The subject of ecology Ecology is the science of the relationship of organisms between themselves and with the environment (Greek oikos - home; logo - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. At present, ecology is an extensive system of sciences: autecology studies the relationships in communities; population ecology studies the interconnections of individuals of one species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; global ecology studies the biosphere and its conservation issues. Another approach in the ecology division: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.
The tasks of ecology are to study the interconnections of organisms; - study the relationship between organisms and the environment; - to study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and change of communities; - develop a system of measures for the protection of nature.
The importance of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental laws, which allows us to predict the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally use natural resources; - environmental knowledge necessary for development agriculture, medicine, for the development of conservation measures the environment.
Principles of environmental classification. Classification helps to identify possible ways to adapt to the environment. The environmental classification can be based on a variety of criteria: nutrition, habitat, movement, relation to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.
Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic matter from inorganic. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs - autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on prepared organic matter. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Golozoi are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophages consumers of living plants; Zoophages eat live animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.
History of Ecology Big influence the development of ecology was provided by: Aristotle (bg. BC.) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, organisms confined to habitats. K. Linney () - a Swedish natural scientist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms. J. B. Lamarck () - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Roulier () - a Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. C. Darwin () - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine. E. Haeckel () German biologist, in 1866 introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology. A. Tensley () an English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N.Sukachev () a Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev () - a Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev () - Russian scientist - soil scientist. V. I. Vernadsky () Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.
Habitat Habitat is all that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic - inanimate factors; biotic - wildlife factors; Anthropogenic - associated with human activities. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground - air, soil, living organisms.
Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, such factors as salt regime, water density, flow rate, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface of a film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the body's water; nekton - well-floating inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.
Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and changes the environment itself. Many organisms live in several habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to some environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different ability to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), that is, they have different tolerance - a range of stability. For example, there are: euribionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, that is, capable of living under various environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts - organisms with a narrow range of tolerance, requiring strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).
The intensity of the factor, the most favorable for the life of the body, is called optimal. Environmental factors that adversely affect life, complicating the existence of a species, are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig () formulated the law of minimum: the successful functioning of a population or community of living organisms depends on a complex of conditions. A limiting, or limiting, factor is any state of the environment approaching or going beyond the boundary of stability for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and environmental resources within which a species in nature can exist is called its ecological niche. Fully characterize ecological niche the body is very difficult, often impossible.
Morphological adaptations Morphological adaptations are manifested in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are grown at low temperatures; mimicry - imitation of one species by another in color and form. Often, organisms with different evolutionary origin. Convergence - the convergence of signs (similarity in structure) that arose under the influence of relatively identical living conditions in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.
Physiological adaptations Physiological adaptations are manifested in changes in the body’s vital processes, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals, which are able to receive heat through biochemical reactions 25 Many adaptations have developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, such as leaf fall, night and daytime lifestyles . The reaction of organisms to the duration of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides time orientation, preparation for the expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, lighting, and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to h; dandelion - from 5-6 to h; calendula - from 9 to h; rosehip - from 4-5 to h.
- 1. Abiotic (factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc.
- 2. Biotic (wildlife factors) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms
- 3. Man-made (human influence factors) - direct human impact on organisms and impact on their environment
Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)
- 1. temperature
- 2.light
- 3.humidity
- 4. salt concentration
- 5.Pressure
- 6. Precipitation
- 7. relief
- 8. the movement of air masses
Temperature
- There are animal organisms:
- 1. s constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
- 2. with a variable body temperature (cold-blooded).
Shine
visible rays infrared ultraviolet
radiation
(the main main source is a wavelength of 0.3 μm,
light source of thermal energy, 10% radiant energy,
on Earth), 45% of radiant energy in small quantities
wavelength 0.4 - 0.75 microns, necessary (vitamin D)
45% of the total
radiant energy on earth
(photosynthesis)
Plants in relation to light
- 1. photophilous - have small leaves, highly branching shoots, a lot of pigment. But an increase in the intensity of illumination over the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics.
- 2. shady e - have thin leaves, large, horizontal, with fewer stomata.
- 3. shade tolerant - plants capable of dwelling in good lighting conditions and in shading conditions.
Plant groups in relation to water
1. aquatic plants
2. near-water plants ( groundwater)
3. land plants
4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short drought
5. succulents - juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body
Groups of animals in relation to water
1. hygrophilous animals
2. intermediate group
3. dry-loving animals
Laws of action
environmental factors
- The positive or negative impact of the environmental factor on living organisms depends primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both inadequate and excessive effect of the factor negatively affects the life of individuals.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Environmental factors are quantified
Any factor has certain limits of a positive effect on organisms.
In relation to each factor, we can distinguish:
optimum zone (zone of normal life,
pessimum zone (zone of oppression)
- upper and lower endurance limits of organisms .
Law of optimum
- The intensity of the environmental factor, the most favorable for the life of the body, is called optimum.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Beyond stamina, the existence of organisms is impossible.
The value of the environmental factor between the upper and lower limits of endurance is called the zone of tolerance.
Species with a wide tolerance zone are called euribionts,
with narrow - stenobionts.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Organisms that tolerate significant temperature fluctuations are called eurythermic , and adapted to a narrow temperature range - stenothermal.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Tolerance curves
The position of the vertex indicates the optimal conditions for this factor for this type.
Curves with sharp peaks mean that the range of conditions for the normal existence of the species is very narrow.
Flat curves correspond to a wide range of tolerance.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Towards pressure distinguish between:
heuris and stenobath organisms;
In relation
to the degree of salinization of the environment :
heury- and stenohaline.
Law of minimum
In 1840, Yu. Liebig suggested that the endurance of organisms is due to the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs.
Justus Liebig
(1803-1873)
Law of minimum
Yu. Liebig found that the grain yield is often limited not by those nutrients that are required in large quantities, since they are usually present in abundance, but by those that are needed in small quantities and which are insufficient in the soil.
Justus Liebig
(1803-1873)
The law of the limiting factor
Plant growth is limited by the lack of at least one element, the amount of which is below the required minimum.
Liebig called this pattern
the law of the minimum.
"Liebig's barrel"
Law of minimum
In the complex of environmental factors, the one whose intensity is closer to the endurance limit (to a minimum) acts more strongly.
Justus Liebig is a German chemist and agricultural chemist.
Law of minimum
- The general formulation of the law of minimum has caused much controversy among scientists. Already in the middle of the XIX century. it was known that a limiting factor may be an excessive dose of exposure, and that different age and gender groups of organisms do not react equally to the same conditions.
Law of minimum
- Thus, not only a lack (minimum), but also an excess (maximum) of the environmental factor can be limiting.
- The idea of \u200b\u200bthe limiting effect of the maximum along with the minimum developed
W. Shelford in 1913
Ecological valency of the species
View property
adapt
to one or another
range
environmental factors
called
environmental plasticity
(or ecological valency) .
The ecological valency of the species is wider than the ecological valency of an individual.
Butterfly mill fire - one of the pests of flour and grain - the critical minimum temperature for caterpillars is 7 FROM,
for adults - 23 C, for eggs - 27 FROM.
Acclimatization -
this is a certain restructuring,
addiction to new climatogeographic
conditions.
The optimum position and endurance limits can shift within certain limits.
The adaptability of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:
- 1 . warm-blooded animals - keeping the body at a constant temperature
- 2. hibernation – prolonged sleep of animals in the winter
- 3. suspended animation - temporary condition of the body, in which life processes are slowed down and all visible signs of life are absent
- 4. frost resistance b - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures
- 5. state of rest - the fitness of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and activity
- 6. summer peace - adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) of tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.
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INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY
The results of research work in natural science
Completed: 1st year student, gr. 102
Bazhov Nikita Sergeevich
Supervisor:
Efremov Alexander Yuryevich,
ph.D., Associate Professor
Federal State Budget educational institution higher education
“RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE”
Faculty of Continuing Education for the Training of Specialists for the Judiciary
Department of General Education
Voronezh - 2015
Introduction
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM.
Conclusion
List of used literature.
Introduction
Research topic:
"The impact of environmental factors on the human body."
Research Objectives:
Definition of the most acute environmental issues Russian Federation and analysis of the effectiveness of existing laws in the field of environmental law.
The environmental problems of Russia are vast and multifaceted.
Object of study:
Ecology.
Subject of study:
The impact of environmental factors on the human body.
Research Methods:
Search, accumulation, analysis and systematization of the necessary information.
The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction
The problem of unauthorized landfills is relevant for both rural areas, ...
Research Objectives:
1. Compilation of a thesaurus scientific termsincluded in the name of the topic, object and subject of study.
2. Determination of the most acute environmental problems according to state statistics and theoretical research.
3. Determining the most effective ways to solve environmental problems.
The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction
... and for large cities.
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM
Heliocentric system of the world
It is known that human health and the environment are closely interconnected. Interaction, harmony of factors environmental nature and the factors that make up human health, ensure the normal functioning of the body and the preservation of human health. A disruption in the functioning of any of these components entails a malfunction in the "man-environment" system.
Environmental Performance Index of some regions of Russia.
Environmental problems arose simultaneously with the advent of man and developed in proportion to the pace of development of civilization. For many years, man provoked their development and the prerequisites of the ecological apocalypse are already clearly distinguishable. In our country, due to the low pace of development of environmental legislation, the environmental situation is even more critical.
An environmental problem is a change in the natural environment as a result of anthropogenic impact or natural disasters, leading to disruption of the structure and functioning of nature.
Ecology is the science of the relationship between living organisms and the communities they form between themselves and the environment.
The solution to the first task of the study involved the compilation of a Thesaurus of scientific terms included in the name of the topic, goal.
Her decision showed that in the topic under study: "The impact of environmental factors on the human body" the necessary scientific concepts are:
Activity;
Study;
Human organism; Right;
Problem;
Ecological problem;
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM. Solution 1 of the problem.
Treatment facilities wastewater. Voronezh
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM. Solution 1 of the problem.
The key term of the Thesaurus is the concept of an environmental problem (as defined above). From the cognitive point of view of the specifics of the future profession, the meaning of the term “Law” is also important - the description of stable connections in nature between repetitive processes under certain conditions in the environment. In the natural science sense, the term “Theory”: doctrine, a system of ideas or principles, is also an important concept.
NLMK is the largest “exporter” of environmental issues in the Lipetsk region.
The solution of the second research problem showed that environmental problems are one of the main, difficult to eliminate and most relevant problems of our time. In our country, environmental problems are most pronounced, numerous and topical. Despite the fact that recently the Government of Russia has been paying great attention to the problems of environmental pollution, their severity and relevance is not decreasing, but, on the contrary, is growing. This greatly complicates their solution, but the search for the most effective ways to eliminate environmental pollution problems can bring society and science to a new qualitative level, since the search for a solution to the problem stimulates the development of natural science (ecology), society, and law enforcement practice.
The consequences of the accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel reprocessing and storage enterprise are an environmental disaster that entailed no less catastrophic consequences
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM. Solution 2 of the problem.
And ordinary citizens, including those in power, especially do not feel remorse, in one case - organizing unauthorized landfills, in the other - signing documents establishing a new solid waste landfill or even a repository of any dangerous substances.
One of the characteristic features of environmental problems is that they not only give rise to a number of other equally important problems, but also arise from them (a striking example of the impact on the economy is that, due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, our country loses its order every year 4-6% of GDP - such a conclusion was made by Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy).
CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS DEFECTIVE INFLUENCE ON THE ORGANISM AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTIONS.
It is worth noting that the difficulty in solving environmental problems lies in the fact that they have many of their own unique features, which are peculiarities of the economy, society, culture, worldview, national composition and other spheres of life of Russians. For example, one of the features that complicate the solution of environmental problems is, oddly enough, the vast territory of our homeland. As a matter of fact, the problem here is not in the area of \u200b\u200bour country, but in the worldview of the Russians.
The solution to the third problem showed that adverse environmental conditions affect physical and mental performance, and human resistance to disease. In adolescents living in conditions of severe environmental pollution, the process of puberty, the growth of the body is delayed, they are often sick with colds, study worse. Each person must deal with the problem of ecology. Also, a huge role is played by regulatory legal acts that safeguard the health of citizens, including children and adolescents.
CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTION. Solution 3 of the problem.
The only honest and incorruptible defender of Russia's environmental well-being.
Conclusion
The study was aimed at identifying the most critical environmental problems for human health and analyzing the effects of adverse environmental environmental factors on the human body. The urgency of the problem led to the choice of the research topic in the subject plane of natural science and socio-psychological aspects of the impact of ecology on human health. The study was carried out as part of a creative task in the study of the discipline "Natural Sciences", as an integral component of the general education of a lawyer specialty: "Law and organization of social security" and suggested solving the following tasks: compiling a thesaurus of scientific terms that are included in the name of the topic, object and subject of study; determination of the most acute environmental problems according to statistics and theoretical studies; identification of the characteristic features of their solution.
Solid waste processing enterprise (village Khlevnoye, Khlevensky district, Lipetsk region).
The tasks were solved using natural science methods for searching, accumulating and systematizing the necessary information.
Scientific analysis of practical research on this topic revealed distinctive features environmental problems and the degree of their impact on the human body.
Question 4. Conclusion
President of Russia V.V. Putin not only takes an active part in the creation and provides support in promoting the NAP environmental focus, but also finds time to provide feasible physical assistance in preserving the ecology of our homeland. This fact confirms that the environmental problems of Russia are relevant and require the utmost attention and urgent solution.
The urgency of the problem was considered in the subject plane of the natural science aspects of the impact on the human body of adverse environmental environmental factors.
The study was conducted as part of a creative task in the study of the discipline "Natural Knowledge", as an integral component of the general education of a lawyer specialty: "Law and organization of social security."
Question 4. Conclusion
Norilsk is the most polluted city in Russia and one of the most polluted cities in the world.
Used Books
1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural History: Textbook. - M .: RAP, 2012 .-- 463 p. 2. Investigated in Russia [Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific journal / Mosk. physical and technical institute - The electron. journal - Dolgoprudny: MIPT, 1998. -. - Log access mode: http://zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru. - Zagl. from the screen. - state number Registration 0329900013 (Date of access: 03/01/2015). 3. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/r/rossija.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (Date of treatment: 01/31/2015). 4. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/i/1-issledovanie.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (Date of treatment: 01/31/2015). 5. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/d/dejatelnost.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (Date of treatment: 01/31/2015). 6. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/e/ekologija.html, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (Date of treatment: 01/31/2015). 7. Laptukhin M.S. School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: A manual for students / M.S. Laptukhin; Ed. F.P. Owl. - M .: Education, 1981. - 463 p. 8. Linchenko S.N. Ecological state of the environment and human health. - Krasnodar, 2007 .-- 126 p. 9. Monitoring, control and management of environmental quality. Environmental control [Electronic resource]: study guide / A.I. Potapov [et al.]. - The electron. textual data. - St. Petersburg: Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 2004. - 290 p. - Access mode: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/12504. - ELS "IPRbooks", with a password. 10. Morozova L.A. Theory of state and law [Text]: textbook. for university students / L.A. Morozova. - 3rd ed., Revised. and additional - M .: Eksmo, 2008 .-- 15 p.
Used Books
11. Social Studies: textbook. A manual for applicants to law schools / ed. A.V. Opaleva. - 5th ed., Revised. and add. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2013 .-- 359 p. 12. Russian State Library [Electronic resource] / Inform Center. RSL technologies; ed. Vlasenko T.V .; Web-master Kozlova N.V. - The electron. Dan. - M .: Ros. state b-ka, 1997. - Access mode: http://www.rsl.rufree. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (Date of treatment: 03/01/2015). 13. Rumyantsev N.V. Environmental Law of Russia: a textbook / Rumyantsev N.V., Kazantsev S.Ya., Myshko F.G. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2010. - 431 p. 14. Sarkisov O.R. Environmental safety and environmental and legal problems in the field of environmental pollution: a training manual / Sarkisov OR, Lyubarsky EL, Kazantsev S.Ya. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012. - 231 p. 15. Sergeev K. A., Slinin Ya. A. Nature and mind: the ancient paradigm. - L .: Leningrad State University, 1991.238 s. 16. Sizova M.G. Social ecology and human ecology in the light of modern environmental problems // Almanac modern science and education. 2009. No 5. 239 p. 17. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on the "Academician" [Electronic resource] / Philosophical encyclopedia. Definition - Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/873/definition, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (Date of treatment: 01/31/2015). 18. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on the "Academician" [Electronic resource] / Philosophical encyclopedia. Definition - Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/psihologic/1415/definition, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian (Date of treatment: 01/31/2015). 19. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) [Electronic resource] / Results at-a-Glance. Global overview - Access mode: http://epi.yale.edu/epi, free mode. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (Date of treatment: 03/26/2015).
1 slide
environmental factors. Environmental factors. General patterns of action on organisms.
2 slide
PLAN Environment and living conditions of organisms. Classification of environmental factors. The effect on organisms of abiotic factors. Ecological plasticity of organisms. The combined effect of factors. Limiting factor.
3 slide
The living environment of an organism is a combination of abiotic and biotic living conditions, it is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and exerts a direct or indirect effect on them.
4 slide
The environment of each organism is composed of many elements: inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man. Moreover, some elements are partially or completely indifferent to the body. necessary for the body. have a negative effect.
5 slide
Living conditions are a set of environmental elements necessary for an organism with which it is in indissoluble unity and without which it cannot exist.
6 slide
Environmental factors These are environmental elements that the body needs or negatively impacts on it. In nature, these factors act not in isolation from each other, but in the form of a complex complex.
7 slide
A set of environmental factors, without which the body cannot exist, is the conditions for the existence of this organism. Different organisms perceive and react to the same factors differently.
8 slide
All adaptations of organisms to existence under various conditions have developed historically. As a result, groups of plants and animals specific for each geographical zone were formed.
9 slide
Classification of environmental factors. Abiotic - a complex of inorganic environment conditions (climatic chemical, physical, edaphogenic, orographic). Biotic - a set of influences of the vital activity of some organisms on others (phytogenic, zoogenic, anthropogenic).
10 slide
11 slide
The effect on organisms of abiotic factors. Abiotic factors can have direct and indirect effects. The effect of environmental factors depends not only on their nature, but also on the dose perceived by the body. All organisms in the process of evolution developed adaptations.
12 slide
Environmental factors can appear either in the form of direct or in the form of indirect. Each environmental factor is characterized by certain quantitative indicators: strength and range of action.
13 slide
Optimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, the most favorable for the life of the body. Pessimum - the intensity of the environmental factor, in which the vital activity of the body is maximally depressed.
14 slide
15 slide
The tolerance limit is the entire interval of exposure to the environmental factor (from minimum to maximum exposure), at which growth and development of the body is possible.
16 slide
Ecological plasticity (valency) The property of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors. The wider the range of environmental factors, within which this view can exist, the more its environmental plasticity.
17 slide
Eurybiont species (widely adapted) - able to withstand significant environmental changes. Stenobiont species (narrowly adapted) - can exist with small deviations of the factor from the optimal value.
18 slide
Ranges of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions
Subject ecology
- Ecology - The science of the relationship of organisms between themselves and with the environment (Greek oikos - home; logo - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel.
- Currently, ecology is an extensive system of sciences:
autecology explores community relationships;
population ecology studies the interconnections of individuals of one species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations;
global ecology studies the biosphere and its conservation issues.
- Another approach in the ecology division : ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology .
Environmental challenges
To study the interconnections of organisms;
To study the relationship between organisms and the environment;
To study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms;
Track the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and change of communities;
To develop a system of measures for nature conservation.
The importance of ecology
Helps determine the place of man in nature;
It gives knowledge of environmental laws, which allows us to predict the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally use natural resources;
Ecological knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, for the development of measures for environmental protection.
Ecology Methods
- observation
- comparison
- experiment
- mathematical modeling
- forecasting
Principles of environmental classification
- Classification helps to identify possible ways to adapt to the environment.
- The environmental classification can be based on a variety of criteria: nutrition, habitat, movement, relation to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.
Classification of organisms by the nature of nutrition
1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs:
AND). Phototrophs a) saprophytes
B) Hemotrophs b) frosts:
- saprophages
- phytophages
- zoophages
- necrophages
- Autotrophs - organisms synthesizing organic matter from inorganic.
- Phototrophs - autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances.
- Hemotrophs - autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy for the synthesis of organic substances; connections.
- Heterotrophs - organisms that feed on prepared organic matter.
- Saprophytes - heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds.
- Golozoi - heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones:
- Saprophages feed on dead plant debris;
- Phytophages consumers of living plants;
- Zoophages eat live animals;
- Necrophages eat dead animals.
History of Ecology
Great influence on the development of ecology had:
Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to their habitats.
C. Linney (1707-1778) - Swedish natural scientist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms.
J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - a French naturalist, the author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution.
C. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution.
C. Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine.
E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 introduced the term ecology.
C. Elton (1900) –English scientist - the founder of population ecology.
A. Tensley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem.
V.N.Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses.
K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis.
V.V.Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist.
V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.
Habitat
- Habitat - this is all that surrounds the individual (population, community) and affects it.
- Environmental factors:
abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of wildlife; man-made - related to human activities.
- The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, land-air, soil, living organisms.
Water environment
- In the aquatic environment, such factors as salt regime, water density, flow rate, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. Residents of water bodies are called hydrobionts , among them distinguish:
neuston - organisms that live on the surface of a film of water;
plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the body's water;
nekton - well-floating inhabitants of the water column ;
benthos - bottom organisms.
Soil environment
- Soil dwellers are called edaphobionts , or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture are of great importance.
Ground air
Living organism
Habitat adaptations
- Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.
Morphological adaptations
- Morphological adaptations manifested in a change in the shape and structure of organisms.
- For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are grown at low temperatures ; mimicry - imitation of one species by another in color and form.
- Often, organisms with different evolutionary origins are endowed with common structural features.
- Convergence - convergence of signs (similarity in structure) that arose under the influence of relatively identical living conditions in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.
Physiological adaptations
- Physiological adaptations manifested in a change in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to receive heat through biochemical reactions
Behavioral Adaptations
- Behavioral Adaptations often associated with physiological, such as suspended animation, migration.
- Many adaptations developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, such as leaf fall, night and day lifestyle.
- The reaction of organisms to the duration of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism .
- Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides time orientation, preparation for the expected changes.
- For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15 hours; calendula - from 9 to 16-18 hours; rosehip - from 4-5 to 19-20 hours