And again, the development for conducting geography lessons provided to our site World of Geography by Laricheva Elena Ivanovna, working as a geography teacher in Nizhny Novgorod, in the secondary school №27! What can this presentation on geography of grade 7 give the teacher when conducting a lesson on a subject on the subject of South America? Everything in the development is simple and clear - there is no text material, however, photographs of landscapes and the organic world can be found about every natural area in South America. 
The mountainous regions of South America are the Andes, and we know that they are the longest in the world and the highest mountains in the southern hemisphere. The mountains have a special world, and the Andes face is, of course, the Condor bird. Mountains, plains, dry steppes, semi-deserts and selva - the nature of the continent is really so diverse that devoting one lesson to this topic with the use of a presentation on geography will be just the way and the topic. 
Each mainland needs to be studied, and for this, powerpoint presentations should be taken and shown to their children - students at school for geography lessons. How to supplement the lesson with related material? There is a way - you need to take presentations on geography of grade 7 and come to the lesson with them, having prepared computer equipment in advance - a computer, a projector and an interactive whiteboard. And your children, the students will be happy to receive the presentation of the presentation and the story about this continent to the teacher. South America is far away, and we can visit the lesson only virtually if we take geography presentations on geography to enhance the cognitive activity of students in order to get an effective return on the geography lesson.
How and why to apply powerpoint presentations at geography classes?
Of course, it is possible to understand that not every school can provide each teacher with an interactive whiteboard, but still, in many schools today, many teachers can at least sometimes get access to equipment to demonstrate presentations in geography, and this only makes us happy. You need to use presentations, because this is not just the desire of a separate teacher, it is already a real imperative of the time. It is necessary to apply interactive learning technologies, and then the positive effect from the lesson will not be long in coming.
- Using a presentation on geography in lessons, this is the principle of work of an advanced active teacher who wants to work creatively and with an interest in the result
- Students in those lessons that use presentations on the geography of powerpoint, the students are very interesting and make them think and act for the benefit of learning
- The lesson as a whole becomes very attractive and interesting, and such a lesson is not a shame to show even an authoritative commission
South America.
Natural areas
Prepared by: Zadylyak L.M.,
kaliningrad
- .
- In what sequence should the natural zone be characterized?
- What are the main features of the zone of equatorial forests, savannas, deserts .
Organic world South America as well Of Australia very peculiar.
Explain why.
Along with plants that grow in Africa and in Of Australia (e.g. palm trees, acacia, bottle trees), in South America there are species - rubber hevea, cocoa tree, quinine tree, from the bark of which they receive medicine. South America - Homeland of many cultivated plants (?).
cinchona
hevea is the main source of natural rubber. The rubber content in the milky sap of this rubber tree reaches 40-50%
The animal world is also peculiar.
Some animals (anteaters, armadillos, cougars) are found in almost all natural areas of the mainland.
Before getting acquainted with the features of individual natural zones South America , do a little research on the map.
- What kind natural areas is there on the mainland? Which of them occupy the largest area? Why?
- How does latitudinal zoning manifest itself in South America?
A characteristic feature of the mainland is the presence of impenetrable wet evergreen equatorial forests growing on red-yellow ferrallite soils. Call them here selva , which is translated from Portuguese as "forest". Selva is wetter than African forests, richer in plant and animal species. There are trees like ceiba, reaching a height of 80 m, different kinds palm trees, melon tree (papaya), cocoa, hevea, entwined with vines. There are many beautifully blooming orchids in the forest. Many selva plants give not only valuable wood, but also fruits, juice, bark for use in technology and medicine.
The fauna of Selva is especially rich. Many animals are adapted to life on trees: chain-tailed monkeys, sloths. Even frogs and lizards live on trees, there are many snakes, including the largest snake on Earth - the anaconda. Ungulates are inhabited by water - tapirs and the largest rodent on Earth - capybara capybara weighing up to 50 kg. There are few predators, among them the most famous is the jaguar.
capybara capybara
Marmosetki are among the smallest primates of our planet. Their habitat is Latin America. An adult weighs no more than 100 g with a body length of up to 23 cm. The length of the tail always exceeds the length of the body and can reach 30 cm. The smallest marmoset is smaller than the human thumb - it is a Swiss lilliput-marmosette.
The howler monkey is the largest in South America, its loud roar is heard at a distance of 5 km
Dwarf marmosets, whose average weight is about 120 g and body length does not exceed 15 cm. These primates are considered the smallest on Earth. Their second name is pocket monkeys.
The world of birds is also rich: tiny hummingbirds feeding on nectar of flowers, parrots, toucans. A lot of different butterflies, bugs and other insects. In the lower tier of the forest and in the soil there is a mass of ants, many of which lead a predatory lifestyle. Some of the ants reach 3 cm in length.
Equatorial forests are replaced by tall grass palm savannahs. On the plains Orinoco they are interspersed with stripes of evergreen gallery forests verdant in the river valleys.
In the savannahs of the Southern Hemisphere, woody vegetation is poorer. In the tropical center of the mainland, where it is dry and hot for many months, they grow curved, humbled spikes and thorns low-growing trees and shrubs. Among them, the most famous is the kebracho bark of which contains tannins necessary for skin dressing.
Kebracho - the strongest tree in South America, called "break the ax"
Compared to African savannahs, savannah fauna South America poorer. Small deer, wild pig-bakers, armadillos with a shell of horn shields, anteaters, and an ostrich of nandu from birds live here.
baker pigs
Sub-tropical steppes stretch to the south of the savannahs, which in South America are called pump , which is translated from the language of the Indians means "space devoid of woody vegetation." In the conditions of a humid subtropical climate in the eastern steppes, fertile chernozem-like and meadow soils have formed, therefore, at present they are fully plowed and are the largest cereal region of Argentina. The vegetation of wild steppes is grass, among which feather grasses, wild millet, etc. prevail.
For the open spaces of the pampa, fast-running animals were once characteristic: Pampassian deer, Pampassian cat, llamas.
pampas cat
pampas deer
In the south of the mainland in a temperate climate with low rainfall, a semi-desert zone formed. This harsh edge of the mainland is called Patagonia . Cereal turf and spiny evergreen shrubs form dense thickets here on poorly fertile brown soils. Currently, Patagonia is the main sheep-breeding area in Argentina. Strong southern Antarctic winds are observed here. Locals say: "If you want to see Patagonia, stop for a moment, and she herself will rush past you."
beauty of patagonia
In the semi-deserts, as well as in the steppes to the north of them, there are many rodents. Among them, whiskey is a rodent, the body length of which is 60-70 cm. Nutria lives on the banks of reservoirs ( swamp beaver) There are many small battleships that burrow in the ground in danger.
Many types of plants, fertile soils, domesticated and wild llamas, fur animals (nutria, etc.) are of great economic value. There are a lot of fish in the rivers and coastal waters of the oceans.
Altitude in Andes
Nowhere on the continents already studied by us are there such high mountains as Andes . Therefore, we will get acquainted with the nature of mountains in this topic.
- Remember what is called altitudinal zonation. What does it depend on?
- What components of nature change most markedly when climbing from the foot of the mountains to the peaks?
- What climatic zones extend the Andes?
Plots The Andes lying at different latitudes differ in the number and composition of high-altitude zones. Higher ridges The Andes and the closer they are to the equator, the more natural zones are observed when climbing from the foots to the peaks So, the foot The Andes near the equator, dressed in dense equatorial forests, not much different from forests Amazonia .
Another change of belts in Andes at the latitude of the South Tropic. Here, in a subtropical climate at the foot of the mountains, semi-deserts lie, passing when climbing into hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Deciduous forests from southern beech trees grow even higher, and alpine meadows appear even higher.
Yareth grows at an altitude of 3200 and 4500 m. It is a colony of thousands of individual tiny sprouts. To reduce heat loss in conditions of extremely cold dawns at this height, the leaves of the plant are very close to each other. In addition, it is pressed as close to the ground as possible, where the air temperature is a couple of degrees higher /
On the plateaus Central Andes , isolated by mountain ranges from the influence of the oceans, there are dry mountain steppes and semi-deserts.
Among the animals living in Andes , there are very ancient species, such as spectacled bear. Of rodents, it is remarkable for its valuable chinchilla fur. In some places, wild llamas - large and strong animals of the camelid family - have been preserved. On the ledges of the mountains, the largest birds of prey on our planet nest - condors, having a wingspan of up to 3 m.
spectacled bear
chinchilla
Changing the nature of the mainland under the influence of human activity.
Human impact on nature in South America It began even when the indigenous population, engaged in agriculture, burned for this plot of forest, drained the swamps. However, these changes were not so great in comparison with those that arose with the advent of Europeans to the mainland. From the 16th century predatory use of natural resources began. Plowing, deforestation, grazing, the emergence of new plants brought from other continents, led to the weakening or complete destruction of the links between the components of nature, to large changes in natural complexes.
For example, a significant portion of the pampa is plowed or used for grazing. Pastures are overgrown with weeds.
Pampa has lost its original appearance. It is transformed into endless fields of wheat and corn, pens for grazing. The most valuable forests from Araucaria were almost destroyed - coniferous treesgrowing in the east Brazilian plateaus. On the spot rainforest and the savannah has long existed plantations of coffee tree brought here from Of Africa , and cocoa plantations, wild species which grow in the forests Amazonia .
bump of araucaria
Forests are destroyed very quickly Amazonia . The construction of the Transamazon Highway (5 thousand km) opened the way to the selva. At modern rates of use, according to scientists, these forests in the XXI century. may disappear. Nature conservation problem South America arose at the beginning of the XX century. But only very recently they took it seriously: a program was planned, lists of animals and plants were compiled, for the preservation of which it was necessary to take urgent measures.
About a hundred species of mammals and birds are now listed in the Red Book. The area of \u200b\u200bprotected areas throughout the mainland is only about 6%.
Many countries South America create reserves and national parks, which simultaneously serve as centers of tourism (see map of the atlas).
QUESTIONS AND TASKS
- What are the similarities and differences between the natural areas of South America and Africa. Indicate the reasons.
- Take an imaginary journey to the selva, savannah or pampa and prepare a story in the form of a diary, report, memory, letter.
- What determines the number of altitude zones in the mountains?
- In what part of the Andes does the ocean have a great influence on altitudinal zonality? What is this influence?
- Give examples of the changing nature of South America by man.
- In which natural areas are these changes especially great? Why?
- What natural areas are national parks located in? Where are they the most? Why?
Sources:
- EFU. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade. V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Schenev. M., Bustard. 2015
- Textbook. Geography. Continents and oceans. O.V. Krylova. M., Enlightenment. 1999
- Atlas. Geography. 7 cl. M. Bustard. 2015
- Internet illustrations
Slide 14
Savannahs
Equatorial forests are replaced by grass palm savannas, which occupy mainly sub-equatorial and tropical climatic zones. Savannahs on the Orinok Lowland are called Llanos (from Spanish - “flat”).
The savannahs of the Brazilian plateau - campos (from the Portuguese - “plain”) occupy a much larger territory than Llanos.
The appearance of llanos and campos is approximately the same: tall herbs, freestanding palms, cacti, acacia, mimosa, Kedracho tree. The fauna of the savannah is quite poor. The Ostrich Nandu, small deer, wild pig bakers, armadillos, cougars live here.
Equatorial forests are replaced by grass palm savannas, which occupy mainly sub-equatorial and tropical climatic zones.
The appearance of llanos and campos is approximately the same: tall grasses, freestanding palms, cacti, acacia, mimosa, cedracho tree.
The fauna of the savannah is quite poor. The Ostrich Nandu, small deer, wild pig bakers, armadillos, cougars live here.
Knowledge Update
. Game "Traffic Light "-" I affirm that ... "(+ - agree, - - no).
1. The distribution of the river network depends on the topography and climate.
2.Yu. America - the most watered, i.e. rich inland waters mainland.
3. Most of the rivers of South America belong to the Pacific basin.
4.In the South America flows the deepest river in the world - the Amazon.
5. Angel Falls was discovered by the English traveler D. Livingstone.
6. Iguazu Falls - the highest waterfall in the world.
7. Nutrition of the rivers of South America - mainly snow.
8. Lake Titicaca - the largest alpine lake in the world.
9. In South America there are many large lakes.
10. The Iguazu waterfall is located in the Parana River system.
11 Brazilian capital Brasilia
12 Peruvian capital Quito
- 1+ 7 –
- 2+ 8+
- 3 – 9 -
- 4+ 10 +
- 5 – 11 +
- 6 - 12 -
- “5” - 10-12 correct answers
- "4" - 7-9
- "3" 5-6
- "2" 4 or less
Motivation: game "The fourth is superfluous"
- Magellan, Humboldt, Llanos, Vespucci.
- Amazon, Parana, Orinoco, Pampa
- Selva, Cotopaxi, Aconcagua, Andes
What can unite these words?
Pampa, Selva, Llanos - natural areas of South America
Lesson topic:
NATURAL AREAS OF SOUTH AMERICA
Goals and objectives of the lesson :
- To continue the formation of ideas about the plant and animal world of South America;
- To get acquainted with the natural zones characteristic of the mainland;
- Get to know the typical plants and animals of South America.
- Parse new terms and concepts.
- - How many natural areas in South America? List them.
- - What natural areas occupy a large area on the continent?
- - What natural areas occupy a smaller area in the mainland?
- Task: Draw the boundaries of natural zones on contour maps.
INDEPENDENT WORK with textbook
- No. 1 - a description of the wet equatorial forests; p.149-150
- No. 2 - description of the savannah; p.151
- No. 3 - a description of the subtropical steppes; p. 151-152
- No. 4 - a description of semi-deserts. p. 152-153
Anyone wishing to receive an additional score will describe another area altitude. p. 153-154
: Describe the PZ of the mainland, filling in the missing places in the story
This natural zone occupies _______________ the area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland. It is located in (on) ___________ the mainland. Of climatic features can highlight ___________. Temperatures in the winter season _______ in the summer _______. Annual precipitation is _________. Big influence ______ VM have a climate.
The soil in this zone is _________. Have _________ fertility. Representative representatives plant world - __________. They adapted to these conditions with __________. Characteristic representatives of the animal world - __________. They adapted to these conditions as follows: __________.
victoria - Regia
The largest aquatic plant, leaf diameter reaches 2 meters.
The smallest bird (weight - 1.6 - 1.8 g, length - 5.5 cm)
The only bird whose chicks have two fingers at the ends of the wings.
spider - bird eater
The largest spider– reaches 28 cm in length.
bug - Hercules
The largest beetle in the world - its body length is up to 20 cm.
anaconda
The biggest snake. It reaches a length of up to 12 m and weighs up to 230 kg.
Amazon's most dangerous fish.
capybara
The largest rodent is up to 100 kg in weight and up to 1 m long.
dwarf marmoset
The smallest monkey is 50 - 75 g and up to 30 cm in length.
The slowest mammal is a speed of 2.5 m / min.
South American Predator
chocolate tree - cocoa
The height of the cocoa trees ranges from 5 to 7 meters, and the life span from 25 to 30 years. The leaves of the cocoa tree are large (20-40 cm long and 7-1 2 cm wide). At the age of 3-4 years, it blooms in white flowers (1 cm in diameter). On average, a tree produces 30 pods, each containing 30 to 40 beans, cut into the white flesh of the fruit.
rubber - hevea
Frantisek Flos
Orchid Hunters
Paraguayan Mate Tea
Evergreen tree from 1 to 6 m tall, with large ovate jagged leaves 5-16 cm long.
Compare the natural areas of South America and conclude that there is a relationship between the components within the complex
Natural conditions and natural components
Humid equatorial forests
1. Geographical position
Savannahs
2. Climate
Steppe
3 Soils
Deserts
4.Inner water
5.Animal world
6. The plant world
ANT-EATER
PIG BAKERS
Dwarf Giraffe - Okapi
LAMA
- LAMA
- LAMA
PAMPASS CAT
PAMPASSIAN DEER
Armadillo
LAMA
- VISKASA - RODENT
Who is what? What is it?
1- Find in the textbook what the following concepts mean: selva, campos, llanos, pampa, Patagonia.
2- What is the homeland of cultivated plants in South America? What natural areas do they grow in?
3- Name the endemic of the mainland.
- Selva - (translated from Portuguese means " forest »), An equatorial forest zone located on both sides of the equator.
- Savannahs of the Northern Hemisphere are called llanos , which is translated from Spanish as “ smooth ". In the Southern Hemisphere, the savannas are called campos (translated from Portuguese- plain).
- Pampa (pampas) - steppes of the subtropical zone. Pampa in the language of local Indians means plain.
- Paramos - alpine meadows.
- Patagonia - zone of semi-deserts of the temperate zone.
Test .
1 . What is the name of the natural zone of South America, where rubber growers, orchids, ceiba, melon, chocolate trees grow?
A) Andes B) Desert C) Selva D) Patagonia D) Pampa
A) ostrich B) nectary C) condor D) hummingbird D) steppe eagle
3. What natural zone does the following description relate to: “This region is characterized by a climate with large differences in precipitation over the territory. Various cereals grow here, there are many rodents, and nutria is found on the banks of the rivers? ”
A. Savannah and woodlands.
B. Subtropical steppes.
B. Equatorial forests.
G. Deserts.
4. Which South American Andean endemic was tamed by the local population and used as a pack animal?
B. Przewalski's horse.
Test.
5. What landscape of South America is described below: “.. trees grow in several tiers. These are different types of palm trees. Lower tiers form Hevea, cocoa, mahogany. Their trunks entwine with vines. A lot of ferns ... "?
A. Savannah and woodlands.
B. Moist evergreen forests
B. Alternatingly wet forests
G. Areas of high altitude.
6. Most The Amazonian lowlands occupy:
A. Selva.
B. Llanos.
V. Campos.
- “5” - 6 correct answers
- "4" - 4-5
- "3" - 3
- "2" - 2
reflection
1. In the lesson, I worked actively / passively
2. I am satisfied / not satisfied with my work in the lesson
3. The lesson seemed to me short / long
4. I'm not tired / tired during the lesson
5.My mood got better / got worse
6. The material was clear to me / not clear
useful / useless
interesting / boring
7. homework
seems to me easy / difficult
interesting / uninteresting
- § 41-42, Additional task:
Identify the centers of cultivated plants: durum wheat, rice, corn, coffee, tomatoes, cocoa potato, beans, tea.
South America is the most
wet mainland. Therefore here
widespread forests, and
deserts and semi-deserts
relatively few.
-In what climatic conditions is this
zone?
- What are the conditions of these belts?
- In which river basin is this PP formed?
-Therefore, this natural zone was called Amazonia.
S. Zweig “Whoever saw Amazonia has enough beauty for
all life."
- What is so surprising there?
By the number of species of plants and animals, it
superior to wetlands of equatorial forests
Africa. Plants - 4000 species. (Ceiba - up to 80m, Givea,
cocoa, palm trees), Victoria - regia.
Animal world: hummingbird, toucan, parrots, jaguar,
sloth, anaconda, capybara. and others.
EQUATORIAL FORESTS OF SOUTH AMERICA - Selva
A characteristic feature of the mainland- the presence of impassable
evergreen equatorial
forests. They differ
exceptional density
shade, wealth and
species diversity
composition, an abundance of vines and
Equatorial
epiphytes.
Amazonian forests
occupy one of
first places in the world
in extent.
.
Alexander Humboldt - a German scientist named them gilei. And often these forests are also called “light planets!”
Selva-equatorial forests.Amazon lowland Geographical position
Located on
Amazonian lowlands
on the eastern slopes
Andes as well as in the northern
parts of the pacific
coast in the area
equatorial
climatic zone. orchid
ceiba - tree
reaching
height 80 m. Vegetable world
equatorial forests
hevea
cocoa Animal world
equatorial forests
monkey
sloth anaconda
jaguar Fauna equatorial
forests
tapir
capybara Animal world
equatorial forests
hummingbird
toucan 2. Here nature is monotonous and depends on the season. Here
the period of hot days turned into the rainy season. Which
can a natural zone have this characteristic?
Savannahs and woodlands.
In which climatic zones is this PP located? (
Subequatorial and partially tropical.
Allocate northern and southern part savannah.
Vegetation: mimosa, bottle tree, ceiba)
Animal world: cougar, ostrich nandu, armadillo,
ant-eater
Savannah
Equatorial forests replace grassEquatorial forests
replace
palm
savanna
which occupy in
grass palm savannahs,
mostly
subequatorial
and
which occupy
basically
subequatorial and tropical
tropical
belt.
climatic zones. climatic
Savannah on
Orinok
lowlands
call campos about
Appearance
llanos
Llanos (from Spanish -
"smooth").
same:
tall herbs, separately
Brazilian savannahs
standing
cacti, acacias,
plateaus - palms,
campos (from
Portuguese
- “plain”)
mimosa,
wood
cedracho.
occupy a significantly larger
territory
than llanos.
Animal
the savannah world is rather poor.
The appearance of Llanos and Campos
Here
inhabit
Ostrich Nandu, small
approximately the same:
high
herbs separately
standing
palm trees
deer
wild
baker pigs
armadillos
cacti, acacia, mimosa, tree
Cedracho. Wildlife Savannah
cougars.
pretty poor. Live here
Ostrich Nandu, small deer,
wild baker pigs
armadillos, cougars. Plant World Savannah
Campos Savannah
Brazilian
plateaus - (from
Portuguese -
"Plain") occupy
significantly larger
territory than
Llanos. Plant World Savannah
Llanos - Savannah on
Orinok
lowlands (from
Spanish -
"smooth"). Plant World Savannah
Kebracho tree Wildlife Savannah
pig bakers
ostrich nandu Wildlife Savannah
ant-eater
armadillo 3. Translated from the language of the Indians, the name of the following
natural area means a space devoid of wood
vegetation. What natural zone are we talking about?
Zone of the steppes.
- In which climatic zone is this PP?
Subtropical belt.
- Why do steppe soils have high fertility?
- A lot of grassy vegetation. (Wild millet, feather grass)
Soils are chernozem-like and meadow.
Wildlife: Llamas, Viskashi, Pampas cat,
pampas deer
Pampa - Steppe of South America
Sub-savannah in subtropicalclimatic zone stretches the steppes.
Almost all lands have been plowed or turned into
pastures, so there are almost no wild animals
left, with the exception of rodents. Pampa - steppes of South America, translated from the language
Indians means "space devoid of
woody vegetation Vegetable world
steppes (pampas)
The territory is covered
grassy vegetation:
feather grass, wild millet, on
wetlands
growing reeds.
reeds
feather grass
wild millet Fauna of the steppes (pampas)
There are a lot of rodents in the pump
some species of armadillos
and birds.
Pampas cat
Poultry deer
Pampas cat
llama 4.-What is the natural zone on the mainland
smallest area?
Zone of deserts and semi-deserts.
-In which climatic zones is located
this natural area?
- Subtropical and moderate.
- Wet mainland on the west coast
washed by a cold current that does not bring
precipitation.
Flora and fauna: rodents, nutria,
whiskey
Cacti, turf-like cereals. Semideserts and deserts in
South America are called
patagonia Patagonia occupy a small continent
area. They are located in subtropical and
temperate climatic zones.
Vegetation is represented by dry cereals and
pillow-shaped shrubs.
In the semi-deserts live the same animals as in
pampa. This harsh region is called Patagonia. Atacama Desert
Atacama Spring
Less than 100 mm falls in the desert
precipitation, and in places less than 25 mm. Atacama Desert
In the Atacama Desert, there are areas where never
it rains, and serve as the only moisture
fogs and dew. 5. Moving west where do we get?
Andes Mountains.
-Which factors affect the diversity of altitude zones in
mountains?
- mountains height
- The latitude at which they are located.
The sections of the Andes lying at different latitudes differ
the number and composition of high-altitude zones. Higher ridges
, the closer they are to the equator, the more
observed natural belts when climbing from the foot to
top. (slide 34.35)
Andes mountain belts are home to:
- potatoes
-tomatoes
cotton Altitude Andean fauna
condor
Spectacled bear
Our gift
The Spaniards brought this plant from SouthAmerica and tried to cook from its seeds
coffee. Unfortunately no one drink this coffee
became, but now oil from this
plants used in cooking
salads, mayonnaise, baking, sweets.
Guess what it is?