brief socio-economic characteristics of this country given in the textbook. Apply a typical country-specific characterization plan on p. 329.
Task 13 1. (Work in a notebook.) Using materials from topic 9, name the main
(summary). typological features of the population and economy of the USA and Canada. Present them in the following table:
Play Type production of the population | National composition of the population | development farms | Industry structure farms | Territorial naya structure farms |
||
Work with this table, generalize.
2. (Work on the outline map.) Put on the outline map North America (optional): 1) the largest cities, 2) the main seaports, 3) transcontinental railways. You can expand this list at your discretion.
3. Determine what types of thematic maps in the textbook and atlas you used when studying this topic. Which of them were new to you?
4. According to the text of the textbook and Figure 81, give a description of the Central Business District of the American city.
SELF-CONTROL AND MUTUAL CONTROL UNIT
Explain why:
1. The Northeast of the USA received the name "workshop of the nation."
2. A significant part of the heavy industry of the USA and Canada is concentrated in the Great Lakes region.
3. US aluminum smelters are located in the Tennessee and Columbia river valleys.
4. The agricultural specialization of the United States and Canada changes as we move from east to west.
5. Florida, California and Hawaii attract the largest number of tourists.
6. In the United States and Canada, interest in developing areas of the North has increased in recent decades.
What problems arise:
1. Due to the accelerated industrialization of the South and West of the United States?
2. Due to the fact that the US economy is increasingly dependent on imports of oil, iron ore and other raw materials and fuels?
Do you agree with the following statements:
1. Megalopolis "Bosvash" - the largest urbanized area in the US?
2. Has Alaska recently become an important oil production area in the US?
3. Is farm farming prevailing in the US and Canada?
4. Is the US transportation system of the same type as the transport system of foreign Europe?
5. Does the St. Lawrence River connect the Great Lakes with New York?
6. Is Atlanta the largest airport in the world?
7. Is Canada's population 1/2 of the US population?
Can you:
1. Find on a map of the US city mentioned in the main text of topic 9, and from memory arrange them from east to west?
2. To give examples of "milk", "corn", "wheat", "orange", "pineapple", "apple", "cotton" US states?
3. Add New England, Far West, California to the outline map?
4. To say which of the following indicators characterizes the share of the West in the entire country (in%): 20, 36, 49, 64?
5. List the types of minerals by which Canada is a global producer and exporter?
Use the textbook and the map to answer the questions:
1. Which parts of the US are most likely employmentpeople in: 1) oil production, 2) aerospace and space industry, 3) growing broiler chickens?
2. What transcontinental railways can the US and Canada cross in the latitudinal direction?
3. What natural, socio-economic and historical reasons contributed to the development of the Northeast US?
Imagine:
1. That you visited one of the big cities in the USA or Canada. Describe it.
2. What did you want to get acquainted with the US industry. What cities do you need to visit to visit: 1) an aircraft factory, 2) a large enterprise for the production of electronic products, 3) an automobile factory, 4) a petrochemical plant, 5) a ferrous metallurgy plant?
3. That you have the opportunity to work at: 1) a cattle ranch, 2) a tobacco plantation, 3) a saw mill. Which states of the USA or provinces of Canada should you go to for this?
Fill in the blanks in the following phrases:
1. The economic capital of the United States is considered ..., but the rent is increasingly competing ....
2. Most of territories of the Midwest goes to ... and ..., the two main waterways of North America.
3. Among the important crops in the South is ....
4. In a Canadian province ... most residents speak French.
METHODICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 9
What you need to remember
1. The political map and the peoples of North America. (Geography, Grade 7.) 2. Features of the physical-geographical position, topography, minerals, climate, water, soil and vegetation of North America. (Geography, Grade 7.) 3. Features of the historical development of North America at the end of the XIX-first half of the XX century. (History, grades 8, 9.) 4. Materials of part I of this textbook. 5. Concepts and terms: reserve, farmer.
What you need to know
Leading ideas from topic 9:
1. As a result of the collapse of the world socialist system and the Soviet Union, the role of the United States in world politics and economics has increased. 2. New relations between Russia, other countries with economies in transition and the United States have become an important factor in international stability and have changed the whole world political situation for the better.
The main scientific knowledge of topic 9:
1. Characteristic features of EGP, geography of natural resources and the US population. 2. general characteristics US farms. 3. The main features of the geography of industry, agriculture, transportation, environmental management of the United States, the main industrial and agricultural areas. 4. US macro-zoning and the appearance of each of the four macro-districts. 5. Brief economic and geographical characteristics of Canada. 6. Keywords of topics: 1) North American type of city, 2) “second economy”, 3) gross national product, 4) stepwise specialization, 5) North American type of transport network, 6) industrial belt, 7) agricultural belt, 8) focal type of development of the territory.
What you need to be able to
1. To characterize urban agglomerations and megacities. 2. To characterize the country's industry. 3. Give a brief economic and geographical characteristics of the country. 4. Write a written economic and geographical description.
1. The plan of the characteristics of the industry of the country (region):
1. The importance of the industry and the size of its products. 2. Natural prerequisites for the development of the industry. 3. Industry structure. 4. The main factors affecting the location of the industry, and the main features of its geography; industry industrial areas. 5. Dependence of the industry on exports and imports. 6. General conclusion; prospects for the development of the industry.
2. Plan for the characteristics of an individual country:
1. The main features of EGP. 2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. 3. The main features of reproduction, structure and distribution of the population. 4. General characteristics of the economy. 5. The main features of the placement of industry. 6. The main features of the distribution of agriculture. 7. The main features of the geography of transport. 8. The main economic areas. 9. The role and geography of external economic relations. 10. General conclusion; development prospects.
Theme 10. LATIN AMERICA
BLOCKS TO GET KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITY
Exercise 1.Using the “visiting card” on the bookend end of the textbook, determine the forms of government and the administrative-territorial structure of Latin American countries; Make a table in a notebook. Compare these countries with countries in overseas Asia and Africa and try to explain the differences.
Task 2.Using the map of mineral resources of the world and the economic map of Latin America in the atlas and tables 3, 4 and 5 in the “Appendices”, give a description of the composition of minerals in its individual subregions. Explain similarities and differences.
AdditionalIdentify the main territorial combinations of minerals
shortLatin American and apply them to the outline map. What are the prerequisites denmark(conthey create for the development of industry, for the development of new resource false).areas?
Task 3. Use the figures 7-9 of the textbook, tables 6, 7 and 8 of the “Applications” and maps of land, agroclimatic and water resources in the atlas to specify the characteristics of renewable natural resources of the region.
Task 4. Using figures 12-14 of the textbook and maps of fertility, mortality, and natural population growth in the atlas, specify the textbook provisions related to population reproduction.
Task 5. On the maps of the peoples of the world and religions in the atlas, specify the main features of the distribution of the people of Latin America by language families and groups, religions.
Additional The proportion of Indians in the entire population of individual countries in Latin America
short is (in%): in Bolivia - 63, in Guatemala - 54, in Peru - 47, in
giving ( Ecuador - 40, in Mexico - 15, in Chile - 9, in Panama - 6, in Benesuela,
false). Colombia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Argentina - 2-4. Using this data, build a cartogram on the contour map of the region. Follow the instructions on p. 350.
Task 6. Using the map of the world population density in the atlas, specify the main features of the population of Latin America, noted in the textbook.
Task 7. Use figures 17, 18, tables 3 and 9 of the textbook and tables 16, 17 of the “Appendices”, as well as a map of urbanization in the atlas to specify the characteristics of the process of urbanization in Latin America. Identify the most and least urbanized countries. Compare Latin America with overseas Asia by level and pace of urbanization.
Task 8. Using the text of the textbook, the economic map of Latin America in the atlas, put on the contour map of the region the main countries specializing in the extraction and export of: oil, iron ore, copper ore, bauxite, tin ore, sulfur, nitrate. Indicate the reasons for this specialization.
Task 9. Using the text of the textbook, the physical and economic maps of Latin America in the atlas, apply to a contour map of the region of the main countries specializing in the production of: coffee, cocoa beans, sugar bananas, wheat, corn, meat. Indicate the reasons for this specialization.
Additional Try to answer the question: “What is loaded on ships in ports
short Latin America? " Compete with your comrades, calling as possible
denmark (forpleasure). more export goods and ports of their export.
Task 10.Review Figure 22 of the tutorial. Concretize it on the example of one of
(creative!).latin American countries (optional).
Task 11.Using the text of the textbook and figure 97, as well as additional sources
(creative!).information, prepare a message on the topic "Development of the Amazon." Explain what problems arise in connection with this for Brazil, for Latin America, for the whole world.
Task 12.1. Based on your knowledge of geography and history, explain why Latin
(summary).America in terms of socio-economic development is ahead of other regions of the developing world.
2. (Work in a notebook.) Using the text and drawings of the textbook, as well as maps of the atlas, establish the similarities and differences between Mexico, Brazil and Argentina.
3. Using the textbook and additional sources of information, give a brief comparative description of two (optional) from the following cities: Mexico City, Havana, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasilia, Buenos Aires.
4. Imagine taking a car trip along the Pan American Highway and keeping diary entries. Give an example of such a record in one day (of your choice).
5. According to the text of the textbook and figure 98, give a description of the city of Brasilia.
SELF-CONTROL AND MUTUAL CONTROL UNIT
How do you explain:
What caused the emergence of the geographical term "Latin America"?
What explains the especially large role of metropolitan cities in Latin America?
How did the dependence on the global market affect the configuration of the region’s transport network?
Why was the new capital of Brazil created?
As you understand:
The assertion that the geographical division of labor between the capital and peripheral cities of Latin America is based not on the principle of “city for country”, but on the principle of “country for city”?
Expression: “Rio de Janeiro is a city where they enjoy life, and São Paulo is a city where they earn a living”?
Expression: “If coffee prices rise, then Brazil?”
Expression of the famous Swedish writer A. Lundqvist, comparing Buenos Aires with a powerful spider, "who sits on the edge of a web that entangles the country"?
Expression: "Panama is first and foremost a canal"?
Can you:
Put on the contour map of the world from memory the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps: Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay ?;
Show on the map the following cities mentioned in the text and on text maps: Mexico City, Havana, Caracas, Lima, Sao Paulo, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Santiago?
Indicate in which of the following countries the official language is Spanish: Cuba. Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Chile?
Name one country in Latin America in the export of which an important role is played: copper, bauxite, tin, oil, coffee, meat, wool, fish?
Check whether right or wrongthe following statements, and if necessary, giverightanswer:
Argentina and Uruguay are the most “white” countries of Latin America.
Mexico is the largest Hispanic in the world.
Brazil is the largest Catholic country in the world.
Rio de Janeiro is the largest metropolitan area in Latin America.
Venezuela is the only Latin American country that is part of OPEC.
Brazil and Colombia are the world's largest coffee producers.
What countries do they belong to?the following statements:
The only country in Central America that does not have access to the Caribbean Sea.
The only landlocked Andean country.
A country where 4/5 of the population lives above sea level.
A country where Portuguese is spoken 17 times more peoplethan in Portugal.
METHODICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 10
What you need to remember
1. The political map and the peoples of Latin America. (Geography, Grade 7.) 2. Features of the physical-geographical position, topography, minerals, climate, waters, soils and vegetation of Latin America. (Geography, Grade 7.) 3. Features of the historical development of Latin America in the XIX century. (History, Grade 8.) 4. Materials of Part I of this textbook. 5. Concepts and terms: altitude, equatorial forest, river runoff, air masses, mestizos, mulattos.
What you need to learn
Presentertheme idea10:
Latin American countries have embarked on the path of restructuring the colonial sectoral and territorial structure of the economy and have achieved some success.
The main scientific knowledge of topic 10:
1. Characteristic features of EGP, geography of natural conditions and resources, population, sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, environmental problems of Latin America. 2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the country-subregion of Brazil. 3. Keywords of the theme: 1) the Latin American type of city, 2) “false urbanization”, 3) latifundia, 4) the colonial type of the territorial structure of the economy.
What you need to be able to
1. Using the drawings of the textbook, as well as maps of the atlas, independently specify the main provisions of the textbook. 2. Give a brief description of the cities. 3. Make a cartogram.
Instructions and plans for mastering self-study skills
How to make and analyze a cartogram.
1. Designate on the contour map the boundaries of those territories that are subject to analysis. 2. To analyze the statistical or other source of indicators for the cartogram, to enter the necessary indicators. 3. Group these indicators at specific intervals. 4. Draw up a cartogram legend in which darker tones or thicker shading will reflect the greater intensity of the phenomenon, and vice versa. 5. Apply coloring or hatching to the outline map. 6. Conduct a cartogram analysis, draw conclusions.
GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY
BLOCKS TO GET KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITY
Exercise 1. Using the entire contents of topic 2 and other topics of the textbook, compose in a notebook
(creativescheme “Factors and forms of environmental impact of society”.
something!).Think about the extent to which the solution to the problem of environmental protection depends on each inhabitant of our planet, including you.
Task 2.Using the entire contents of topic 2 and other topics of the textbook, tables 11, 16, 17,
(creative34 and 35 in the Appendices, draw an oral “demographic portrait”
something!).planets today and in the first quarter of the XXI century.
The task3 Using the entire contents of topic 1 and the remaining topics of the textbook, as well as
(creative periodical materials, prepare a message (written
something!).abstract) on the theme "On the way to a nuclear-free and safe world."
Task 4Using figure 99 and the contents of topics 2 and 5, as well as other topics of the textbook,
(creative!)describe the geographical aspects of the global food problem. Prove that food shortages in the world are due primarily not to natural, but to socio-economic reasons. What are the sectors of the economy involved in solving the food problem.
Task 5Using the entire content of topics 2, 4 and 5, as well as the regional part of the course and
(creativeatlas maps, state the geographical aspects of energy and
something!).commodity problems of mankind. What, in your opinion, are the possible ways to solve them?
Task 6Using material from topics 2 and 3 of the textbook and the media,
(creativeprepare a debate on the topic "Problems of human health and longevity."
something!).
The task7 Use the contents of topics 1-5 to explain the concept of marine
(creativethe farm. Make a diagram of this concept in a notebook. Compare World Maps
something!).offshore oil production and transportation of oil and world marine fisheries and independently formulate the problem arising in connection with the territorial coincidence of offshore oil production and fishing. Suggest ways to solve it.
Task 8Using the content of topic 11, make a diagram “Relationship” in a notebook
(creativeproblems of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries with others
something!).global problems of mankind. "
The task9 Analyze physical maps of the world and regions and determine for which
(forudo- countries, a rise in sea level even by 1-1.5 m could have
imperfection).catastrophic consequences as a result of flooding of the territory.
The task10 1. Create a graphic summary of topic 11.
(summary).2. (Work in a notebook.) Based on the acquired knowledge, draw up an abstract-reference table “Characterization of the global problems of mankind”. Summarize the table materials.
SELF-CONTROL AND MUTUAL CONTROL UNIT
howyou think:
1. If you could invent a way to increase oil recovery by 20%, would it be tantamount to opening an oil basin comparable in production to the West Siberian?
2. What does the figurative expression mean that the fuel and raw material resources of developing countries represent only a small “tip of the iceberg”? What needs to be done in order to use all this “iceberg”?
3. What does the expression mean: “We have not inherited the Earth from our ancestors. We borrow it from our descendants "?
4. Why does the solution of global problems depend not only on states and governments, but also on the actions of all the inhabitants of the Earth, each individual, including you personally?
METHODICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 11
What you need to remember
All material topics 1-10 textbook.
What you need to learn
Leading ideas from topic 11:
1. The modern era is an era of growing interdependence of a contradictory, but increasingly holistic world. 2. The center and the connecting link of the whole complex of global problems of the present is man and his future.
The main scientific knowledge of topic 11:
1. The concept of globalization and global problems of mankind. 2. The essence, causes, and solutions to each of these problems. 3. The concept of sustainable development strategies. 4. Sustainable development and geography. 5. Keywords of topics: 1) globalization, 2) “golden billion”, 3) global problem, 4) ecological crisis, 5) crisis (critical) ecological region, 6) marine economy, 7) global forecast, 8) global scientific hypothesis, 9) global (world) project, 10) sustainable development.
With included in it the theme "Global ... militaristic ideas of the western block. In the Soviet ... with advance given properties by ... form prey material ... knowledge and skillswhich form the basis of worldview, common ...
General characteristics of the methodology of science
Document... block. “The first of them form the categories in which the most generalspecifications ... thoughts on prey and explanation of facts. Together with by there are methodologies ... for his life knowledge, skillsskills: knowledge - a system of scientific ...
If you have corrections or suggestions for this lesson, write to us.
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Presentation on the topic: General characteristics of Africa
Slide number 1
Description of the slide:
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AFRICA Lesson plan: 1. Territory and composition of Africa. 2. Natural conditions and resources. 3. Population: reproduction, composition, distribution. 4. Economy: sectoral and territorial structure. Africa occupies 1/5 of the land (30.3 million km2), on which 53 states are located (with island countries). Half a century ago, the entire political map of Africa was full of colors of the colonial powers: England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. The colonial past of the continent largely determined its retardation. According to the main economic and social indicators of development, Africa noticeably lags behind other regions of the world, and in some countries this lag even increases.
Slide number 2
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CONSTITUTION 53 States 47 mainland 6 island According to the state system, only three states maintain a monarchical form of government, the rest are republics. According to the administrative structure, there are four federal republics, the rest are unitary.
Slide number 3
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C O S T A V T E R I T O R I A F R IK And the main criterion for assessing the economic and geographical situation of African countries is the presence or absence of access to the sea. Fifteen countries have no access to the sea, not one continent has such a large number of intracontinental countries, most of these countries are among the most backward. THE TASK. Using the map, find inland countries. Young African states have not yet been fully formed politically; therefore, cruel inter-clan and interethnic struggles and political conflicts are common here. These countries inherited from the colonial past of the border, became a hotbed of territorial disputes and border conflicts. Acute conflicts of this kind exist between Morocco and Western Sahara, Ethiopia and Somalia, etc.
Slide number 4
Description of the slide:
In order to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, to preserve their integrity and independence, the Organization of African Unity was created in 1963. It includes 53 states. The headquarters is in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Slide number 5
Description of the slide:
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II. The task. On the contour map, apply 10 of any African country that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the date of independence and the metropolitan country. Why is 1960 called the year of Africa?
Slide number 6
Description of the slide:
PRIORITY RESOURCES AFFICI. Africa has extremely diverse natural resources. Mineral raw materials are of high quality and are often mined in an open way. The extraction of mineral raw materials is mainly carried out within seven mining regions: 1. Algeria-Libyan; 2. Atlas; 3. Egyptian; 4. West Guinean; 5. East Guinean; 6. Copper belt; 7. South African. THE TASK. Using atlas maps, classify African countries according to their mineral wealth. Make a table according to the following form:
Slide number 7
Description of the slide:
An example of filling a table. The richest mineral resource in South Africa. Its subsoil contains the entire set of fossil resources, with the exception of oil, natural gas, and bauxite. The reserves of gold, platinum, and diamonds are especially great. ? What South African resources are of global importance?
Slide number 8
Description of the slide:
African population graph. The dynamics of population growth in Africa. Consider the chart. The population of the region in 2000 is 820 million. ? 1) How many times the population of Africa over the twentieth century. ? 2) Where is Africa located in terms of population. Africa stands out for the fastest reproduction of the population. This is due to the tradition of multi-detail and the lack of demographic policies. “To have no money is trouble, but to have no children means to be doubly poor,” they say in Africa.
Slide number 9
Description of the slide:
Population in some countries in Africa. Chart "African countries with a population of more than 20 million people." Using " business card"On the flyleaf of the textbook V.P. Max Kovskogo: 1 - find the countries of Africa with a population of more than 10 million people; 2 - Calculate the average population density of Nigeria. Population density \u003d size (mln. People) area of \u200b\u200bthe country (mln. Km2)
Slide number 10
Description of the slide:
Age and gender composition of the African population. Age composition of the population. A high proportion of children will lead to an exacerbation of the problems of employment, education, and health care. The quality of the population in Africa is the lowest; more than half of adults are illiterate. Average life of 50 years. Consider the “Ratio of Men and Women” card. 1. What is characteristic of the gender composition of the population as a whole for the region? 2. List the countries of Africa dominated by women. 3. List the countries of Africa in which men predominate. Nigerians
Slide number 11
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Slide number 12
Description of the slide:
Racial and ethnic composition of the population of Africa. On the continent there are more than 400 ethnic groups. Large nations have developed in North Africa, but the majority of the population is at the ethnic level. Remains of the tribal system are preserved (figures below). The peoples of North and North-East Africa speak the languages \u200b\u200bof the chemical-Semitic family (ara-by, Berbers). The regions of Equatorial, East and South Africa are inhabited by Bantu peoples (Swahili language). Most countries south of Sa Hara retain the languages \u200b\u200bof the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In South Africa, besides English, the official language is Afrikaanas (a strongly modified Dutch language). There are no multinational states on the continent.
Slide number 13
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Slide number 14
Description of the slide:
Placement of the population The average population density in Africa is 27 people / km2, which is several times less than in Europe and Asia. Very sharp contrasts are characteristic of the population of the continent. Generally uninhabited territories are in the Sahara desert. It is rare to find a population in the wet zone rainforest. But there are also quite significant clots of the population, especially on the coasts. Pay attention to Egypt. Virtually all of its population lives on the territory of the delta and the Nile river valley. There are approximately 1,700 people per 1 km2.
Slide number 15
Description of the slide:
Africa - the region of the "urban explosion" For many centuries, Africa has remained predominantly a "rural material." And now, in terms of urbanization, it is still very far behind other regions, however, the pace of urbanization is the highest here, the population of cities doubles every 10 years. The manifestation of the “urban explosion” in Africa has a number of negative consequences. After all, mainly capital cities are growing, and they are growing due to the constant influx of rural residents who, having no means of livelihood, huddle in slum areas. View the map. Find out which countries in Africa have the lowest proportion of urban population. In what state of Africa does the urban population prevail? Growth dynamics of the share of urban population in Africa.
Slide number 16
Description of the slide:
The largest city in Africa is the city of Lagos in Nigeria. Back in 1950, its population was about 300 thousand people, and now it has reached 13 million. However, the living conditions in this over-populated city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital of the country was transferred from here to another city - Abuja. Lagos City - founded by the Portuguese on a small island.
Slide number 17
Description of the slide:
General characteristics of the economy of Africa. After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness. Nationalization of natural resources has been carried out; agrarian reform, preparing national cadres. The restructuring of the sectoral structure began, which was of a colonial nature, that is, the mining industry was of predominant importance and the main income of the country was obtained from the export of mineral raw materials. At present, the colonial type of the sectoral structure of the economy is preserved - agricultural production and mining prevail, while manufacturing industries are at a nascent stage. One-sided development of the economy is also characteristic - the narrow (mono-commodity) specialization of the country's economy in the production of one product intended for export. PLAN: Agriculture Industry Transport
Slide number 18
Description of the slide:
Agriculture of Africa. ? Remember how commodity agriculture differs from consumer agriculture? Commodity agriculture - prevails in developed countries. Represented by large well-organized farms and plantations with extensive use of hired labor. T.s.kh. primarily oriented to the market, especially for the export of agricultural products. products. Consumer agriculture is a backward type of village. households, common in developing countries, represented by small farms. Technical equipment is low, yield is low. The products are mainly used to satisfy the needs of the workers themselves. The map shows that in most of Africa, the consumer type of agriculture is widespread. The main area of \u200b\u200bmaterial production in African countries is agriculture. In some of them (Chad, Mali, Rwanda, the Central African Republic) more than 80% of the population is employed in it. The main value in most countries of Africa is agriculture. The structure of agriculture distinguishes between export and consumer crops. Harvesting.
Slide number 19
Description of the slide:
Agriculture of Africa. ? Remember how commodity agriculture differs from consumer agriculture? Commodity agriculture - prevails in developed countries. Represented by large well-organized farms and plantations with extensive use of hired labor. T.s.kh. primarily oriented to the market, especially for the export of agricultural products. products. Consumer agriculture is a backward type of village. households, prevalent in developing countries, represented by small farms. Technical equipment is low, yield is low. Products are mainly aimed at meeting the needs of workers themselves.
Slide number 20
Description of the slide:
African industry The foundations of national industry are laid only today. The continent remains the least industrial part of the world. Foreign capital was only interested in mineral raw materials and, therefore, energetically developed the mining industry here. In the structure of the processing industry, the leading place is taken by the light and food industries. Recently, there has been a tendency to increase the role of metallurgy and oil refining. Industrial areas are located in places of extraction and production of raw materials and on the coast. ? Analyze the Africa Industry Map. Highlight countries with the largest range of manufacturing industries.
Slide number 21
Description of the slide:
Transportation Gas Pipeline Africa's largest airport in Cairo Passenger steam-powered train Suburban electric-powered train. An important task for the development of the economy is the formation of a modern transport network and its convenient configuration. For a long time, the transport system of African countries served as a carrier of raw materials from the place of extraction to the port. therefore greatest development received rail and sea trans-port. Over the years of independence, other types of transport have been developed.
Slide number 22
Description of the slide:
Transport Africa ranks last among all parts of the world in terms of the main technical and economic indicators of the operation of the trans-port. THE TASK. View the map. In which countries in Africa is the busiest transport network? Which countries are virtually devoid of transport? The location of African transport, the density of the transport network are highly uneven. The greatest growth on the African scale was achieved in trans-port in South Africa and in the countries of northern Africa (with the exception of their arid regions), which reflects the general level of economic development of these countries. On the other hand, many areas of the Sahara, Namiba, Kalahari, equatorial and tropical forests are practically deprived of transport. Carriage by camels, donkeys, mules, and carrying goods by porters are common.
Slide number 23
Description of the slide:
Rail transport in Africa. The total length of African railways is more than 82 thousand km. In the structure of domestic freight turnover, rail transport occupies a leading place, and in the passenger turnover it was ahead of automobile. It should be noted the technical backwardness of this type of transport in Africa (multi-track and locomotive traction). The first place in the overall level of development of railway transport is occupied by South Africa, it accounts for up to 40% of the entire railway network, the second - North Africa (Mediterranean countries). And the most lagging is Tropic Africa, where the transport role of rivers is great. There are still no railways in Niger, Chad, the Central African Republic, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, and others. Railroads have a distinctly pronounced "penetration line" - they connect the areas of mining or plantation agriculture with their export ports products.
Description of the slide:
TRANSAFRICAN HIGHWAYS Until recently, there was actually only one transcontinental highway - the Transmagriban (which connects all the countries of North Africa). In the early 90's. Twentieth century, the Trans-Saharan Highway (associated hall of Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria) and the Trans-Saharan Highway (connected Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad) came into operation. Projects of trans-African highways have been developed by international organizations (see map). The implementation of their construction has already begun, however, due to political, financial and economic problems, the completion date has not been determined.
Slide number 26
Description of the slide:
WATER TRANSPORT River transport Of the 40 thousand km of round-wild and seasonal inland waterways, about half are used in shipping (especially in the basins of the Congo and Nile rivers, as well as the lower reaches of the Niger). See the map. Sea transport Sea transport plays a huge role for foreign economic relations. Liberia formally has the largest merchant marine fleet in the world, however, almost all vessels are owned by American, Greek, Russian and other companies that consider it profitable to register their vessels in Liberia (see map), where taxation on ship ownership is the lowest in the world. Port construction is expanding, especially in the exporting countries of oil, gas, ores, and other raw materials. Egypt owns the largest sea canal in the world. Suez Canal Passenger ship on the Nile River Port terminal in Cape Town
Slide number 27
Description of the slide:
Generalization. Check yourself. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICA EGP countries, political map Natural resources Population What changes and why have occurred on the political map of Africa after the Second World War? How many countries on the modern political map of Africa? How can we evaluate the natural resource potential of Africa? Which African state has an exceptional range of natural resources? What is the population of the region? Which African countries have more than 100 million inhabitants? What is the pace of population reproduction? What is the ethnic composition of the population of African countries? What languages \u200b\u200bdo the inhabitants of the mainland speak? What are the main features of the African population? Which countries have the highest and which are the lowest levels of urbanization? What is the “urban explosion” in Africa? Name largest cities Africa. What facts indicate the economic backwardness of African countries? What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries? What is a single product specialization? Where are the main industrial areas of these countries? Which manufacturing industries are most developed in Africa? What type of agriculture prevails in these countries? For which agricultural crops does it occupy a leading place in world production? Can we say that Africa has a pan-African transport network? Why do most African railways have penetration lines? If you were able to answer most of the questions, you can complete the practical task for the lesson.