- 1. Abiotic (Factors of inanimate nature) - Temperature, light, humidity, saline concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc.
- 2. Biotic (wildlife factors) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms
- 3. Anthropogenic (human influence factors) - direct impact of man on organisms and impact on their habitat
Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)
- 1. The emperor
- 2. Wheel
- 3.Allity
- 4. Concentration of salts
- 5. Induration
- 6.Same
- 7.Relf.
- 8. The excitation of air mass
Temperature
- Distinguish animals organisms:
- 1. S. permanent temperature Body (warm-blooded)
- 2. With non-permanent body temperature (cold-blooded).
Shine
visible rays infrared ultraviolet
radiation
(The main main source of a wavelength of 0.3 microns,
heat source of thermal energy, 10% radiant energy,
on Earth), 45% radiant energy in small quantities
wavelength 0.4 - 0.75 μm, needed (vitamin D)
45% of the total
radiant energy on earth
(photosynthesis)
Plants in relation to light
- 1. Svetiversa - have small leaves, strongly branched shoots, a lot of pigment. But an increase in the lighting intensity over the optimal suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics.
- 2. Teotelubiva E - have thin leaves, large, are horizontally, with a smaller amount of stomach.
- 3. Shadowish - plants can dwell in conditions of good lighting and under conditions of shading.
Plant groups in relation to water
1. Water plants
2. Owlovaya Plants ( terrestrial water)
3. land plants
4. Plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisturies, can carry a short drought
5. Succulents - juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of your body
Groups of animals in relation to water
1. Moisthed animals
2. Intermediate group
3. Dubbed animals
Laws of action
environmental factors
- A positive or negative effect of an ecological factor on living organisms is primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both insufficient and excessive action of the factor adversely affects the vital activity of individuals.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Environmental factors have a quantitative expression
Any factor has certain limits of a positive effect on organisms.
In relation to each factor, you can allocate:
Zon Optimum (zone of normal life activity,
Dzesimum-Zona (uncement zone),
- upper and lower limits of endurance of organisms .
Optimum law
- The intensity of the environmental factor, most favorable for the life of the body, is called optimum.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Outside endurance, the existence of organisms is impossible.
The value of the environmental factor between the upper and lower limits of endurance is called the tolerance zone.
Views with a wide zone of tolerance are called evribionts,
with narrow - stenobionts.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Organisms carrying significant temperature fluctuations are called heuriterte , and adapted to the narrow temperature interval - shedherm.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Curves tolerance
The vertex position indicates optimal conditions For this factor for this species.
Curves with sharp peaks mean that the range of conditions of normal existence of a species of very narrow.
Spray curves correspond to a wide range of tolerance.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Towards pressure distinguish:
euris- and shut-off organisms;
In relation to
to the degree of saline :
evri- and Stenogalny.
Minimum law
In 1840, Y. Libih suggested that the endurance of the organisms is due to the weak link in the chain of its environmental needs.
Yustus Liby
(1803-1873)
Minimum law
Y. Libih found that the grain yield is often limited not to those nutrients that are required in large quantities, since they are usually present in abundance, but those that are necessary in small quantities and in the soil are not enough.
Yustus Liby
(1803-1873)
Law of a limiting factor
Plant growth is limited to a disadvantage of at least one element, the number of which is lower than the required minimum.
This pattern of libeza called
the law is minimum.
"Libiha Barrel"
Minimum law
The complex of environmental factors is stronger than the intensity of which is closer to the endurance limit (to a minimum).
Yustus Lubih is a German chemist and agrochemistry.
Minimum law
- The general formulation of the minimum law caused a lot of disputes among scientists. Already in the middle of the XIX century. It was known that the limiting factor may be an excessive dose of exposure, and that different age-related and sexual groups of organisms are unequal react to the same conditions.
Minimum law
- Thus, the limiting may be not only a flaw (minimum), but also an excess (maximum) of the environmental factor.
- The idea of \u200b\u200bthe limiting effect of the maximum along with a minimum developed
V. Sheford in 1913
Environmental valence of type
Property of species
adapt
to thom or another
range
environmental factors
called
environmental plasticity
(or environmental valence) .
Environmental valence of the species wider than the ecological valency of a separate individual.
Butterfly Mill Fiery - one of the pests of flour and grain - Critical minimum temperature for caterpillars - 7 FROM,
for adults - 23 C, for eggs - 27 FROM.
Acclimatization -
this is a certain restructuring,
addictive to new climatic geographic
conditions.
The position of the optimum and endurance limits can be shifted within certain limits.
Adaptability of organisms to temperature fluctuations, humidity and light:
- 1 . Warning of animals - Maintaining a constant temperature organism
- 2. hibernation – Long animal sleep in winter
- 3. Anabiosis - The temporary state of the body in which the vital processes are slow and there are no visible signs of life.
- 4. frost-resistant B - the ability of organisms to carry negative temperatures
- 5. rest state - The adaptation of perennial plants for which the cessation of visible growth and livelihoods is characterized.
- 6. summer peace - Adaptive property of early plants (tulip, saffron) tropical areas, deserts, semi-desert.
Temperature. Any organism is able to live only within a certain temperature range. Somewhere inside this interval temperature conditions are the most favorable for the existence of a given organism. As the temperature approaches the interval boundaries, the speed of life processes slows down and finally ceases at all - the body dies.
For most of its history, wildlife was presented exclusively by water forms of organisms. Conquering land, they nevertheless did not lose dependence on the water. Water is part of Significant most living beings: it is necessary for their normal functioning. A normal developing organism constantly loses water and therefore cannot live in absolutely dry air. Sooner or later, such rubble can lead to the death of the body. Water
Plants extract water with roots. Lichens can catch water vapor from air. Plants have a number of devices providing minimal loss of water. All land animals to compensate for water loss need its periodic arrival. Many animals drink water; Others, for example, amphibians suck it through bodies. Most of Animals desert never drinks.
The so-called secondary climatic factors, such as wind, atmospheric pressure, height above sea level are important. The wind has an indirect action: amplifying evaporation, increases dryness. This action is important in cold places, on high mountains or in polar regions.
General laws of action of environmental factors on the body The law of optimism (lat. Optimum - "the best") reflects the reaction of species to change the strength of any factor. There are certain boundaries of the action of each factor, within which the viability of organisms increases. This is the zone of optimum. With deviations from this zone towards the reduction or increase of the influence of factor, the viability of organisms falls. This is the zone of oppression, or pessimum (lat. Pessimus - "very bad"). If the factor action goes for certain, minimally or maximum possible limits, the organisms die. The destructive value of the factor is called a critical point.
The law of optimum is of great practical importance. There is no entirely positive or negative factors, it all depends on their dosage. All forms of environmental impact on organisms have a purely quantitative expression. To control the vital activity of the species, it should be primarily not allowing the release of various environmental factors for their critical values \u200b\u200band try to withstand the optimum zone. This is very important for crop, animal husbandry, forestry and in general, all areas of human relationships with wildlife. The same rule applies to the person himself, especially in the field of medicine.
The use of the Law of Optimum is complicated by the fact that for each species, the optimal dosages of factors are different. What is good for one species may be pessimum or go out for critical limits for another. For example, at a temperature of 20 ° C, a tropical monkey trembles from the cold, and the northern inhabitant - polar bear - Sweets from the heat. The butterflies of winter spiders still flute in November (at a temperature of 6 ° C), when most other insects fall into a stupor. Rice is grown on the fields filled with water, and wheat in such conditions swells and dies.
The law of environmental individuality of species reflects the diversity of the relations of organisms with the environment. It testifies that in nature there are no two types with the complete coincidence of optimum and critical points in relation to the set of environmental factors. If the species coincide on stability to one factor, then it will be necessary to disperse in resistance to another. The ignorance of the law of the ecological personality of species, for example in agricultural production, can lead to the death of organisms. When using mineral fertilizers, eradicates are often made in excessive amounts, not considered with the individual needs of plants.
The law of the limiting factor The law of the limiting factor is closely associated with the law of optimum and follows from it. There is no whole negative or positive factors in the environment: it all depends on their strength. The living beings at the same time there are many factors, and most of them are changeable. But at each specific period of time, the most important factor can be distinguished from which life most depends. They turn out to be the factors of the medium that the strongest is deviated from the optimum, i.e. Limits the vital activity of organisms in this period. Any factor affecting organisms can be either optimal or limiting depending on the strength of its impact.
The law of indispensability of factors indicates that it is impossible to completely replace one factor. But often with the complex effects of factors, you can see the effect of substitution. For example, the light cannot be replaced by an excess of heat or carbon dioxide, but, acting in temperature changes, you can strengthen photosynthesis in plants. However, this is not a substitution of one factor to others, but the manifestation of a similar biological effect caused by changes in quantitative indicators of the co-action of factors. This phenomenon is widely used in agriculture. For example, in greenhouses, an increased maintenance of carbon dioxide and moisture in the air is created in the air, heated and the most partly compensate for the lack of light into autumn and winter time.
In the action of environmental factors on the planet, there is a frequency associated with the time of day, the seasons of the year, the marine tides and phases of the Moon. This frequency is due to cosmic causes - the movement of the earth around its axis, around the sun and interaction with the moon. Life on Earth is adapted to this constantly existing rhythm, which manifests itself in changes in the state and behavior of organisms.
The length of the daylight is the only precise signal of the approximation of winter or spring, i.e. Changes in the entire complex of environmental factors. Weather conditions are deceptive. Therefore, plants, for example, responding to the length of the day, do not dissolve the foliage in winter thaws and do not go to the leaf foll with short-term summer frosts. Plants bloom, too, at a certain length of the day. Plant flowering is one of the manifestations of photoperiodism. These often face crop. Therefore, among the plants it is important to distinguish short-day and long-day views or varieties. Long-term plants are distributed mainly in moderate and amateur latitudes, and short-day - in areas closer to the equator.
Questions 1. What are environmental factors? 2. What groups are environmental factors? 3. What is called medium conditions? 4. What is the essence of the Law of Optimum? What value does it have? 5. Why is it necessary to take into account the law of the environmental individuality of species? 6. What factor is called limiting? 7. What is the essence of the law of joint action of factors? 8. What is the replacement effect? 9. What is photoperiodism?
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 Slide
Slide description:
2 Slide
Slide description:
The subject of Ecology Ecology is the science of the relationship between organisms among themselves and with the environment (Greek. Okos - dwelling; Logos - Science). The term introduced in 1866 a German zoologist E.Gekkel. Currently, ecology is an extensive system of sciences: Outecology studies community relationships; Population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of one species in populations, the influence of the medium on the population, the relationship between populations; Global Ecology studies the biosphere and its protection. Another approach in the ecology division: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, ecology of animals, human ecology, cosmic ecology.
3 Slide
Slide description:
Ecology tasks - to study the relationship between organisms; - learn the relationship between organisms and the environment; - explore the action of the environment on the structure, the life and behavior of the organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the settlement of species and change communities; - Develop a system of measures for the protection of nature.
4 Slide
Slide description:
The value of ecology is homework to determine the place of a person in nature; - gives knowledge of environmental patterns, which makes it possible to predict the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally use natural wealth; - environmental knowledge necessary for development agriculture, medicine, for the development of protection measures ambient.
5 Slide
Slide description:
Ecology Methods Observation Comparison Experiment Mathematical Modeling Prediction
6 Slide
Slide description:
Principles of Environmental Classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. A variety of criteria may be based on environmental classification: Methods of food, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.
7 Slide
Slide description:
Classification of organisms by means of nutrition 1. AutoTrophy: 2. Heterotroughs: a). Phototrofs a) saprophytes b). Chemotrofa b) Golodyni: - Saprophages - Phytophages - Zoofagi - necrophages
8 Slide
Slide description:
AutoTrofa - organisms synthesizing organic substances from inorganic. Phototrophs - autotrophic organisms, which for the synthesis of organic substances use the energy of sunlight. Chemotrofa - autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesis organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs - Organisms that feed on ready organic substances. Saprofites are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Golodynoe - heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds in food, decomposing them to simple: saprophages feed on dead vegetable residues; Phytophagi consumers of live plants; Zoofagi eat live animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.
9 Slide
Slide description:
10 Slide
Slide description:
11 Slide
Slide description:
12 Slide
Slide description:
13 Slide
Slide description:
History of ecology Big influence The development of ecology was provided by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, confession of organisms to habitats. K.Linney (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship between organisms. J.B. Lamarc (1744-1829) is a French scientist, the author of the first evolutionary teaching, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Rul (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Ch. Darvin (1809-1882) is an English scientist, founder of evolutionary teaching. E. Geckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) -angalian scientist is the founder of population ecology. A. Tensley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of an ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenosis. K.A.Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V.Dokucheev (1846-1903) - Russian schiere scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, the founder of the teachings on the biosphere as a global ecosystem.
14 Slide
Slide description:
Habitat Wednesday is all that surrounds the individual and affects it. Environmental factors: Abiotic - non-residential factors; Biotic - wildlife factors; Anthropogenic - associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aqueous, terrestrial air, soil, organisen.
15 Slide
Slide description:
The aqueous medium in the aqueous medium is of great importance to such factors as salt regime, water density, flow rate, oxygen saturation, primer properties. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them distinguish: neutron - organisms living in a surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - weighted, "soar" in water; Nettle - Well floating inhabitants of water thickness; Bentos - bottom organisms.
16 Slide
Slide description:
Soil environment The inhabitants of the soil are called adafobionts, or geobions, the structure is of great importance for them, chemical composition and soil moisture.
17 Slide
Slide description:
The terrestrial air environment for the inhabitants of the ground-air environment is especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, illumination.
18 Slide
19 Slide
Slide description:
Each organism is constantly exchanged by substances with the environment and changes the medium itself. Many organisms live in several habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to some environmental changes are called adaptation. But different organisms have different ability to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, temperature fluctuations, light, etc.), i.e. Have a different tolerance - a range of stability. For example, exist: Evuryontes - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living under different conditions of the medium (for example, carp); Ranobionts - organisms with a narrow range of tolerance, requiring strictly defined conditions of the medium (for example, trout).
20 Slide
Slide description:
The intensity of the factor most favorable for the body's life is called optimal. The factors of the medium adversely affecting the vital activity that makes the existence of the species, are called limiting. The German chemist Y.Libih (1803-1873) formulated the minimum law: the successful functioning of the population or communities of living organisms depends on the complex of conditions. Limiting, or limiting, factor is any environment of the medium, approaching or overlooking the stability for a given organism. The combination of all factors (conditions) and resources of the medium, within which there may be a nature of nature, is called its ecological niche. Describe completely environmental niche The body is very difficult, more often is impossible.
Block width px.
Copy this code and insert yourself to the site.
Signatures for slides:
The impact of environmental factors on the human body
Results of research work on natural science
Performed: Student 1 Course, gr. 102.
Bazhov Nikita Sergeevich
Scientific adviser:
Efremov Alexander Yuryevich,
ph.D., Associate Professor
Federal state budgetary educational institution higher education
"Russian State University of Justice"
Faculty of continuous education for the training of specialists for the judiciary
Department of General Education Disciplines
Voronezh - 2015.
Introduction
Chapter I. Theoretical features of the impact of adverse environmental factors on the human body.
Conclusion
List of used literature.
Introduction
Subject research:
"The impact of environmental factors on the human body."
Objectives Research:
Definition of the most sharp environmental problems Russian Federation and analysis of the effectiveness of existing laws in the field of environmental law.
The environmental problems of Russia are extensive and multifaceted.
Object of study:
Ecology.
Subject of study:
The impact of environmental factors on the human body.
Research methods:
Search, accumulation, analysis and systematization of the necessary information.
The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction
The problem of unauthorized landfills is relevant as for the countryside, ...
Research tasks:
1. Drawing up thesaurus scientific termsincluded in the name of the theme, object and subject matter.
2. Determination of the most acute environmental problems according to state statistics and theoretical studies.
3. Determining the most effective ways to solve environmental problems.
The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction
... So for large cities.
Chapter I. Theoretical features of the impact of adverse environmental factors on the human body
Heliocentric system of the world
It is known that human health and environmental state are closely interrelated. Interaction, harmony factors environmental And the factors constituting human health ensure the normal functioning of the body and the preservation of human health. Disruption of the functioning of any of these components entails a failure in the "Human Habitat" system.
The environmental efficiency index of some regions of Russia.
Environmental problems arose simultaneously with the emergence of a person and developed in proportion to the pace of the development of civilization. For many years, a person provoked their development and prerequisites for an ecological apocalypse is clearly distinguishable. In our country, due to the low rates of developing environmental legislation, the environmental situation is even more critical.
Environmental problem is a change natural environmentAs a result of anthropogenic impact or natural disasters, leading to violation of the structure and functioning of nature.
Ecology is a science of relations of living organisms and communities formed by them and with the environment.
The decision of the first task is to investigate the preparation of the thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic, goals.
Its solution showed that in the topic under study: "The impact of environmental factors on the human body" necessary scientific concepts are:
Activity;
Study;
Human organism; Right;
Problem;
Ecological problem;
Chapter I. Theoretical features of the impact of adverse environmental factors on the human body. Solution 1 task.
Claiming facilities wastewater. Voronezh
Chapter I. Theoretical features of the impact of adverse environmental factors on the human body. Solution 1 task.
The key thermal termesaurus is the concept of an environmental problem (determination is given above). From a cognitive point of view of the specifics of the future profession, it is also important, the meaning of the term "law" is the description of sustainable bonds in nature between repetitive processes under certain conditions in the environment. In a natural science understanding, the term "theory": Teaching, system of ideas or principles is also an important concept.
NLMK is the largest "exporter" of environmental problems in the Lipetsk region.
The decision of the second task of the study showed that environmental problems are one of the main, difficult to eliminate and the most pressing problems of modernity. In our country, environmental problems are most pronounced, numerous and illuminated. Despite the fact that recently the Russian government pays great attention to the problems of environmental pollution, their sharpness and relevance is not reduced, but, even on the contrary, it grows. This greatly complicates their decision, but, the search for the most effective ways to eliminate environmental pollution issues can withdraw a society, science to a new qualitative level, as the search for a solution to the problem stimulates the development of natural science (ecology), society, and law enforcement practice.
The consequences of the accident at the enterprise for the processing and storage of nuclear fuel "Mayak" - an environmental catastrophe, which caused no less catastrophic consequences
Chapter I. Theoretical features of the impact of adverse environmental factors on the human body. Solution 2 tasks.
And ordinary citizens, including the power of the property, especially do not feel remorse, in one case - organizing unauthorized landfills, in the other - signing documents that establish a new TBB polygon or even the burial ground of any hazardous substances.
One of characteristic features Environmental problems are that they not only give rise to a number of other, no less important problems, but also generate them (a vivid example of the impact on the economy is that due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, our country loses about 4-6%. From GDP - this conclusion was made by the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskaya).
Chapter II. Environmental problems negatively affecting the body and the features of their solution.
It is worth noting that the difficulty of solving environmental problems is that they have many of their own, unique features, consisting in the peculiarities of the economy, society, culture, worldview, national composition and other spheres of the life of Russians. For example, one of the features complicating the solution of environmental problems is, as not strange, the huge territory of our Motherland. Actually, the problem is not here in the area of \u200b\u200bour country, but in the worldview of Russians.
The decision of the third task has shown that an unfavorable environmental situation affects the physical and mental performance, human sustainability for diseases. In adolescents living in conditions of severe environmental pollution, the process of puberty, the growth of the body, is more often ill cold illness, worse learn. Each person should deal with the solution of the problem of ecology. Also a huge role is played by regulatory legal actsHarding the health of citizens, including children and adolescents.
Chapter II. Environmental problems of the Russian Federation and the features of their decision. Solution 3 tasks.
The only honest and incorruptible defender of the ecological well-being of Russia.
Conclusion
The study was intended to determine the most critical human health problems and an analysis of the effects of the human body of adverse environmental environmental factors. The relevance of the problem led to the choice of the topic of study in the subject plane of the natural science and socio-psychological aspects of the influence of ecology on human health. The study was conducted within the framework of the creative task in studying the discipline "Natural Science", as an integral component of the general educational training of a lawyer of the specialty: "The right and organization of social security" and the decision of the following tasks assumed: the preparation of the thesaurus of scientific terms included in the name of the topic, object and subject matter; determination of the most acute environmental problems according to statistics and theoretical studies; Detection of the characteristic features of their solution.
ENTERPRISE FOR PROCESSING MOST (s. Khlevny, Chervlensky district, Lipetsk region).
The tasks were solved using natural scientific methods of searching, accumulating and systematizing the necessary information.
Scientific analysis of practical research on this topic allowed to identify distinctive features Environmental problems and the degree of their impact on the human body.
Question 4. Conclusion
President of Russia V.V. Putin not only takes an active part in the creation and supports the promotion of NAP environmental orientationBut it also finds time to provide special physical assistance in preserving the ecology of our Motherland. This fact confirms that the environmental problems of Russia are relevant and require marginal attention and urgent decision.
The relevance of the problem was considered in the subject flat bone of natural science aspects of the impact on the human body of adverse environmental environmental factors.
The study was conducted within the framework of the creative task in the study of the discipline "nature-knowledge", as an integral composure of general educational training of a lawyer of specialty: "The right and organization of social security".
Question 4. Conclusion
Norilsk is the most polluted city of Russia and one of the most polluted cities in the world.
Used Books
1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural science manual. - M.: Rap, 2012. - 463 p. 2. Investigated in Russia [Electronic resource]: multi-ended. Scientific journal / Mosk. Fiz.-tech. In-t. - electron. journal - Dolgoprudny: MIPT, 1998. -. - Journal access mode: http://zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru.. - Tilt. From the screen. - state number. registration 0329900013 (date of appeal: 03/01/2015). 3. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/r/rossija.html, free mode. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus. (Date of handling: 01/31/2015). 4. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/i/1-issledovanie.html, free mode. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus. (Date of handling: 01/31/2015). 5. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/d/dejatelnost.html, mode is free. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus. (Date of handling: 01/31/2015). 6. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/e/ekologija.html, free mode. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus. (Date of handling: 01/31/2015). 7. Laptukhin M.S. School dictionary Russian: Handbook for students / M.S. Laptukhin; Ed. F.P. Filina. - M.: Enlightenment, 1981. - 463 p. 8. Linchenko S.N. Environmental condition of the environmental environment and human health. - Krasnodar, 2007. - 126 c. 9. Monitoring, control and management of environmental quality. Ecological control [Electronic resource]: Tutorial / A.I. Potapov [and others]. - electron. Text data. - St. Petersburg: Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 2004. - 290 c. - Access mode: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/12504. - EBC "IPRBOOKS", by password. 10. Morozova L.A. States theory and rights [Text]: studies. For students of universities / L.A. Morozova. - 3rd ed., Pererab. and additional - m.: Eksmo, 2008. - 15 s.
Used Books
11. Social Studies: studies. Manual for applicants of legal universities / ed. A.V. Opalheva. - 5th ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: Uniti-Dana, 2013. - 359c. 12. Russian State Library [Electronic Resource] / Center Inform. Technologies of RGB; ed. Vlasenko T.V.; Web-Master Kozlova N.V. - electron. Dan. - M.: Ros. State B-ka, 1997. - Access mode: http://www.rsl.ru.free. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus., English (Date of treatment: 03/01/2015). 13. Rumyantsev N.V. Ecological law of Russia: Tutorial / Rumyantsev N.V., Kazantsev S.Ya., Music F.G. - M.: Uniti-Dana, 2010. - 431 c. 14. Sarkisov O.R. Environmental safety and environmental and legal problems in environmental pollution: Tutorial / Sarkisov O.R., Lyubarsky E.L., Kazantsev S.Ya. - M.: Uniti-Dana, 2012. - 231 c. 15. Sergeev K. A., Slinin Ya. A. Nature and Mind: Antique paradigm. - L.: LSU, 1991. 238 p. 16. Sizova M.G. Social ecology and human ecology in the light of modern environmental problems // Almanac modern science and education. 2009. No. 5. 239 p. 17. Dictionaries and encyclopedias at the Academician [Electronic Resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. - Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/873/Design, free mode. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus. (Date of handling: 01/31/2015). 18. Dictionaries and encyclopedias at the Academician [Electronic Resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. - Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/psihologic/1415/ Defense, free mode. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus. (Date of handling: 01/31/2015). 19. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) [Electronic resource] / Results AT-A-GLANCE. Global Access Mode: http://epi.yale.edu/epi, free mode. - Tilt. From the screen. - Yaz. Rus., English (Date of handling: 03/26/2015).
Ecology -
science on the relationship of living organisms and their communities among themselves and with the environment
Term " ecology "Offered in 1866 E.Gekkel.
Objects ecology There may be a population of organisms, types, communities, ecosystems and biosphere in general
Tasks of ecology
Learns environmental impact on plants and animal organisms, populations, species and ecosystems
Studies the structure of the population and their number
Studies the interaction of living organisms with each other
Learns the effect of environmental factors per person
Learn the productivity of ecosystems
Biotic - these are types of influence on organisms from other animals
Biotic factors
Straight
Indirect
Predator eats his prey
One organism changes the habitat of another organism
these are forms of human activity that affect live nature (every year these factors increase
Effect of environmental factors on the body
Environmental factors constantly change
Variability of factors
Regular, periodic (Seasonal temperature changes, flows. Flips)
Irregular
(Weather Changing, Flood, Forest Fires)
The organism simultaneously affects numerous and variety of factors.
Each view exists their endurance limits
Wide range endurance Animals living in high latitudes have temperature fluctuations. So, the sands in the tundra can carry temperature fluctuations within 80 ° C
(from +30 to -45)
Lichens can withstand the temperature from
-70 to +60.
Some types of oceanic fish are able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2
Action of the environmental factor on the body
Range of endurance
organism
the value of the factor that is most favorable for the life activity of growth and reproduction call Optimum Zone
infertility
infertility
normal
vital activity
Death
Death
Between the optimum zone and extreme dots there are oppression zones or stress zones, what worsens the life of individuals
The extreme value of the factor, behind which the conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death these are endurance limits
Librich (Liebig), Yustus. , Famous German Chemist, 1803-73, Professor of Chemistry from 1824 in Gisesen, from 1852 in Munich
