home Health Flora and fauna of the Chukchi Highlands. Chukchi Highlands - the land of highlands and deep-sea lakes

Flora and fauna of the Chukchi Highlands. Chukchi Highlands - the land of highlands and deep-sea lakes

CHUKOTSKY AUTONOMOUS (until 1980 - national) DISTRICT is the most northeastern region of Russia. Its closest western neighbor, the US state of Alaska, is separated from Chukotka by the Bering Strait.

In 1885, Chukotka was allocated to the administrative Anadyr district. And after 45 years, on December 10, 1930, the Chukotka National District was created, this date is a kind of birthday for today's Autonomous Okrug, covering an area of \u200b\u200b721.5 thousand square meters. km The geographical location of the district makes it geopolitically a unique territory.

The district occupies the Chukchi Peninsula, the adjacent part of the mainland and islands: Wrangel, Aion, Arakamchechen, Ratmanova, Herald and others. On land, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Magadan Region and the Koryak Autonomous Region. Chukotka is separated from the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait.

The extreme southern point of Chukotka is Cape Rubicon (62 ° N); north - Cape Shelagsky (70 ° N); eastern - Cape Dezhnev, which is both the eastern tip of Russia and all of Eurasia (170 ° W).

Most of Chukotka is located in the eastern hemisphere, and about half of its territory is beyond the Arctic Circle.

The Chukotka Sea and surface water of the land represent a huge complex of natural resources. The characteristic features of the shelf seas of Chukotka are heavy ice conditions, storms, fogs, and strong tidal currents.

History of development of the territory

Tens of thousands of years ago, in the era of the ancient Stone Age, the first people came to Chukotka.

In those days, the tundra-steppes of North-East Asia and Alaska were connected by a land bridge and represented a single natural region of Beringia, where forests grew and herds of mammoths, woolly rhinos, bison, reindeer grazed.

Unlike the mysterious and semi-mythical Atlantis, Beringia, now under water, is a concrete reality. Like Atlantis, it went into the depths of the sea about 10 thousand years ago. This happened gradually: with the melting of the colossal glacial strata of the last Great Glaciation, the level of the world ocean rose, and the vast plain between Chukotka and Alaska was flooded. Since then, waves of the Bering and Chukchi seas have been splashing in its place.

Today, underwater Beringia is of interest to archaeologists, primarily in connection with the problem of the initial settlement of the American continent: in muddy sediments of the seabed, they expect to find traces of Stone Age pioneers on their way from Asia to America.

The first mention of the Chukchi as a large nationality dates back to 1641-1642. On the Alazeya River, they resisted the lizard collectors, which the Cossacks reported in their petition. This was the first news for the Russians about an unknown nation before.

In 1644, the Cossack Mikhailo Stadukhin went to Kolyma and founded the Nizhnekolymsky winter hut here. He gave more detailed information about the Chukchi: “And on the Chuhche river, there are Chukchi and those chucci have no sable, because they live on the tundra by the sea.”

A new search began for distant lands east of Kolyma. "Found and brought down" the western edge of the "Chukchi land" was from the sea.

In the summer of 1647, the Yakut Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and the clerk of the Moscow merchant Kholmogorets Fedot Popov, having organized a partnership of servicemen and industrial people, set sail on Kochi to search for new lands and peoples. But the seafarers failed: fragile vessels were stopped by sea ice. In 1648 they again hit the road and reached the Onadyr River by sea, having lost more than half of their comrades.

In 1649, Dezhnev in the upper reaches of the river. Anadyr founded the winter hut, on the site of which in 1652 the Anadyr prison was built. Attempts to force the Chukchi to pay yasak were made repeatedly, but without much success: the yasak collected by Dezhnev for 10 years was insignificant.

Concerned about the fate of the Yasak Koryak and Yukaghirs, the Senate gave an order to Major Pavlutsky to bring the Chukchi into Russian citizenship. However, the campaigns organized to conquer the Chukchi were unsuccessful.

The development of Russian trade in the Northeast is directly related to the activities of the semi-state Russian-American company, the beginning of which was laid by G. Shelikhov in the 80s of the XVIII century. , and the heyday is associated with the Baranov brothers.

Since the second half of the XVIII century. the Russian government completely abandoned the policy of forcibly yasak yielding indigenous peoples of Chukotka and bringing them into possession of the "arm of the arm."

According to the land management expedition of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR, the population of the Chukchi National District in 1838 was 18. 390 people, of whom 12. 101 were Chukchi, 1. 280 were Eskimos, and visitors were 3. 020 people. In the district center of Anadyr with a population of 3.3 thousand people. The whole fishing and coal industry of Chukotka was concentrated.

In the Soviet period, along with the economic, cultural and domestic development of the territory took place. The struggle for the elimination of the economic and cultural backwardness of the region. Everywhere cultural bases and “red yarangs” were created that carried out explanatory work and anti-religious propaganda, and the fight against shamanism.

Declaring the yaranga a relic of the past, the Soviet government resettled the nomads in stone houses. Despite the prevailing jokes, the Chukchi quickly got used to warm houses, began to go to hospitals and use imported equipment. About once every ten years, villages have been enlarged, eliminating dozens of “hopeless” villages and camps.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the acceleration of work began on the extraction of tin in Chukotka. At the end of 1941, the first tons of defense metal were mined at the Valkumey mine. The mines were located in the region of Pevek, and then Iulina. Prisoners were mainly used as workers in the mines. Since that time, the mining industry has become the basis of the economy of the Chukotka National District.

In 1942, the Fairbanks - Krasnoyarsk airway was established to transfer aircraft received under the Lend-Lease from the USA to the front. In Chukotka, the route ran through Uelkal - Markovo, where airfields were built within a few months by the heroic labor of local residents.

The transition to a market economy turned out to be painful for the whole of Russia, but for Chukotka - simply destructive.

Since the 90s in the history of Chukotka, the era of the “great migration” began. During this time, more than half of the population - the most qualified and enterprising - left the peninsula.

Many see the main cause of the crisis in the fact that the basis of the foundations, gold mining, has “slipped”. Before successful Chukotka yielded up to 40 tons of gold, now the limit of desire is 14 tons. Today, gold mining in Chukotka is considered unprofitable. Currently, there are 48 gold mining enterprises of various patterns of ownership - state, joint-stock, artels. If we divide the gold they washed over the year into all employees, we get 200 grams each. The maintenance of one person in the locations of enterprises annually costs 1.6 kilograms. Now it turned out that the former flagships of the local industry are bankrupt: it is unprofitable to mine tin or tungsten in Chukotka, it is cheaper to buy them abroad.

A look at the ancient and rich past of Chukotka, which was one of the centers of civilization and went through more than one catastrophe, allows us to hope that it will overcome today's difficulties.

4. Natural resource potential. Chukotka is perhaps the most geologically poorly studied region of Russia. Over the 70 years of the existence of the district, its territory has been explored by only 7 percent. Locals joke that geologists will have enough work for the next 100 years. It is this unknown that gives rise to numerous myths about the fabulous wealth of the region. Someone claims that oil fountains are about to fill up from the depths of the permafrost, others talk about fantastic diamond deposits, and still others are skeptical about the extreme scarcity of the region’s raw materials. In fact, all this is nothing more than speculation.

Coal deposits in the Chukotka Autonomous Region are known in 13 coal-bearing regions. The total resource potential of the coal in the territory is estimated at 57,475.4 million tons, of which the estimated resources are 56827.4 million tons (coal 86%, brown 14%). All coal of Chukotka is suitable for use in the fuel and energy complex.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the largest “shelf” regions of Russia. Within it, 5 promising oil and gas bearing basins were identified: Anadyrsky, East Khatyrsky, South Chukchi, North Chukchi and East Siberian.

The identified oil and gas basins are characterized by their inaccessibility, as well as uneven and relatively low degree of knowledge. Estimated recoverable resources of oil - 500 million tons and gas - 900 billion m3.

In Chukotka, deposits of mercury, chromium, as well as ore occurrences of silver, polymetals, molybdenum, boron, bismuth, titanium, lithium, beryllium, iron, arsenic, antimony, nickel, cobalt, lead of rare and trace elements, zeolites, peat, etc. ., as well as precious, semiprecious (demantoid, garnet, beryl, topaz, amethyst, rock crystal, axinite, etc.) and ornamental (agate, chalcedony, jasper, larch, rhodite, gabbro, etc.) stones.

In the Chukotka Autonomous Region, 477 gold deposits (471 placer and 6 ore), 28 tungsten deposits (17 alluvial and 11 primary), 83 tin deposits (72 alluvial and 11 ore) were recorded.

In the district 3 deposits of mineral thermal energy waters have been discovered and studied.

The rivers and the coast of the Chukotka Sea are rich in fish and other seafood. But the remoteness of the district and the harsh climatic conditions do not allow to use them to the full.

The climate of Chukotka is very severe. Local old-timers joke that one month of the year the weather in Chukotka is bad, two are very bad, and nine is bad.

In winter, in the western continental regions of Chukotka, air temperature often reaches 44-60 ° below zero.

The average annual air temperature in Chukotka is everywhere deeply negative: from -4.1 ° С to -14 ° С on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. In a relatively small area of \u200b\u200bChukotka, the average July temperatures range from +4 to + 14 ° C, in January - from -18 to -42 ° C.

Indeed, Chukotka holds many climatic records: here the lowest radiation balance for these latitudes, the maximum of days without sun (Wrangel Island), the minimum hours of sunshine (northeast coast), the maximum average annual wind speed and the frequency of storms and hurricanes in Russia ( Cape Navarin).

The harsh climate of Chukotka significantly affects the lifestyle of the population. In winter, due to severe snowstorms and frosts, the number of non-working days is 10-15, and on the Arctic and Bering Sea coasts, it exceeds a total of a month, or even a half.

More than 900 species of higher plants, more than 400 species of mosses and the same number of lichens grow in Chukotka. Even the flora of Wrangel Island, the northernmost part of the land of Chukotka, has at least 385 species of plants, which is much more than the flora of any isometric island in the Arctic zone.

5. The population. The population of the Chukotka Autonomous Region as of 01. 02. 2006 is 50 532 people. The population density of 0.07 people per 1 square. km At the same time, citizens make up about 66.0% of the population. About 17,036 people live in rural areas.

In recent years, the population has been declining, due to migration processes and the outflow of a certain part of the population outside the district. So in 1989, 163 thousand 934 people lived in the district.

National composition: Russians - 66.1%; Ukrainians - 9.4%; Indigenous peoples of the North - 20% (including the Chukchi - 10%; Eskimos - 0.9%; Evens - 0.8%; Chuvans - 0.6%); Belarusians - 1.3%; other nationalities - 3.2%.

6. The economy. Due to its geographical location, which is an extreme manifestation of the concept of “north,” Chukotka has a very low “vitality” of the territory. The district objectively cannot count on the abundance of labor resources, therefore, the Chukotka economy is based on primary resource consumption. The processing industry serves to meet local needs and has limited development prospects.

Export items for Chukotka may include coal, gold, silver, platinoids, tin and tungsten concentrate, scrap metal, fish, caviar, leather raw materials and products from it, endocrine-enzyme raw materials, sea animal fat, furs and souvenirs. The rest of the production of the district’s economy is for local needs. Almost the entire range of industrial purposes and consumer goods is imported into Chukotka.

Industry. The leading industries of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are: electric power, non-ferrous metallurgy, food industry. Their share in the volume of industrial production in 2005 amounted to 89.3 percent.

In 2005, the stability of the socio-economic development of the region is confirmed by the positive dynamics of the main industry indicators in industry. Compared to 2004, there was an increase in physical volumes in all sectors of the Okrug’s economy, the industrial production index in 2005 amounted to 133.8 percent compared to 2004.

In January-February 2006, the physical volumes of thermal energy and coal production increased compared to the same period of 2005. However, due to a decrease in electricity generation, whose share in the total industry amounted to 29.1 percent, the industrial production index in January-February 2006 as a whole decreased and amounted to 93.4 percent.

The mineral and raw material potential of the district is very significant and allows us to consider it as the basis for the prospective development of the Chukotka economy, based on the development of the mining industry.

Indices of industrial production by types of activity in 2006 amounted to: 138 percent in the mining sectors, 98.1 percent in the manufacturing sectors, and 94.6 in the sectors for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

The volume of gross regional product (GRP) has a steady growth trend. Thus, the volume of GRP in 2005 relative to 2000 increased by 5 times, and the annual growth of GRP due to an increase in the physical volumes of production of goods, work and services was ensured.

GRP growth is also dictated by the positive dynamics of the development of industries, which occupy the largest share in its structure: industry, construction, transport, trade and public catering, road and municipal services.

Agriculture in the region is directly related to the way of life of the indigenous inhabitants of the district, and is mainly focused on the development of reindeer herding, fishing, and the production of sea animals and cetaceans.

Reindeer husbandry

Reindeer husbandry is a key agricultural sector in the district in terms of the number of people employed in it and the socio-cultural role of the industry.

Reindeer is a unique animal that lives in harsh natural conditions. This is a kind of concentrate of the highly effective nature of the tundra: deer meat, bones, blood, endocrine system, etc. are distinguished by high energy saturation and biological activity.

Reindeer husbandry can be a virtually waste-free industry. Industry prospects are associated with the use of unique properties of raw materials, the production of biostimulants and biologically active substances.

The absence of feed costs in reindeer husbandry, the insignificant capital and energy intensity of the industry determine the low production cost of venison.

However, reindeer husbandry, previously considered the most profitable industry, has been unprofitable since the 1970s. The reason is that huge costs for maintaining the social infrastructure of villages were “suspended” on the cost of venison. A significant role was played against this background by natural factors. The catastrophic tundra fires of the first half of the 90s led to a significant reduction in deer pastures, and strong icy formations - to winter herds without feed and a large mortality of deer. Due to economic difficulties, losses from herding by herds of wolves and spalling by wild deer increased.

Since 2001, a program of the Okrug Government has been operating in Chukotka, aimed at stabilizing and developing the region's agro-industrial complex. As a result, today we can say with confidence that agriculture Chukotka reached a qualitatively new level.

To date, the stock of deer in Chukotka is more than 154.3 thousand. The reindeer herd growth in 2005 amounted to 18258 animals (16.1%).

The total increase in the number of deer in Russia in 2001-2005 amounted to 120 thousand, of which almost 50% were Chukchi. Chukotka took second place in Russia in terms of deer head.

For the first time in 2004, an exchange of breeding deer was made between the farms Kanchalanskoye, Vayezhskoye of the Anadyr region and the Provideniya brigades. And a thousand heads of breeding deer from the Koryak Autonomous Region were delivered to the Khatyrskoye farm in the Beringovsky District.

It was possible to reduce the incidence of deer by neurobacteriosis by 17% and reduce the mortality rate in herds by 39%. This is the best result in Chukotka over the past 20 years.

All reindeer husbandry farms in the region are fully provided with the necessary medicines, animal feed, machinery and fuel and lubricants. Funds allocated by the Government of the district.

Frozen hunting

Frozen hunting is another ancient sector of the economy in Chukotka. Some sources testify to the thousand-year history of this type of activity as the most decisive for this region.

The harvest of the sea beast is carried out mainly with the help of canoes, whaleboats and sea vessels. About 50 enterprises and institutions of various forms of ownership are engaged in marine fishing in the okrug, although the products they produce - gray and bowhead whales, beluga whales, walruses, small pinnipeds - are mainly used in the nutrition of the indigenous population. More than 400 Chukotka residents are employed in this industry.

Wastes from harvesting of sea animals go to fur farms, while the main resources of the sea hunting are not meat, but biologically active substances and enzyme-endocrine raw materials. Deep processing of raw materials (lard, thymus, spleen, adrenal glands and other organs of the sea beast) into biologically active substances can provide significant foreign currency replenishment of the revenue of the district budget. According to the estimates of some experts, the fur trapping industry can yield a profit exceeding the income from the gold mining industry of Chukotka.

In 2003, the government of Chukotka delivered 7 40-cc and 20 8-cc refrigeration chambers, as well as 7 quick-freezing chambers for storing the meat of sea animals, to the fishermen, and established lines for the accumulation of fat. A skin dressing workshop was built and commissioned in the district center.

Over the past 5 years, the material and technical base of agricultural enterprises has been significantly strengthened.

Agricultural producers received:

242 radio stations;

476 weapons, 958 thousand rounds of various calibers and purposes;

41 units of various automotive technology, - 52 cross-country, - 63 tractors,

141 snowmobiles

75 different crafts for fishing and 122 outboard motors;

IN required quantities veterinary preparations and vitamin supplements, specialized feed were purchased.

In addition, various construction materials, spare parts, and special equipment were supplied to enterprises.

Poultry farming

Since 2001, the Chukotka Agricultural Corporation LLC has been operating on the territory of the okrug, the forces of which reconstructed the only Severnaya poultry farm in Chukotka that has not been operating for several years. 11 thousand laying hens were brought to Anadyr from Omsk, from which 2 million 685 thousand eggs were received in 2002. In August 2004, a new batch of 17.5 thousand laying hens from Irkutsk was introduced. The number of birds as of March 1, 2006 was 19146 animals.

In terms of egg production, the factory ranks first in Russia (337 eggs per 1 chicken). In 2005, a total of 4.5 million eggs were produced in the district.

A significant amount of investment has been made in the development of the Chukotka food industry. The factories were reconstructed in Pevek in the Chaunsky district and in the regional center of Bilibino. There are lines for the production of bakery and dairy products.

In January-February 2006, the volume of agricultural output by all agricultural producers amounted to 8 million rubles.

In April 2004, the largest food processing company in Chukotka opened - the Polyarny food processing plant. It includes 3 workshops: for the production of meat, bakery and sour-milk products. With a full production load, Polyarny can produce up to 4 tons of bakery, 1.5 tons of dairy and about 500 kilograms of sausages per day. These products can be bought at the company’s outlet store. A characteristic feature of the Chukotka transport complex is the complete absence of railways and pipelines. In the early 90s, the main cargo transportation in the district was carried out by sea and air, delivery of goods by land transport took about 10% of the volume of cargo transportation. The sharp increase in airfares and a short navigation period put freight traffic in the first place.

A significant part of the cargo processed in ports is delivered to consumers via road networks and winter winters by road. Currently, the total length of public roads in the district is 4932.7 km, of which 1837 km are paved roads, 3095.7 km are winter roads (winter roads), 10 contractor organizations are engaged in maintenance and repair.

The Government of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug pays great attention to the prospect of the development of the Okrug’s road network in order to enable the economy to more intensively develop by creating an efficient road transport scheme, to alleviate the problems of northern delivery, and thereby improve the standard and quality of life of the population in the okrug.

Over the past 5 years, 337 km of improved automobile winter roads with extended service life (Bilibino-Anyuysk, Boulder-Egvekinot) and 4 bridge crossings with a total length of 415 l. M were built and commissioned. Active construction is underway and reconstruction of roads with access to the seaports of the district, as well as to the developed deposits of precious metals. In order to develop interregional ties, the Bilibino – Anyuysk winter winch has been improved since 2001 with access to the border with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Particular attention is also paid to maintaining the transport and operational qualities of existing roads and structures on them.

To date, bridge crossings over the Palyavaam River on the Pevek (Komsomolsky) - Bilibino highway, a bridge across the Apapelgin River for 15 km of the Pevek - Apapelgino highway have been commissioned in the region. Overhaul of the Pevek - Apapelgino - Yanranay and Egvekinot - Cape Schmidt roads was carried out.

An important task of the road workers is to ensure the safety and quality maintenance of the existing road network of the district, for the period 2001-2005, 642.7 million rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the network of roads and artificial structures.

The Chukotka sea transport scheme includes 5 seaports directly located on its territory: the Pevek port in the East Siberian Sea and the ports of Provideniya, Egvekinot, Anadyr, Beringovsky in the Bering Sea.

The seaports of Chukotka do not have their own medium- and large-tonnage fleet, their main task is the processing of goods delivered by shipping vessels in two directions: western (from Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, St. Petersburg) and east (from Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Magadan, Petropavlovsk -Kamchatsky and ports of Sakhalin). These features are associated with ice navigation conditions in the eastern Arctic.

The navigation periods are: in Pevek - from July to October, in Providence - from July to November, in the Bering and Egvekinot - from July to early and mid-October, respectively, in Anadyr - from July to October. The port of Providence can be used as year-round, provided that icebreaking support is provided for vessels.

The successful navigation in the last five years is due to the stabilization of the general socio-economic situation, which made it possible to advance advance sea transport enterprises in order to carry out the necessary work in pre-navigation periods to carry out in good technical condition the necessary complex of structures and equipment.

The sea commercial port of the Beringovsky district of Chukotka handled 113 thousand tons of cargo, the port of Pevek in the Chaunsky district - about 86 thousand tons, more than 55 thousand tons were unloaded in Provideniya, 109.5 thousand tons in the Egvekinot of Iultinsky district. The total cargo turnover of the ports of Chukotka over the past five years has increased by more than 30 percent. In 2005, a total of 231 transport vessels were handled by seaports, 735 thousand tons of various cargo were handled.

Today, air transport remains the only means of year-round communication between settlements of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (especially in the summer, when the tundra becomes insurmountable for vehicles) and the central regions of the country.

FSUE Chukotavia has 10 airports - the head Anadyr, including two airports of federal significance - Anadyr, Pevek.

Today, Anadyr Airport is capable of receiving all existing aircraft by takeoff and landing characteristics.

On December 9, 2005, a new airport complex was put into operation, capable of serving 340 passengers per hour. A hangar with an insulated floor was also commissioned for repair work in winter conditions, and at the same time, work can be carried out on two planes and three helicopters. New garages for special vehicles (ladders, tankers, heating cars, special services, firefighters, etc.) were commissioned, the park of which, by the way, was also updated by 90% with the help of the district administration, and many other new premises.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, only the “tundra mail” was distributed in Chukotka - all the news, thanks to the nomadic way of life, dispersed amazingly quickly, and the parcels were delivered with an opportunity.

It is noteworthy that every new stage in the development of Chukotka began with communication. So, the expansion of the Americans in the 19th century gave rise to an attempt to lay a wire telegraph line Yakutsk - San Francisco through Chukotka.

However, the lack of a modern telecommunication infrastructure and a unified transport communications environment hindered the integration of Chukotka into both the Russian and global economies. Previously implemented projects for the modernization of the Chukotka telecommunications network were urgent and concerned exclusively cost-effective areas, not covering most settlements, and a number of federal and regional programs were not completed, mainly due to financing problems, and mobile services were not available to consumers. radio call, access to Internet information resources.

Under these conditions, in early 2001, the Governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug decided to create the Chukotnet telecommunication system. The head organization for creating the system and at the same time the operator was OJSC Arctic Region Svyaz. As part of the creation of the Chukotnet system, the television and radio broadcasting network was modernized, which was designed taking into account the implementation of the state broadcasting program for Zone A. All network facilities are equipped with equipment and are focused on the reception of a digital package of federal and district programs, the broadcast of which is supposed to be provided through the Station-16 satellite ”, As well as local television and radio broadcasting programs formed in the city of Anadyr.

The broadcasting network provides reception and broadcasting of the state channels “Channel One” and “Russia”, the programs of “Radio Russia” and the State Television and Radio Company “Chukotka”, the television program STS, supplemented by the broadcasting windows of the regional television program IA “Chukotka”, the programs “Radio Maximum” and the local radio station “ Radio Purga. " The Chukotnet system is a dual-use system open for integration with federal and departmental projects and programs Electronic Russia, Cyber-mail, etc. and at the same time ensures the implementation of commercial projects as the service market develops.

As a result of the commissioning of the Chukotnet system, intrazonal traffic of the public telephone network of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug increased by 200%, long-distance traffic by 70% and international traffic by 60%. Over 90% of the Chukotka population received access to modern infocommunication services.

The creation of the Chukotnet system provided a transport environment for solving urgent tasks in the communications industry - to ensure the development of an access network based on modern wireless technologies in remote areas.

The main provider of communication services in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is Chukotsvyazinform OJSC, 75% of which is owned by the federal government. Today, Chukotkasvyazinform OJSC provides local, long-distance and international telephone, Internet, telegraph, and email services.

In 2004, the volume of communication services amounted to 338.3 million rubles. The increase in the volume of communication services was promoted in 2004. By the end of December 2004, in 41 settlements of the Autonomous Okrug, the equipment for digital reception and broadcasting of the programs of the TV channels “Culture” and “NTV” was put into operation.

The cellular communication network is implemented in the NMT-450 standard and provides coverage in the city of Anadyr and surrounding towns within the radius of the zone. Along with the provision of local, long-distance and international communication services, mobile network subscribers are provided with automatic roaming throughout the Russian Federation.

Also in the cities of Anadyr and Bilibino a personal radio call network was deployed. Network subscribers can use automatic roaming in 102 cities of Russia, as well as in a number of capitals of the CIS countries.

At the end of 2005, the total capacity of telephone exchanges was 22 thousand numbers, the density of telephone supply in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was 33 units per hundred residents of the urban population, and 16 units per hundred residents of the rural population. This figure is significantly higher than the national average. Today, everyone in the rural village has the ability to install a telephone.

Also, the accessibility of network subscribers to Zonal and long-distance communication channels was increased by introducing technology for encoding voice over Internet protocol (VoIP).

7. Problems of development of the territory.

The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug has many development problems. One of them is environmental. The region has an extremely unfavorable climate. The harsh climate lures migrants from other parts of Russia. The environmental issue creates a demographic issue. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is sparsely populated and not densely populated. Resettlement is also hindered by the lack of connection between paved roads and the railway. Demographic problem creates social issue. The district lacks workers, teachers, builders and other specialists, so necessary for the improvement of the area.

Conclusion

The purpose of this work was to talk about the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This goal has been completed. From this work you can learn the following: the geographical location of the territory, the history of the development of the territory (its stages, discoverers, explorers, researchers), the natural and resource potential of the territory, population, economy (industry, agriculture, transport, communications).

Geography lesson in 8th grade.

Geography teacher Gorban Tatyana Petrovna.

Lesson topic: "The only ones in the Far East."

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. To expand and deepen students' knowledge about the unique nature of the Far East. 2. To consider the features of the interconnections in individual PTKs of the Far East.

To intensify the cognitive activity of students, to form communication skills, teamwork.

Actualization of knowledge.

Knowledge Test:

B) Wrangel, St. Lawrence, Sakhalin

C) St. Lawrence, Hokkaido, Sakhalin

A) Chukchi, Okhotsk, Japanese

C) Japanese, East Siberian, Bering

A) East Siberian, Okhotsk, Chukchi

B) Bering, Laptev, Chukchi

A), Khabarovsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk region

B) , Kamchatka Krai

C) Irkutsk region, Sakhalin

A) China, DPRK

B) Mongolia, DPRK

C) DPRK, USA

A) Vladivostok

B) Khabarovsk

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

B) Plains

A) Located in three climatic zones

C) Because the northern regions of the Far East lie beyond the Arctic Circle, and the southern - at the latitude of the Mediterranean Sea

A) Monsoons

B) trade winds

C) Western

A) Yenisei

A) Baikal

B) Onega

ANSWERS for the test.

1. The islands of the Far East include the islands:

A) Sakhalin, Wrangel, Kuril

2. Seas of the Pacific Ocean, washing the shores of the Far East:

B) Okhotsk, Bering, Japanese

3. Seas of the Arctic Ocean, washing the shores of the Far East:

B) Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev

4. The subjects of the Russian Federation, which are part of the Far East:

B) , Kamchatka Krai

5. The Far East has a land border with:

A) China, DPRK

6. Which city is the center of the Far Eastern federal district?

B) Khabarovsk

7. What form of relief prevails in the Far East?

8. Why are there active volcanoes in the Far East and strong earthquakes?

B) The border of lithospheric plates passes

9. What constant winds dominate the Far East?

A) Monsoons

10) The largest river in the Far East:

11) The largest lake in the Far East:

Learning New Material

“Knowledge and wandering are inseparable”
K. Paustovsky.Epigraph of the lesson.

Along the slopes of the hills, the paths climb cool
There, in the lush thickets of fragrant herbs.
Mighty, branched liana
He twists around the trees like a boa constrictor.
The elms sparkle, the alders cling to the willows,
And where the cedars lined up,
Dense - green, with fawn tint
Garlands clinging to coniferous manes,
No - no, let the wild grapes look.
Coot the doves, their sharp cry
Silent around the taiga,
And at the dawn of the steep thighs
either a tiger, a lynx, or a musk deer flicker ...
B. Glushakov

The territory of the Far East is the most remote from the European part of Russia, from the capital of Russia - Moscow. To populate and master it is not very easy. To develop the Far East, the longest road in the world is laid here - the Siberian Railway, whose rails break off in Vladivostok on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan.

The Far East extends from north to south for 4 thousand kilometers. In the north of the Far East - the Chukotka Peninsula - snow lies almost all year round, and ice floats in the seas, on the surface of the tundra, and underground soil is permafrost.

In the south of the Far East, located at latitude North Caucasus (Vladivostok lies at the latitude of Sochi) warm, humid summers. Heat-loving trees also grow here - Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, relict endemic ginseng plant and tender lotus.

The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of the discovery of Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made campaigns there in 1697-1699. Kamchatka was soon incorporated into Russia. He also drew a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.

As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions led by the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and valuable material about Kamchatka was compiled. The second Kamchatka expedition was attended by S. P. Krasheninnikov, whose work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.

In the XIX century. voyages began from St. Petersburg to Russian America with a mandatory call to Kamchatka, to Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became the main base of Russia in the Far East. The city is located on the banks of the unusually beautiful Avacha Bay, which deeply extends into the land of the Avacha Bay. Avachinsky, Koryaksky and Vilyuchinsky hills rise above it.

Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2 , the length from north to south is more than 900 km, the greatest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.

What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?

The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, with which frequent earthquakes within it are associated. The last force of 8 points occurred in 1995. Sakhalin’s geological structure mainly involves sedimentary rocks, which are associated with oil, gas, and construction materials.

Independent work in pairs. Fill in the table, make a conclusion.

Natural complexes

Researchers

Unique natural objects,

unique plants and wildlife

Kamchatka

Vitus Bering,

Valley of Geysers (Firstborn, Neighbor, Sugar, Giant and

etc.); Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano; Kronotsky reserve;

S.P. Krasheninnikov

bighorn sheep, red deer, fir grove

Jean Francois

Fish Island, Patience Peninsula, Patience Bay,

neftegorsk village, salmon, seals, chum salmon,

G.I. Nevel

pink salmon, wild grapes, yew, spruce, hydrangea,

house-museum of A.P. Chekhov, Chekhov street

Primorye

N.M. Przewalski

Islands: Russian, Popova, Petrova, etc., reserve

Cedar span, eagles, golden eagle, black vulture, iron

birch, Far Eastern violet, Ussuri crested,

Ussuri Nature Reserve, creepers, ginseng, forest cat,

sika deer, Himalayan bear, Ussuri tiger,

mandarin duck, Khankaisky reserve

I.I. Billings

Tundra, Cape Dezhnev, deer, trees not above the knee,

smelt, rocks: "Devil's finger", "Cape of Love", walrus,

date line (180º meridian), snow

Homework.

Par 42, compare two PTCs to choose from.

The position of the territory of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean of the Earth significantly influenced the features of natural-territorial complexes of the region and their location. Marine air masses that land on land in summer are colder than the continent.

Therefore, due to the cost of heat for heating them, summer air temperatures over the coast are much lower than in the interior of the mainland. Sea air brings a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in rainfall compared to the inland areas.

These conditions are the main reason sharp displacement in the Far East to the south of the border of natural zones in comparison with mainland territories.

From the maps of the atlas, determine how far south in the Far East the border of the tundra and taiga zones passes in comparison with Eastern Siberia.

The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: surface structure features and the nature of vegetation. Consider the most typical physical and geographical areas of the Far East: the Chukchi tundra highlands, Kamchatka young tundra-wooded mountains, the island of Sakhalin with coniferous-deciduous forests, the Ussuri taiga.

Chukchi Highlands. The climate of the Chukchi Highlands is one of the most severe in the Far East.

Therefore, the Chukchi Highlands are a combination of plain and mountain tundra with a mountainous Arctic desert.

In the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m, in the south of the tundra it is located much higher. The usual inhabitants of the tundra are reindeer, arctic foxes, lemmings, and tundra partridges. In the swampy lowlands there are many waterfowl. There are walrus rookeries on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, and bird markets on the coastal cliffs.

Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, endearing beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and plain rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.

This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of Kamchatka’s area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of \u200b\u200byoung folded-volcanic mountains with tundra and wooded vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - the Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka Depression and the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are crowned with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. On the peninsula, there are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.

On the map in the atlas, find the active volcanoes of Kamchatka, write their names on the contour map. Remember the names.

Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. So, soils as a result of eruptions periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.

The forecast of volcanic eruptions is the science of volcanology. Almost all major volcanoes have special stations where they monitor the temperature of rocks with the help of modern instruments, conduct chemical analysis of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, one can predict the onset of volcanic activity and warn residents of surrounding cities and villages.

Volcanologists are people in a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on lava flows that have not yet cooled down, descend into the crater of a volcano, be under a “shelling” of red-hot stones, near a red-hot lava with a temperature of about + 1300 ° С.

Climate of Kamchatka characterized by excess moisture throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka Depression.

Explain the distribution of heat and moisture in Kamchatka by comparing the climatic and physical maps of the atlas and the textbook.

Fig. 131. Volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula

The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies the subzone of coniferous-birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the wide distribution of tall grass.

Stone birch has a gray or reddish bark and a thick curly crown: the height of the trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but mainly for firewood and crafts. However, stone birch forests play an important conservation and soil protection role.

Among the herbs are common biloba, cornflower, bear pipe and other umbrella.

The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of cedar elfin and shrubby alder, mountain tundra, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers are even higher.

Fig. 132. Scheme of monsoon circulation in summer and winter (arrows indicate the direction of the wind, numbers - atmospheric pressure, in mb)

In cedar dwarfs live very large brown bear, Kamchatka sable, squirrel, chipmunk, lynx, Kamchatka pine wood, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundra, and a sheep ram grazes in alpine mountain meadows.

Historical reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of the discovery of Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made campaigns there in 1697-1699. Kamchatka was soon incorporated into Russia. He also drew a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.

Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2, the length from north to south is more than 900 km, the greatest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.

What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?

The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, with which frequent earthquakes within it are associated. The last 8 points occurred in 1995. Sakhalin’s geological structure mainly involves sedimentary rocks, which are associated with oil, gas, and construction materials.

A characteristic feature of the climate of Sakhalin - high relative humidity and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed among the seasons of the year, due to the dominance of monsoon circulation.

The island has many short, rapids of mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes. The flora and fauna of the island are poorer than on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea \u200b\u200bwaters species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland, such as a 1.5-meter sea otter and a two-meter fur seal, are preserved here. In the north of the island you can find deer moss, and in the extreme south - flowering magnolias.

Two thirds of the territory of Sakhalin is occupied by forests. In the north, light coniferous taiga from Daurian larch with an admixture of birch and alder dominates; in the south - dark coniferous forests of ayan spruce, fir mixed with broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and creepers are widespread throughout the south.

Primorye, or Primorsky Krailocated in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan. On its territory such countries of Europe as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland, taken together, could freely be accommodated. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and free-standing hills. Tectonically, they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin.

The monsoon climate characteristic of the entire Far East in Primorye is most pronounced.

By the amount of solar heat, Primorye is one of the first places in Russia, not inferior to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Using the maps of the textbook, determine how much solar radiation the regions of Vladivostok receive, what is the duration of the frost-free period.

Fig. 133. Ussuriisky reserve

The abundance of moisture in the summer contributes to the development of a powerful vegetation cover. The most part of Primorye territory is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, in which conifers and broad-leaved species are combined in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow alongside Manchurian walnut and Amur velvet. Over 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye is one of the first places in Russia in the number of endemic plants — plants that are common only in this area. Only here Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, etc. grow. There are many relic plants in the region that have been preserved since Neogene.

The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. Endemic species include the Ussuri tiger, leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include sika deer, black Ussuri bear, Amur antelope goral, a small graceful mandarin duck, striking in the beauty of its plumage, earthen thrush, etc.

In lakes and rivers of the region lives up to hundreds of species of fish. In coniferous-deciduous forests there are many midges and ticks that cause harm to humans and animals.

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755)

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov - a famous traveler, geographer, botanist, ichthyologist, ethnographer, historian and linguist - was born in Moscow on October 31 (11.XI) 1711.

In August 1733, S. Krasheninnikov was included in the Kamchatka expedition, the task of which was to study and describe the little-known regions of Siberia and Kamchatka. During the years 1733-1736. S.P. Krasheninnikov studied the nature of Siberia, visited Tobolsk, Altai, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, Yakutsk. From October 1737 to June 1741, Stepan Petrovich lived and worked in Kamchatka. The result of the expeditionary work was the publication of the work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (1756). It was read by scientists - geographers and historians, and writers, including A. S. Pushkin. The name of the traveler is a volcano in Kamchatka, a cape on the island of Karaginsky, a cape on Novaya Zemlya.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

N. M. Przhevalsky is a famous Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. For his services he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

He made his first trip to the Ussuri Territory. After that, he led five large expeditions to Central Asia (from 1870 to 1888). Przhevalsky discovered the giant Altyn-Tag ridge, visited Lake Lobnor, described the origins of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, explored the Takla-Makan desert, discovered hundreds of plant species, animals, including a wild horse, later called the Przhevalsky, Tibetan bear horse.

During the fifth expedition, N. M. Przhevalsky fell ill and died on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul in the city of Karakol.

Expeditions of M.I. Venyukov (1858), N.M. Przhevalsky (1867-1869), V.K. Arsenyev (1906-1910) were engaged in the study of the nature of the region.

Fig. 134. Exploration of the Far East

Natural unique in the Far East. Valley of Geysers.

Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.

Most active volcanoes are on the East Volcanic Plateau, elevated to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is Kamchatka's biggest attraction, which S. P. Krasheninnikov mentioned in the “Description of the Land of Kamchatka”. For the first time, geysers were described in detail by G. I. Ustinova, an employee of the Kronotsky Reserve, in 1941. Having penetrated the river, which later became known as the Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River), she discovered several groups of geysers in a deep canyon-like gorge. Among them are Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating sources and more than 300 small, boiling and freely pouring. The largest geyser Giant is very original. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley. In 2007, the Valley of Geysers suffered from mudflows.

Fig. 135. Autumn in the Primorsky Territory

Grand Fir Grove (Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter - 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smells good. Botanists attribute the fir grand to the ancient (preglacial) vegetation.

Hanka Lake - the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, its width is up to 65 km, its area is more than 4 thousand km 2, the average depth is about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. A relict lotus plant grows on the lake, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m across, water chestnut.

Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) reserve (area 116.5 thousand ha) on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, in the cedar-broad-leaved forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and Manchurian deer, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) island of Petrov, located 1 km from the coast of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited a few centuries ago. In the relic yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years.

Questions and Tasks

Indicate what are the main factors underlying the physical-geographical zoning of the Far East, and what are the most typical natural complexes for it.
Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts Far East.
Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East from the mainland?
On the contour map of the district, put all the geographic objects indicated in the text, underline the names of those associated with the names of the researchers of the region.

Natural unique of Russia. The Chukchi Sea is the cleanest sea in Russia. The West Siberian Plain is the largest plain in Russia (an area of \u200b\u200babout 3 million km2). The Bering Sea is the largest and deepest sea off the coast of Russia (an area of \u200b\u200b2315 thousand km2, average depth - 1640 m, maximum - 5500 m).

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In the Far East of our country is one of the many constituent entities of Russia, the Chukotka Autonomous Region. Its borders pass through Yakutia, the Magadan region and the Kamchatka Territory. There is also a maritime border with the United States.

It is worth noting that all the territories of the district belong to the Far North.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a border zone. Therefore, not only a tourist, but also an ordinary person will not be able to enter these territories without the permission of the authorities border service Russia or documents allowing to be in the border zone.

Flora of Chukotka

The plant world of Chukotka may seem rather poor. This is due to the conditions and climate of these territories. But despite this, the flora of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is quite diverse.

Not often, but still there are light coniferous forests in which Daurian larch and dwarf birch trees grow. Poplar forests are also rare in Chukotka.

Much more common are the tundra, with shrub alder, cedar dwarf, sedge, cotton grass, blueberry and lingonberry growing in them.

And the main representatives of the plant world of Chukotka are mountain and arctic tundra, suitable for the growth of small shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens.

If we talk about mosses and lichens, it is worth noting that the soil of these places is ideal for their life and growth - there are about 400 species of both mosses and lichens.

Permanent permafrost has a huge impact on the plant world. Due to the fact that it prevents soil moisture, many territories of Chukotka turn into swamps. It also affects the life of all plants - the roots cannot sink deep into the soil, so the plants do not differ in particular height and volume.

It is also worth noting that Chukotka is located in several natural areas - Arctic desert, southern and hypoarctic tundra, forest-tundra and larch taiga.

Fauna of Chukotka

The animal world of Chukotka can be called arctic. It is peculiar and very diverse.

Reindeer, long-tailed gophers, northern pikas are found here. Also in the territories of the Chukotka Autonomous Region yellow-bellied and ungulate lemmings and tundra partridges live.

In the mountains you can find snow sheep and unique musk oxen. There are numerous wolves and arctic foxes, wolverines and sables, lynxes and ermines. Chipmunks, white hares, foxes, muskrats and minks are found.

Chukchi conditions and climate have attracted marine mammals - walruses, ringed seals, largs, sea hares.

The underwater world of Chukotka also deserves special attention. The waters of these territories are inhabited by: dallies, ocean herring, pollock, Pacific salmon, cod, saffron cod, smelt and flounder. Commercial species are: salmon, char, whitefish, grayling, pike, chir and burbot.

The aquatic inhabitants of Chukotka are crabs and shrimps, cephalopods.

Whales also enter some bays: herring, humpback, blue, gray and killer whale.

Many animals are on the verge of extinction, for example: polar bear, gray and bowhead whales, walruses, seals and others.

The world of birds is worthy of attention. Here you can meet thin-billed and thick-billed guillemots, scallops, grooms, gulls. A considerable number of birds are also found in the tundra - geese, swans, ducks, loons and waders.

Of the insects in a harsh climate survive: mosquitoes, various midges and horseflies.

Climate in Chukotka

The Chukchi climate is extremely harsh. This is especially felt in the winter. It happens that the air temperature drops to around -60 degrees. Eastern areas are influenced strong winds and snowstorm.

Due to collisions of the Asian front and Arctic anticyclones, the weather in Chukotka can change dramatically from harsh and snowy to damp and relatively warm.

Spring is the shortest time of the year in Chukotka. It starts in June and ends in July when summer comes. During this period, a huge amount of rainfall occurs in the form of rains.

The summer period in Chukotka is very fast. In many areas, snow cover does not have time to melt in such a short period of time. Due to collisions of cyclones and anticyclones, summer weather cannot be called stable - thaws give way to frost, and sometimes snow falls. The average July temperature is only +14 degrees.

In mid-August, autumn comes to Chukotka. Its duration is about a month. During this time, nature has time to prepare for the cold and long winter, which will come in mid-September.

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Flora and fauna of the Chukchi Highlands. Chukchi Highlands - the land of highlands and deep-sea lakes

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Flora of Chukotka

Fauna of Chukotka

Climate in Chukotka